• Journal of TMJ Balancing Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2013

Objectives and Methods: This study was conducted to investigate the formula of ONGABO to composed of Ginseng Radix (Red Ginseng), Angelica Gigantis Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Cuscuta Semen, Curcumae Tuber with the method to observe the cell viability of HepG2 in the basic principle of oriental medicine formula study, Sovereign, Minister, Assistant and Courier principle (君臣佐使論). Results: Ginseng Radix (Red Ginseng) and Schisandrae Fructus were having a cell protection effect in HepG2 significantly. Angelica gigantis radix was decreased the cell viability of HepG2 significantly, and there were no effects for Cuscuta Semen and Curcumae Tuber to the cell viability of HepG2. Conclusions: As the above results, in the Sovereign, Minister, Assistant and Courier principle (君臣佐使論), Ginseng Radix (Red Ginseng) corresponds to sovereign medicinal having cell protect effects, angelica gigantis radix corresponds to minister medicinal having cell killing effects, Schisandrae Fructus corresponds to assistant medicinal to help red ginseng having cell protect effects. Cuscuta Semen and Curcumae Tuber correspond to courier medicinal having no effect in cell viability in HepG2. We hope the advanced research on sovereign, minister, assistant and courier principle will be proceed in the tomorrow.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 1989

The present investigation aims at elucidating a possible mechanism of heat inactivation of SCK ceils by comparing the kinetics of cell lethality and protein degradation in the presence of heat protector or heat sensitizer. The effect of heat sensitizer and protector was exhibited in both cell survival and protein degradation kinetics, the magnitude of the effect being much profound for the protector compared to the sensitizer. A conclusion to he drawn from the present experiment is that there is no direct correlation between cell lethality and protein degradation. Rather, protein degradation, which might occur in the membrane, causes cell inactivation indirectly, possibly by altering the cellular environment. Accordingly, further studies are needed to get insight into the mechanism of cell inactivation by hyperthermia.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11-25
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• 2004

This study was conducted to explore the impacts of involvement in the Vietnam War on the self-esteem of the veterans in their later lives. In this study, 14 Korean male Vietnam War veterans from 55 to 63 years old were asked about the impacts of their war experiences on their self-esteem. From the analysis of the in-depth interviews the following conclusions were drawn: First, the veterans perceived that their self-esteem improved with both internal and external impacts of their activities in Vietnam. The internal aspects that improved the veterans' self-esteem were recalling their positive memories of Vietnam War, such as being on duty at a war front for the sake of our country, doing volunteer work for the villagers, and becoming a masculine heroic figure in the family legend. The external aspects were positive attitudes and responses toward their war activities from their family, friends, and neighbors. Second, they also felt persistently frustrated with their recurring memories of involvement in killing human beings, experiences of negative family and social responses, and the side effects of herbicidal cyanide they suffer. In this article, the following suggestions were made. First, standardized images and good-will episodes of the Vietnam War need to be provided by the government, in order to improve public images on the veterans. Second, intensive adjustment programs for the families of older veterans in special needs should be developed in collaboration with various veterans' societies and family counseling institutions, so that the spouses and children can be relieved from tension-laden contacts with the veterans and prevent violent incidents.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-31
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• 2014

This study performed to examine the genuineness of Kyung-Jong's poison hypothesis which was the one of the biggest topic in the history of Joseon Dynasty. Kyung-Jong's poison hypothesis is that Kyung-Jong who was the 20th king of the Joseon Dysansty was poisoned by the next king Young-Jo who became the 21st king. This theory was hyphosized by Sim-Yoohyun and was widely known in the 4th year of Young-jo through the revolt. Kyung-Jong suffered with severe diarrhea for 5 days which finally took his life away right after he had have marinated raw crab and persimmon. Some insist the poison must had been in those foods. However, the symptoms that Kyung-jong had were not matched with the poisons which used in those days and also poison was not the reasonable way of murder, so it is hard to say there is little possibility of poison. On the other hand, considering of Kyung-jong's health, marinated raw crab and persimmon could result of severe diarrhea. In the mean time, the possibility of Young-Jo's intention of killing Kyung-Jong is very low. Rather, he blame the royal doctors who scout the outside doctors, because he believed that it led Kyung-jong's death since the treatment was chaotic with all those different doctors. Even after the Kyung-Jong's death, Young-jo was always strict to scout the outside doctors and missed Kyung-jong consistently. On this basis, it is hard to say that king Kyung-Jong was murdered by poisoning.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.383-389
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• 2011

