• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.215-222
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• 1984

A fungus producing cell wall lytic enzyme for Rhodotorula glutinis was isolated from local soil and identified partially as a species of Aspergillus fumigatus group. Thd cell wall lytic enzyme was an inducible exoenzyme and composed of at least lytic polysaccharidase and protease which act cooperatively in the lysis of intact cells. The lytic polysaccharidase was not able to hydrolyze ${\beta}-1,\;3\;and\;{\beta}-1$, 6-glucan which have the same types of bond as found in the cell wall of Ascomycetous yeasts. The lytic polysaccharidase alone was sufficient to hydrolyze the fractionated cell wall (alkali-insoluble residues) of R. glutinis, whereas it showed low activity against intact cells.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1996

This study was conducted to establish the rapid determination method for major components of maturing covered barley grains, and to improve the efficiency of selection in barley breeding. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) is an established, economical and nondestructive technique applied widely to the food and feed industry. 34 barley lines were sampled at 5 day-interval from 25 to 35 days after heading. A standard regression analysis for the data obtained by analytical laboratory methods and NIRS method was carried out to get a useful calibration equation. The simple significant correlation between these two methods at 25 days after heading was recognized in starch and $\beta$-glucan contents. At 30 days after heading the data obtained by two methods showed significant correlation in starch, $\beta$-glucan and protein contents. Analyzed data and that from NIRS method at 35 days after heading was significantly correlated in starch and protein contents. It was concluded that the applicability of NIRS method for the components analysis in maturing barley grains was different depending on maturing stages and components.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2012

Steeping and germination conditions were investigated in order to produce barley containing a high ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content, and the changes in GABA and nutritional components before and after germination were also evaluated in this study. Water absorption rates of three barleys increased alongside both steeping time and steeping temperature. The highest GABA contents of the three barleys, 10.4-14.1 mg/100 g, were obtained from the steeping condition of $25^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr. The GABA contents of germinated barleys ranged from 14.3 to 20.9 mg/100 g, increasing by 3.9 to 14.6 times compared with raw barley. The crude lipid, crude ash and total mineral contents were slightly decreased after germination. The major fatty acids of the three barleys before and after germination were linoleic and palmitic acids. ${\beta}$-glucan contents of three barleys were slightly decreased after germination.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1699-1706
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• 2014

A lichenase gene (mt-lic) was identified for the first time through function-based screening of a soil metagenomic library. Its deduced amino acid sequence exhibited a high degree of homology with endo-${\beta}$-1,3-1,4-glucanase (having both lichenase and chitosanase activities), encoded by the bgc gene of Bacillus circulans WL-12. The recombinant lichenase overexpressed and purified from Escherichia coli was able to efficiently hydrolyze both barley ${\beta}$-glucan and lichenan. The enzyme showed maximal activity at a pH of 6.0 at $50^{\circ}C$, with Azo-barley-glucan as the substrate. The metal ions $Mn^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Fe^{2+}$ enhanced the enzymatic activity, whereas the $Cu^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ ions inhibited the enzymatic activity. The $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ values of the purified lichenase were determined to be 0.45 mg/ml and 24.83 U/min/mg of protein, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.405-411
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• 2011

Avian influenza virus vaccines produced in oil-emulsified inactivated form with antigen content of at least 160 hemagglutinin units (HAU) induced immunity in birds. However, in addition to enhancing the effect of the adjuvant(s), other additional supplemented biological compounds included in inactivated vaccines could produce higher levels of antibody. We examined in chickens, Vietnamese ducks, and muscovy ducks the adjuvant effect of Sophy ${\beta}$-glucan (SBG), a ${\beta}$-1,3-1,6 glucan produced by the black yeast Aureobasidium pollulans strain AF0-202, when administered with an avian influenza H5 subtype vaccine. In Experiment 1, 40 chickens (ISA Brown hybrid), allocated to four groups of ten each, were immunized with Oil-H5N1(VN), Oil-H5N1(CN), Oil-H5N2(CN), and saline (control group), respectively. In Experiment 2, chickens (ISA Brown hybrid), muscovy ducks (French hybrid), and Vietnamese ducks (indigenous Vietnamese) were used to further assess the effect of SBG on immunogenicity of the Oil-H5N1(VN) Vietnamese vaccine. ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were used to assess the antibody response. The H5 subtype vaccines initiated significantly higher immune responses in the animals dosed with SBG, with 1.0-1.5 $log_2$ higher HI titers and 10-20% ELISA seroconversion, compared with those not dosed with ${\beta}$-glucan. Notably, some of the animals dosed with SBG induced HI titers higher than 9.0 $log_2$ following boosting immunization. Taken together, our serial studies indicated that SBG is a potential effector, such as enhancing the immune response to the H5 vaccines tested.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.159-167
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• 2016

