• Advances in nano research
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.159-169
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• 2013

A preparation method for gadolinium compound (GdC) nanoparticles coated with silica ($GdC/SiO_2$) is proposed. GdC nanoparticles were prepared with a homogeneous precipitation method at $80^{\circ}C$ using $1.0{\times}10^{-3}$ M $Gd(NO_3)_3$, 0.5 M urea and $0-3.0{\times}10^{-4}$ M ethylenediarinnetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (ETDA) in water. As a result of preparation at various EDTA concentrations, GdC nanoparticles with a size as small as $40.5{\pm}6.2$ nm, which were colloidally stable, were prepared at an EDTA concentration of $2.0{\times}10^{-4}$ M. Silica-coating of the GdC nanoparticles was performed by a St$\ddot{o}$ber method at $35^{\circ}C$ using $1.0-10.0{\times}10^{-3}$ M tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), 11 M $H_2O$ and $1.5{\times}10^{-3}$ M NaOH in ethanol in the presence of $1.0{\times}10^{-3}$ M GdC nanoparticles. Performance of preparation at various TEOS concentrations resulted in production of $GdC/SiO_2$ particles with an average size of $106.1{\pm}11.2$ nm at a TEOS concentration of $5.0{\times}10^{-3}$ M. The gadolinium (Gd) concentration of $1.0{\times}10^{-3}$ M in the as-prepared $GdC/SiO_2$ particle colloid solution was increased up to a Gd concentration of 0.2 M by concentrating with centrifugation. The core-shell structure of $GdC/SiO_2$ particles was undamaged, and the colloid solution was still colloidally stable, even after the concentrating process. The concentrated $GdC/SiO_2$ colloid solution showed images of X-ray and magnetic resonance with contrast as high as commercial Gd complex contrast agents.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제55권11호
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• pp.903-911
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• 2022

물을 공급하기 위한 자원 중 하나인 지하수는 다양한 자연적 요인에 의해 수위의 변동이 발생한다. 최근, 인공신경망을 이용하여 지하수위의 변동을 예측하는 연구가 진행되었다. 기존에는 인공신경망 연산자 중 학습에 영향을 미치는 Optimizer로 경사하강법(Gradient Descent, GD) 기반 Optimizer를 사용하였다. GD 기반 Optimizer는 초기 상관관계 의존성과 해의 비교 및 저장 구조 부재의 단점이 존재한다. 본 연구는 GD 기반 Optimizer의 단점을 개선하기 위해 GD와 화음탐색법(Harmony Search, HS)를 결합한 새로운 Optimizer인 Gradient Descent combined with Harmony Search(GDHS)를 개발하였다. GDHS의 성능을 평가하기 위해 다층퍼셉트론(Multi Layer Perceptron, MLP)을 이용하여 이천율현 관측소의 지하수위를 학습 및 예측하였다. GD 및 GDHS를 사용한 MLP의 성능을 비교하기 위해 Mean Squared Error(MSE) 및 Mean Absolute Error(MAE)를 사용하였다. 학습결과를 비교하면, GDHS는 GD보다 MSE의 최대값, 최소값, 평균값 및 표준편차가 작았다. 예측결과를 비교하면, GDHS는 GD보다 모든 평가지표에서 오차가 작은 것으로 평가되었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.1177-1181
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• 2010

The synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles coated by Gd-chelate (GdL@Au) is described, where L is a conjugate of DTPA (DTPA = diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N",N"-pentaacetic acid) and 4-aminothiophenol. These particles are obtained by the replacement of citrate from the gold nanoparticle surfaces with gadolinium chelate (GdL). The average size of GdL@Au is 12 nm with a loading of GdL reaching up to $1.4{\times}10^3$ per particles, and they demonstrate very high r1 relaxivity (${\sim}10^4mM^{-1}s^{-1}$) and the r1 relaxivity per [Gd] is as high as $10mM^{-1}s{-1}$. Here, we also describe the use of bimodality of this contrast agent (CA) as a highly efficient CT contrast agent based on gold nanoparticles (GNPs) that overcome the limitations of iodine based contrast agent. The MTT assay performed on this CAs reveals the cytotoxicity as low as that for Omniscan$^{(R)}$ in the concentration range required to obtain intensity enhancement in the in vivo MRI study.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.21-25
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• 2020

