• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.10a
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• pp.3-3
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• 2010

GM 들잔디의 환경위해성평가는 유전자변형생물체의 국가간이동등에 관한 법률 (2008년)에 안전관리 및 시험평가가 수행되었다. 일반적으로 GM 작물의 환경위해성평가는 도입 유전자의 안정적 발현여부, 일반적으로 사용되어온 식물과의 실질적 동등성, 화분비산에 의한 유전자이동성 검정, GM재배작물 주변 환경에 미치는 영향, GM작물 및 유전자의 인체 및 동물에 대한 안전성 평가, 위해성 관리 등이 있다. 본 발표에서는 제초제저항성 GM 들잔디를 실용화 하기위한 환경위해성평가의 내용을 소개하기 위하여 GM 들잔디의 안전성평가를 수행한 포장시험에 대해서 간략히 발표하고자 한다. GM 들잔디는 제초제저항성 유전자가 식물체내에 1개의 복제수를 갖으며, 후세대에서도 안정적으로 발현되었다. 또한 TAIL PCR을 통한 도입 유전자의 삽입 부위를 확인하였고, 주변염기서열을 이용한 JG21 들잔디 만의 특이적 염기서열을 얻었다. GM 들잔디의 실질적 동등성검정은 격리온실 수준과 격리포장 수준에 생물학적, 화학적 특성을 조사하였고, 일반 들잔디와 큰 차이가 없음을 확인하였다. GM 들잔디의 화분은 일광조건하에서 약 1시간 이내에 불활성 되었고, 실내의 실온조건에서는 3시간까지 활성이 유지되었다. GM 들잔디 재배포장 ($12m{\times}6m$ 크기)으로부터 화분비산 밀도는 3 m 이내에서 높게 나타났고, 9 m 이상의 거리에서는 낮은 빈도로 일정하게 나타났다. 화분비산에 의한 GM 들잔디 유전자이동성은 근접거리에서 약 15%가 관찰되었고, 반경 3 m 이내에서 거리에 따라서 2 ~ 0.12%의 유전자이동성이 관찰되었다. 각각의 시험모형에 따른 GM 들잔디와 일반들잔디 간의 교잡율을 조사한 결과 들잔디 교잡율은 GM 잔디의 면적과 거리에 의존적이었고, GM 들잔디 면적에 따라서 6-21%의 교잡율이 나타났다. GM들잔디의 인체위해성평가는 독성 및 알레르기 반응성을 검정하였고, 도입유전자 산물인 PAT 단백질은 독성 및 알레르기 반응성이 없음이 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 GM들잔디의 독성 및 알레르기 반응성을 검토한 결과 아플라톡신 등의 독성은 검출되지 않았으나, GM과 일반 들잔디 모두에서 화분 알레르기 반응성이 양성으로 나왔다. 그러나 GM들잔디에 도입된 유전자에 의한 알레르기 반응이 아닌 일반들잔디 화분에 가진 알레르겐에 의한 반응성이라 할 수 있다. GM들잔디의 비의도적 방출가능성을 조사하기위하여 시험포장외부의 자연환경에 대해서 환경모니터링을 수행한 결과 GM 들잔디의 유출 및 유전자이동 의한 제초제저항성 들잔디는 나타나지 않았다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.110-123
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• 2017

The authors reviewed the history of creation and management, purposes, extents, methods of creation, planting species and mediums, structure of vegetation layers and legal management, etc. of coastal forests of Korea. Since the Goryeo dynasty, the inhabitants in the coastal regions has long been aware the safety from natural disasters and the local governments manages for the defence and natural disasters, and collaboration among GO and NGOs, as well as enterprises are participating to the conservation of coastal forests in Korea. The purposes of creation and management of coastal forests in historical aspects are prevention of disasters, safety by the Fengsui, military uses, and timber productions, but partly as the places for religious beliefs, safety from diseases and fires, increasing of forest products and fishes, as well as tourists, improving of amenity and landscapes and recreation, inherits of traditional culture, habitats for wildlife, and ecological corridors, etc. The inhabitant in the coastal region who experienced frequent natural disasters has strong supports for the conservation of coastal forest and as a natural resources to inherits to the coming generations as the coastal forests has high values of academic researches on human society, culture, ecology and recreational uses, etc. The extensive overall researches on the creation and managements of coastal forests, as well as cultural tradition in the coastal forests of Korean peninsula are critically essential.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.25-25
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• 2018