Background: EY-6 is one of the newly synthesized indoledione derivatives to induce tumor cell-specific cell death. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of immunological death induced by EY-6 at mouse colon cancer cell as well as at the normal immune cell represented by dendritic cell. Methods: C57BL/6 mouse syngeneic colon cancer cell MC38 was treated with EY-6, and analyzed by MTT for viability test, flow cytometry for confirming surface expressing molecules and ELISA for detection of cytokine secretion. Normal myeloid-dendritic cell (DC) was ex vivo cultured from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells of C57BL/6 mice with GM-CSF and IL-4 to analyze the DC uptake of dead tumor cells and to observe the effect of EY-6 on the normal DC. Results: EY-6 killed the MC38 tumor cells in a dose dependent manner (25, 50 and $100{\mu}M$) with carleticulin induction. And EY-6 induced the secretion of IFN-${\gamma}$ but not of TNF-${\alpha}$ from the MC38 tumor cells. EY-6 did not kill the ex-vivo cultured DCs at the dose killing tumor cells and did slightly but not significantly induced the DC maturation. The OVA-specific cross-presentation ability of DC was not induced by chemical treatment (both MHC II and MHC I-restricted antigen presentation). Conclusion: Data indicate that the EY-6 induced tumor cell specific and immunological cell death by modulation of tumor cell phenotype and cytokine secretion favoring induction of specific immunity eliminating tumor cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1299-1306
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• 2015

This study aims to investigate the mechanism of action of the cinnamon bark essential oil (CB), when used singly and also in combination with piperacillin, for its antimicrobial and synergistic activity against beta-lactamase TEM-1 plasmid-conferred Escherichia coli J53 R1. Viable count of bacteria for this combination of essential oil and antibiotic showed a complete killing profile at 20 h and further confirmed its synergistic effect by reducing the bacteria cell numbers. Analysis on the stability of treated cultures for cell membrane permeability by CB when tested against sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that the bacterial cell membrane was disrupted by the essential oil. Scanning electron microscopy observation and bacterial surface charge measurement also revealed that CB causes irreversible membrane damage and reduces the bacterial surface charge. In addition, bioluminescence expression of Escherichia coli [pSB1075] and E. coli [pSB401] by CB showed reduction, indicating the possibility of the presence of quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors. Gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry of the essential oil of Cinnamomum verum showed that trans-cinnamaldehyde (72.81%), benzyl alcohol (12.5%), and eugenol (6.57%) were the major components in the essential oil. From this study, CB has the potential to reverse E. coli J53 R1 resistance to piperacillin through two pathways; modification in the permeability of the outer membrane or bacterial QS inhibition.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.30 no.5_6
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• pp.280-289
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• 2003

Deadlock recovery-based routing algorithms in wormhole networks have gained attraction due to low hardware complexity and high routing adaptability Progressive deadlock recovery techniques require a few dedicated resources to transmit deadlocked packets rather than killing them. Selection of deadlocked packets is primarily based on time-out value which should be carefully determined considering various traffic patterns or packet length. By its nature, current techniques using time-out accompany unignorable number of false deadlock detections especially in a heavy-loaded network or with long packet size. Moreover, when a deadlock occurs, more than one packet may be marked as deadlocked, which saturate the resources allocated for recovery. This paper proposes more accurate deadlock detection scheme which does not make use of time-out to declare deadlock. The proposed scheme reduces the probability to detect false deadlocks considerably. Furthermore, a single message is selected as deadlocked for each cycle of blocked messages, thereby eliminating recovery overheads.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.654-655
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• 2003