We investigated the flux pinning property of GdBa₂Cu₃O_7-x (GdBCO) films on top of La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ (LSMO) nanoparticles deposited by a surface decoration. Both GdBCO films and LSMO nano particles were deposited by pulsed laser deposition and the number of laser pulses were varied from 80 to 320 in order to control the density of the LSMO nanoparticles. The magnetization data at 77 K showed that the critical current density (J_c) was enhanced in all of the GdBCO films with LSMO nanoparticles and that the J_c enhancement was found to be inversely proportional to the LSMO nanoparticle density. Structural analyses revealed that LSMO nanoparticles induce a compressive strain in the GdBCO films resulting in a disordering in the CuO₂ plane. Therefore, the enhanced flux pinning property in the GdBCO with LSMO nanoparticles was attributed to the competing effect between the increase of pinning centers and the increase of compressive strain in the superconducting phase.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.8-11
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• 2006

The magnetic properties and crystal structures of $Sm_yGd_{2-y}Fe_{17-x}Si_x$ alloys ($0\leq\;x\leq2\;and\;y=0\~1.67$) have been investigated using x-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements. The $Sm_yGd_{2-y}Fe_{17-x}Si_x$ specimens were crystallized to the rhombohedral $Th_2Zn_{17}-structure$ with less than $5mol\%$ of impurities. The unit cells of the mixed rare-earth samples are smaller than those of $Sm_2Fe_{17}\;and\;Gd_2Fe_{17}.$ For example, the $T_c\;of\;SmGdFe_{17}\;(255^{\circ}C)$ is approximately 160 and $800^{\circ}C)$ higher than that of $Sm_2Fe_{17}\;and\;Gd_2Fe_{17},$ respectively. The $T_cs$ measured for $Sm_yGd_{2-y}Fe_{17-x}Si_x$ samples, 280 to $290^{\circ}C)$, are among the highest values observed for a $R_2Fe_{17-x}M_x$ intermetallic where M is a substituent other than cobalt.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 1999년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.107-110
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• 1999

The ultrasonic spray method was employed to make (Y,Gd)BO$_3$:Eu Phosphor, and its optical properties under 147nm VUV and 254 nm UV excitations were characterized and then compared with that produced by the solid-state reaction. The mixed solution of acetate hydrates of Y, Gd, Eu and boric acid diluted in water or methanol was used as the precursor fur the spray. It was found that (Y,Gd)BO$_3$:Eu phosphor made by this ultrasonic spray had a spherical shape and fine particle size of 1${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. The crystalline structure for the as-sprayed phosphor was amorphous, but it converted into the same polycrystalline phase of solid state reaction after post heat treatment at 110$0^{\circ}C$ for 2hr. The emitting intensity under VUV and UV excitations for the spray-formed (Y,Gd)BO$_3$:Eu phosphor, however, was inferior to the later one. The excitation spectra were also studied and compared under VUV and UV excitations to explain the change of emitting intensity with Gd substitution in (Y$_{1-x}$ Gd$_{x}$)BO$_3$:Eu Phosphors made by spray and solid state reaction.on.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1996년도 춘계학술발표회논문집(1)
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• pp.219-224
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• 1996