본 연구는 경상북도 봉화군에 위치한 문수산 일대의 관속식물상을 파악하고자 수행되었다. 2010년 3월부터 2017년 11월까지 계절별 출현식물을 대상으로 총 12회에 걸쳐 조사를 실시하였다. 조사지 내 관속식물은 85과 241속 372종 5아종 58변종 7품종으로 총 442분류군이 분포하는 것으로 조사되었으며, 이는 경상북도 관속식물 1,684분류군(Korea National Arboretum, 2016)의 26.2%, 한반도 관속식물 4,499 분류군(Korea National Arboretum, 2018; Http://www.nature.go.kr/kpni/)의 9.8%에 해당되는 것으로 분석되었다. 문수산 일대의 한국특산식물은 12분류군(세잎승마, 할미밀망, 은꿩의다리, 노랑갈퀴, 고려엉겅퀴 등), 산림청 지정 희귀식물은 VU등급(주목, 백작약, 꼬리진달래 등) 5분류군, LC등급(쥐방울덩굴, 도깨비부채, 태백제비꽃, 꽃개회나무 등) 10분류군으로 총 15분류군이 분포하는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한, 식물구계학적 특정식물 V등급 2분류군, IV등급 5분류군, III등급 16분류군, II등급 25분류군, I등급 30분류군, 외래식물은 서양벌노랑이, 토끼풀, 달맞이꽃, 미국가막사리, 개망초, 주걱개망초, 털별꽃아재비, 서양민들레, 오리새, 큰김의털 등 10분류군으로 도시화지수(%) 3.1%, 귀화율은 2.3%에 해당되는 것으로 조사되었다. 조사된 식물을 용도별로 구분하면 식용식물 338분류군(76.5%), 섬유용식물 3분류군(0.7%), 약용식물 75분류군(17.0%), 관상용식물 21분류군(4.8%), 목초용식물 95분류군(21.5%) 목재용식물 16분류군(3.6%) 등으로 분석되었다. 본 연구가 봉화군 문수산 일대의 효율적인 관리 및 보전 방안을 마련하기 위한 기초자료로 활용 될 것이라 기대한다.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.481-487
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• 2013

Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the visual reactions of users when they are playing games of different flow levels, and to explore the visual variables that can sensitively reflect the different flow levels. Background: The flow is defined as a psychological state where interface users feel their actions in a virtual setting identical to those in real environment. To measure the flow states of users, the questionnaire-based FSS(Flow State Scale) has mostly been used. However, this method is a qualitative test that has limits in terms of the accuracy of users' flow experiences. Therefore, more accurate methods to measure users' flow experiences are required. Method: Ten subjects participated in the experiment, where the independent variables were three games with different flow levels(puzzle games, dot drawing and coloring) and the time frame(the first and last 10 seconds in game playing), whereas the dependent variables included the pupil size and the frequency and duration of eye blinking. This study was a within-subject design. Each participant performed three types of games with different flow levels 3 times for each for 10 minutes, and their visual reactions to each game were measured. Results: The higher the flow cause the bigger pupil size(p<0.01) and the lower eye blinking frequency(p<0.1), indicating that different types of games lead to different flow levels. The pupil size during the last 10 seconds when the flow level was higher was bigger by 2.1% compared with that during the first 10 seconds in game playing(p<0.1), and the eye blinking frequency decreased by 12%(p<0.01). Conclusion: It was found out that the pupil size and the frequency and duration of eye blinking were psychophysiological indices for evaluating users' flow experiences, which could quantify the flow states users go through. The psychophysiological variables capable of measuring diverse aspects of the flow need diversifying to be applicable to precise measurement of the flow. Application: These studies are warranted for both quantitative analysis of flow levels and qualitative improvement of cyber leisure in line with development of healthy games.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 2004