Korea has experienced 10 a Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tide outbreaks during the last 10 years (1993-2002). The monitoring activities at National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) in Korea have been extended to all the coastal waters after the worst of fish killing by C. polykrikoides blooms in 1995. NFRDI is looking forward to finding out the feasibility of red tide detection around Korean waters using satellite remote sensing of NOAA/AVHRR, Orbview-2/SeaWiFS, IRS-P4/OCM and Terra/MODIS on real time base. In this study, we used several alternative methods including climatological analysis, spectral and optical methods which may offer a potential detection of the major species of red tide in Korean waters. The relationship between the distribution of SST and C. polykrikoides bloom areas was studied. In climatological analysis, NOAA, SeaWiFS, OCM satellite data in 20th and 26th August 2001 were chosen using the known C. polykrikoides red tide bloom area mapped by helicopter reconnaissance and ground observation. The 26th August, 2001 SeaWiFS chlorophyll a anomaly imageries against the imageries of non-occurring red tide for August 20, 2001 showed the areas C. polykrikoides occurred. The anomalies of chlorophyll a concentration from satellite data between before and after red tide outbreaks showed the similar distribution of C. polykrikoides red tide in 26th August, 2001. The distribution of the difference in SST between daytime and nighttime also showed the possibility of red tide detection. We used corrected vegetation index (CVI) to detect floating vegetation and submerged vegetation containing algal blooms. The simple result of optical absorption from C. polykrikoides showed that if we use the optical characteristics of each red tide we will be able to get the feasibility of the red tide detection.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1991

An in vitro immune effector mechanism against the target encysted metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani was demonstrated in the rat system. Peritoneal exudate cells, mainly macrophages from normal rats, showed adherence to and killing of encysted metacercariae of p. westermani in the presence of complement-independent serum from rats infected with Paragonimus metacercariae. These reactions were specific for the excysted metacercariae, as tissue-migrating juvenile worms were not affected. Damage of encysted metacercariae of p. westermani due to antibody and macrophages was assessed by morphological observation, by cell adherence reaction and by the use of vital dyes. frypan blue dye exclusion proved to be a reliable indicator of judging metacercarial viability. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that macrophages reacted with fusty material on the tegumental surface and fine structures in the syncytium of the parasites. The tubular tunnels formed between the basement membrane and muscle layers of the damaged parasites were also noticeable. The relevance of these findings to cellular immunity in the early paragonimiasis was discussed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.44 no.2 s.138
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• pp.101-116
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• 2006

Vaginal trichomoniasis, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common sexually transmitted disease. More than 170 million people worldwide are annually infected by this protozoan. In the Republic of Korea, 10.4% of women complaining of vaginal symptoms and signs were found to be infected with T. vagina/is. However, despite its high prevalence, the pathogenesis of T. vaginalis infection has not been clearly characterized although neutrophil infiltration is considered to be primarily responsible for the cytologic changes associated with this infection. We hypothesized that trichomonads in the vagina sometime after an acute infection secrete proteins like excretory-secretory product that have a chemotactic effect on neutrophils, and that these neutrophils are further stimulated by T. vaginalis to produce chemokines like IL-8 and $GRO-\alpha$, which further promote neutrophil recruitment and chemotaxis. Thus, neutrophil accumulation is believed to maintain or aggravate inflammation. However, enhanced neutrophil apoptosis induced by live T. vaginalis could contribute to resolution of inflammation. Macrophages may constitute an important component of host defense against T. vaginalis infection. For example, mouse macrophages alone and those activated by lymphokines or nitric oxide are known to be involved in the extracellular killing of T. vaginalis. In the host, T. vaginalis uses a capping phenomenon to cleave host immunoglobulins with proteinases and thus escape from host immune responses. Recently, we developed a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using primers based on a repetitive sequence cloned from T. vaginalis (TV-E650), and found that the method enables the detection of T. vaginalis at concentrations as low as 1 cell per PCR mixture.