노심설계에서 현재 사용되는 일체형 가연성 흡수봉인 Gd, ZrB$_2$ 그리고 Er의 한국표준형 원전 노심 설계에의 타당성을 노심 F$\Delta$H 제어, 저누출 장전모형 설계, 농축도/주기길이 그리고 주기말의 잔존 페널티 등의 측면에서 분석하였다. 초기노심의 경우는 영광 3호기 1주기 장전모형에 동일 연료집합체를 사용한 Gd/ZrB$_2$/Er의 경우와 ZrB$_2$/Er 최적장전모형에 동일 연료집합체를 사용한 경우에 대하여 분석하였다. 평형노심은 Gd/ZrB$_2$/Er 모두 동일한 장전모형을 사용한 18개월 주기길이의 노심에 대하여 동일한 농축도에서의 주기길이차이와 동등 주기길이를 내는데 필요한 농축도 요구량에 대하여 분석하였다. 초기노심 평형노심 모두 F$\Delta$H 제어에는 ZrB$_2$/Er가 Gd보다 유리하였으며, 저누출 장전모형의 설계에도 ZrB$_2$와 Er가 Gd보다 유리하였다. 평형노심에서 동일한 주기길이를 내는데 요구되는 농축도는 ZrB$_2$에 비하여 Er는 0.182 w/o Gd는 0.063 w/o 높게 나타났으며 동일 농축도를 사용할 경우 주기길이는 ZrB$_2$에 비하여 Gd는 165 MWD/MTU 그리고 Er은 575 MWD/MTU가 짧게 나타났다. 따라서, F$\Delta$H 제어와 저누출 장전모형은 설계에는 ZrB$_2$와 Er가 Gd보다 유리하였으나 Er의 경우 주기말에서의 잔존 페널티가 매우 크다는 단점이 있다.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.15-17
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• 2019

We present terahertz optical properties of $GdBa_2Cu_3O_{7-x}$ (GdBCO) superconducting thin films. GdBCO films with a thickness of about 105 nm were grown on a $LaAlO_3$ (LAO) single crystal substrate using a conventional pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. Using an Ar ion milling system, the thickness of the GdBCO film was reduced to 58 nm, and its surface was also smoothened. Terahertz (THz) transmission spectra through two different GdBCO films are measured over the range between 0.2 and 1.5 THz using THz time domain spectroscopy. Interestingly, the THz transmission of the thinner GdBCO film has been increased to six times larger than that of the thicker one, while the thinner film is still maintaining its superconducting property at below 90 K.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.243-249
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• 2007

본 논문은 Group Delay(GD)를 이용한 음성신호 기반의 효과적인 성별인식 시스템을 제안한다. 일반적인 음성 인식과 관련된 시스템에서 사용되는 특징들은 위상에 관한 정보를 제거한 크기만의 정보를 이용하여 구성한다. 본 연구에서는 위상에 관한 정보를 토대로 유도되어 지는 GD의 성별에 따른 특징을 알아보고, 보다 향상된 성별인식을 위해 MFCC(Mel-frequency cepstral coefficient), LPC(linear predictive coding) 계수, 반사계수(reflection coefficient) 그리고 포만트(formant)등과 같은 크기 정보와 GD를 이용한 결합 특징 벡터를 적용하였다. 실험을 통해 성별에 따른 GD의 특징을 확인할 수 있었고, 이를 이용한 제안된 특징 벡터를 사용했을 때 우수한 인식 성능을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.163-167
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• 2006

The transition of europium-doped gadolinium oxide phosphor to gadolinium borate phosphor with the concentration of boron in the spray pyrolysis was investigated. The particles prepared from spray solution below 10 wt% boric acid of prepared phosphor had crystal structure of $Gd_2O_3:Eu$ phosphor, in which the crystallinity of the particles decreased with increasing the boron concentration. A single phase $GdBO_3:Eu$ phosphor particles were prepared from spray solution above 50 wt% boric acid of prepared phosphor. The phosphor particles prepared from spray solution with 20 wt% boric acid of prepared phosphor had no XRD peaks of $Gd_2O_3:Eu$ and $GdBO_3:Eu$ Therefore the phosphor particles prepared from spray solution with 20 wt% boric acid of prepared phosphor had the lowest photoluminescence intensity under ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet. $GdBO_3:Eu$ and $Gd_2O_3:Eu$ phosphor particles prepared from spray solutions with proper concentrations of boric acid had good photoluminescence intensity under vacuum ultraviolet. The morphology of the phosphor particles were strongly affected by the concentrations of boric acid added into spray solution.