A total of 528 broilers ($47{\pm}0.1g$; 1 day of age) were used in a 35-day feeding trial to evaluate probiotics, prebiotics and their interactive effects on growth performance, blood characteristics, relative organ weight and meat quality. Broilers were randomly distributed into 1 of 6 treatments on the basis of body weight (BW) (4 replicate pens per treatment, 22 broilers per pen). The dietary treatments were CON, basal diet; B, CON + 0.1 g kg-1 Bacillus subtilis; K, CON + 1 g kg-1 Kefir; G, CON + 1 g kg-1 ${\beta}-glucan$; GB, G + 1 g kg-1 Bacillus subtilis; and GK, G + 1 g kg-1 Kefir. The overall effects indicated that broilers fed the K, G and GK diets had greater body weight gain (BWG) than those fed the CON diet (P<0.05). The number of white blood cells increased (P<0.05) in the GB group compared with the CON, B and G treatments; however, the lymphocyte percentage in the B group was higher than in the G group. The weight of bursa fabricii was lower in the B and G groups compared to the K group (P<0.05), whereas a higher spleen weight was observed in chickens that were fed the GB and GK diets compared to the B group (P<0.05). The treatments did not affect the meat quality parameters, except for meat redness, which improved with all of the supplementation groups (P<0.05). The population of Lactobacillus spp. in gizzard was significantly higher in the K treatment compared with CON, B, G and GB. In conclusion, supplementation with kefir and ${\beta}-glucans$ improved growth performance.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 1990

In order for investigating the variability of the characters related to malting barley quality of the different seed lots, about 150 seed lots sampled from the six districts in the southern parts of Cheonnam were analysed. The percentages of the first, second, and off grade of different seed lots of inspected malting barley were 25.9%, 62.7% and 11.4%, respectively. The coefficients of variation (CV) for years in the first grade was 25.0% and the off grade 43.4%. The CVs for 1,000 grain weight, assortment rate, grain colour, germination energy and capacity of different seed lots were 9.1%, 13.2%, 35.7%, 6.2% and 5.0%, respectively. Also, the CV for starch content of different seed lots was 4.8% and 9.6% for ${\beta}$-glucan, 14.0% for crude protein, 14.7% for husk rate, respectively. Seventy five percentage of seed lots in the first grade was fitted for the Agricultural Inspection Law of malting barley and the fitted rates in the second and off grade were 90% and 83%, respectively. The grade of malting barley were positively correlated with grain colour, crude protein, crude fiber, husk rate and ${\beta}$-glucan, but negatively with assortment rate, 1,000 grain weight, germination energy and capacity and starch content.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.586-593
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• 2004

Efficient extraction method of crude protein-bound polysaccharide (CPBP) from Agaricus blasei Murill was established. CPBP yields by ultrasonic and hot water extractions were 13.0 and 7.8%, respectively. Pressure extraction for 3 hr gave the highest ${\beta}-glucan$ content; no significant difference was observed between 2 and 3 hr extraction. Four volumes added ethanol gave the highest yields of CPBP and ${\beta}-glucan$ contents at 10.89 and 35.97%, respectively. Decomposition temperature of CPBP was $240-365^{\circ}C$, showing relatively good thermal stability. In SRB (sulforhodamine B) assay, CPBP treatment at $1,000\;{\mu}g/mL$ for 72 hr inhibited proliferations to A549, MCF-7, and AGS cancer cells by 43.9, 21.4, and 32.5%, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 2007

Isolation, expression, and characterization of a novel $endo-{\beta}-1,3(4)-D-glucanase$ with high specific activity and homology to Bacillus lichenases is described. One clone was screened from a genomic library of Paenibacillus sp. F-40, using lichenan-containing plates. The nucleotide sequence of the clone contains an ORF consisting of 717 nucleotides, encoding a ${\beta}-glucanase$ protein of 238 amino acids and 26 residues of a putative signal peptide at its N-terminus. The amino acid sequence showed the highest similarity of 87% to other ${\beta}-1,3-1,4-glucanases$ of Bacillus. The gene fragment Bg1 containing the mature glucanase protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris at high expression level in a 3-1 high-cell-density fermenter. The purified recombinant enzyme Bg1 showed activity against barley ${\beta}-glucan$, lichenan, and laminarin. The gene encodes an $endo-{\beta}-1,3(4)-D-glucanase$ (E. C. 3.2.1.6). When lichenan was used as substrate, the optimal pH was 6.5, and the optimal temperature was $60^{\circ}C$. The $K_m,\;V_{max},\;and\;k_{cat}$ values for lichenan are 2.96mg/ml, $6,951{\mu}mol/min{\cdot}mg,\;and\;3,131s^{-1}$, respectively. For barley ${\beta}-glucan$ the values are 3.73mg/ml, $8,939{\mu}mol/min{\cdot}mg,\;and\;4,026s^{-1}$, respectively. The recombinant Bg1 had resistance to pepsin and trypsin. Other features of recombinant Bg1 including temperature and pH stability, and sensitivity to some metal ions and chemical reagents were also characterized.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.173-179
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• 1987

The effect of polyamine, Ca2+ and calmodulin on GS ($\beta$-glucan synthetase) activity was studied in Daucus carota root. The Ca2+ is shown to have no effect on the GS activity whereas the GS II activity is increased in response to increase in concentration of the Ca2+. When the protoplasts are cultured, for 4 days, the GS II activity increases as a tunction of time and reachs a maximum after 3 days at a time when the network of cellulose microfibrils is known to be synthesized. The effect of the Ca2+ and 1mM spermine on the GS II activity turns out to be synergistic, especially more synergistic at lower concentration of the Ca2+. The GS II activity seems to be enhanced by the Ca2+. The GS II activity in the protoplast treated by the calcium channel blocker, verapamil, turns out to be lower than that of the control. Cumulative results suggest that the Ca2+ stimulates the cell wall regeneration via enhancement of the GS II activity responsible for synthesizing the cell wall component throught synergistic effect with spermine.