Relapse is one of the most series problems in alcoholics treatment. Previous studies have shown that significant proportions of treated alcoholics show an early relapse and go through a chronic phase. It is necessity to find more effective relapse prevention program. The Purpose of this study was to develop a relapse prevention program that emphasis on group activities using various action methods. Previous studies revealed that there was no effective therapeutic strategy to prevent relapse and proposed that action methods were more practical ways to be able ti cope with high-risk situation than verbal methods such as discussions and lectures. The special attempt of this program was the application of various actions methods and the integration of many psychosocial therapeutic strategies as compared with many relapse prevention programs. The theoretical framework of this relapse prevention program was based on mainly the Marlatt's Relapse Prevention model and Prochescha and DiClemente's Transtheoretical model. This Program consists of eight structure sessions. Every session has three phase: Warm-up phase, action phase, and sharing phase as sociodrama structure. Sociodrama is based on many of the principles of adult learning. And sociodrama looks at how groups work through an understanding of systems and role theory. Therefore, in working with a group a therapist might explore with them the roles that people play, roles that are missing at present such a visionary and how people can develop new roles or new ways of playing existing roles. The researchers explained the purpose of this study to all participants after their agreement to participate. Voluntary informed consent was obtained from all participants. Every session allows participants to recognize personal specific high-risk situation and to examine possible coping behaviors creatively. Multiple solutions can be proposed, tested and evaluated dramatically, giving new insights or breakthroughs in thinking. This is vital for the initiation of change, and if appropriate, expanding new role development. The first two sessions aim at understanding of relapse process and recognize of high-risk situations focused on orientation about action methods. The next four sessions deal with high-risk situations. The last two sessions give participants opportunities to venture new life-styles. The methods and approaches used in this program utilized as a tool to explore and practice possible coping strategies. and this program can contribute to prevent relapse episode if tune with the particular high-risk situation by using active practices in safe environment.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.43-87
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• 1992

In this paper, state of exploitation of world fishery resources after 10 years under the new regime in the sea, called the era of exclusive economic zone (EEZ) expending up to a 200 nautical miles from coastal line, was reviewed to determine effect from establishing EEZ in the world fishery production and its export/import volume based on the fishery statistics annually published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nation. The world total production from marine living resources had a trend showing a waned increase during 1970's when most of coastal states were translated into the reality of EEZ. From mid-1980's onwards, it increased rapidly, reaching about 85 million tons . Such increase in production was basically from the Pacific Ocean, accounting for more than 60% of the world total production. Fishing areas where showed increase in the production after the new regime in the sea were the southwestern Atlantic (FAO area 41) , the eastern Indian (FAO area 57) and the whole fishing areas in the Pacific except the eastern central Pacific (FAO area 77). Increase in the production from distant-water fishing countries came from the regions of the southwest Atlantic (FAO area 41) and the southwest Pacific (FAO area 81) . The production from coastal states was up from the regions of the eastern Indian (FAO area 57) , the northwest and northeast Pacific (FAO areas 61 and 67) and the southeast Pacific (FAO area 87) . It was likely that the exploitation of the fishable stocks was well monitored in the areas of the northwest Atlantic (FAO area 21) , the eastern central Atlantic (FAO area 34) and the northeast Pacific (FAO area 67) through appropriate management measures such as annual harvest level, establishment of total allowable catch etc. The marine fisheries resources that have made contribution to the world production, despite expansion of 200 EEZ by coastal states, were sardinellas, Atlantic cod, blue whiting and squids in the Atlantic Ocean : tunas which mainly include skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye tuna, croakers and pony fishes in the Indian Ocean : and sardine, Chilean pilchard, Alaska pollock, tunas (skipjack and yellowfin tuna) , blue grenadier and blue whiting including anchoveta in the Pacific Ocean. It was identified that both fishery production and its export since introduction of the new regime in the sea were dominated by such coastal states as USA, Canada, Indonesia, Thailand, Mexico, South Africa and Newzealand. But difficulties have been experienced in the European countries including Norway, Spain, Japan and Rep. of Korea. Therefore, majority of coastal states are unlikely to have yet undertaken proper utilization as well as rational management of marine living resources in their jurisdiction during the last two decades. The main target species groups which led the world fishery production to go up were Alaska pollock, cods, tunas, sardinellas, chub and jack mackerel and anchoveta. These stocks are largely expected to continue to contribute to the production. The fisheries resources which are unexploited, underexploited and/or lightly exploited at present and which will be contributed to the world production in future are identified with cephalopods, Pacific jack mackerel and Atlantic mackerel, silver hake including anchovies. These resources mainly distribute in the Pacific regions, especially FAO statistical fishing areas 67, 77 and 87. It was likely to premature to conclude that the new regime in the sea was only in favour of coastal states in fishey production.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.12 no.2 s.35
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• pp.121-128
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• 2005

Solder joints in microelectronic devices are frequently operated at an elevated temperature in service. They also experience plastic deformation caused by temperature excursion and difference in thermal expansion coefficients. Deformed solders can go through a recovery and recrystallization process at an elevated temperature, which would alter their microstructure and mechanical properties. In this study, to predict the changes in mechanical properties of Pb-free solder joints at high temperatures, the high temperature microhardness of several Pb-free and composite solders was measured as a function of temperature, deformation, and annealing condition. Solder alleys investigated include pure Sn, Sn-0.7Cu, Sn-3.5Ag, Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu, Sn-2.8Ag-7.0Cu (composite), and Sn-2.7Ag-4.9Cu-2.9Ni (composite). Numbers are all in wt.$\%$ unless specified otherwise. Solder pellets were cast at two cooling rates (0.4 and $7^{\circ}C$/s). The pellets were compressively deformed by $30\%$ and $50\%$ and annealed at $150^{\circ}C$ for 2 days. The microhardness was measured as a function of indentation temperature from 25 to $130^{\circ}C$. Their microstructure was also evaluated to correlate with the changes in microhardness.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2006

The distribution patterns of anchovy eggs and larvae and environmental characteristics such as oceanographic conditions and meteorological factors in the eastern part of Jeju Strait, Korea from June to October 2003 were investigated. During the sampling periods, the anchovy spawned on the coastal area mainly and approximately 85% of total egg abundance occurred in only two months, from July to August, suggesting that the main spawning season of anchovies is considered in summer from July and August in the study area. Relatively high proportions of the anchovy larvae larger than 20 mm TL observed in the eastern part area. These facts suggest that anchovy larvae gradually moved out to the eastern part of study area. Most wind speeds were markedly reduced to below 10 m/s with the exception of a few days and the precipitation was concentrated (37%) from July to August when the anchovy eggs and larvae occurred abundantly. Results of correlation analysis showed that the anchovy egg abundance correlated with the increasing chlorophyll a and copepod biomass. It is considered that the plankton biomass in the sea area would have significant effects on the anchovy spawning. In addition, salinity variations also had significant effects on the abundance of anchovy larvae, with increasing water temperature.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.48-60
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• 1997

The species composition and seasonal variations of fish community in the Zostera marina belt at the coastal water off Hamduck, northern part of Cheju Island, were analyzed based on day and night samples collected by a small beam trawl from May 1993 to May 1994. The dominant species among the 58 fish species in 35 family were tubesnout, Aulichthys japonicus, gobie, Pterogobius zonoleucus, filefish, Rudarius ercodes, pipefish, Syngnathus schlegeli and sea catfish, Plotosus lineatus. These species comprised 86.1% in the number of individuals and 62% in biomass. The number of individuals and biomass were high between October and December, and low between January and April. About 90% of fishes were noncommercial and small-sized fishes, less than 14cm in total length. The larvae and juvenile fishes were collected in the study area throughout the year. The recruitments of dominant species were related to the seasonal variations of Z. marina utilized as a shelter or feeding ground. A japonicus, P. zonoleucus, Zoarchias glaber and Hexagrammos agrammus recruited between January and June, and R. ercodes, S. schlegeli, P. lineatus and Petroscirtes breviceps between July and December.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.67-86
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• 2007

Choseon Dynasty, from many aspects, saw the institutional establishment of its royal palaces in the 17th and 18th century, with 'donggwol (east palace)' as the most representative form in the era. In that period, palaces were managed in the best way that fits the royal etiquette and order to maintain the Confucian framework of the times. While the royal palace was the place for the king to conduct state affairs, it was also a compound for the royal family to lead a life in. Since the royal family was also based on the Confucian system, women in the royal palace seldom revealed their existence to outside world. Yet daebi,(a Queen Mother) who was often called 'dongjo,' enjoyed the highest level of honor not only as a member of the royal family but in the hierarchical order of the dynasty. As they often engaged themselves in political affairs, daebi raised their reputation through rites and rituals. So, in the 16th century, they largely used Changgyeong-gung palace in the eastern part of the royal compound since they sometimes had to go out of the royal residence. While it was called 'dongjo' because it was seated in the eastern part, it was also used as a word symbolizing daebi. And, therefore, it has become a general principle of royal palaces to build the palace for daebi in the eastern wing of the compound. However, the residence for daebi was not always built in the eastern part in the 17th and 18th century and, instead, edifices for daebi were sometimes erected in several points within the royal compound. Beside, daebi's residence in this period had additional spaces for ceremonies since they had a number of official events there. Construction of daebi's residences in this era was not confined to the symbolic institutions and they became the peculiar palaces with specific characteristics for official ceremonies of the queen mothers. Consequently, it could be said that the architectural style of dongjo, which was the place of the supreme female in the hierarchical order, stemmed from donggwol where daebi spent the longest time of the royal life.