• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.222-235
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• 2008

This study looks at motivations of video UCC users as a member of creative class. A qualitative research method was used for analyzing data collected by interviews. Killing time users, active clickers and creators are distinguished as different types of UCC users and their differing motivations are explored. The findings of the study are as follows: First, information sharing, self presentation, communication needs, ease of use for self presentation, usefulness are expressed as motivating factors for both active clickers and creators, Pleasure motivates every type of users. However, content creators experience a specific type of pleasure which is the pleasure of creativity or flow, which this study highlights as a key driving factor for content creators. The study adds to the findings of UCC user research which applies the TAM and the PAD model by revealing what pleasure and flow specifically mean for different types of UCC users.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1621-1629
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• 2008

Harmful algal blooms (HABs), commonly called red tides, are caused by some toxic phytoplanktons, and have made massive economic losses as well as marine environmental disturbances. As an effective and environment-friendly strategy to control HAB outbreaks, biological methods using marine bacteria capable of killing the harmful algae or algicidal extracellular compounds from them have been given attention. A new member of the $\gamma$-Proteobacteria, Hahella chejuensis KCTC 2396, was originally isolated from the Korean seashore for its ability to secrete industrially useful polysaccharides, and was characterized to produce a red pigment. This pigment later was identified as an alkaloid compound, prodigiosin. During the past several decades, prodigiosin has been extensively studied for its medical potential as immunosuppressants and antitumor agents, owing to its antibiotic and cytotoxic activities. The lytic activity of this marvelous molecule against Cochlodinium polykrikoides cells at very low concentrations ($\sim$l ppb) was serendipitously detected, making H. chejuensis a strong candidate among the biological agents for HAB control. This review provides a brief overview of algicidal marine bacteria and their products, and describes in detail the algicidal characteristics, biosynthetic process, and genetic regulation of prodigiosin as a model among the compounds active against red-tide organisms from the biochemical and genetic viewpoints.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.22
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• pp.5-25
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• 2001

The germicidal and insecticidal properties of volatile components extracted from star anise(Illicium verum Hooker filius) and clove (Eugenia caryophyllata THUNBERG)were evaluated against five microorganisms and three insects for the purpose of developing biocidal active substances from medicinal plants. The volatile components of star anise and clove showed strong antimicrobial effect against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium funiculosum, Mucor hiemalis, Trichoderma viride, and Aureobasidium pullulans. The extracts of each medicine also showed insecticidal effects against Sitophilusoryzae L., Lyctus linearis GOZE, and Reticulitermes spertus kyushuensis Morimoto. Fumigant toxicities to adult insects were determined. In the case of fumiganttoxicity, the extract of star anise showed 100% mortality against R. spertus, S.oryzae, and L. linearis at rates of $2.5\mu\ell$, $50\mu\ell$, $250\mu\ell$/filter paper, respectively but showed no killing effects by clove. The volatile components of star anise and clove were investigated by means of GC/MS. The main constitute, anethole among 20components from star anise and eugenol among 9 components from clove were identified. The mixture of star anise and clove as the volume ratio of 2 : 1 showed higher properties for antimicrobial and insecticidal effect than each volatile component. A. niger was inhibited by the mixture(125ml/$m^3$) for up to 10 days of exposure. Also, from the result of observing state change of organic materials by volatile extracts of star anise and clove, volatile extracts effects have no effect on natural organic materials of organic cultural properties and can be used as biological control agent. As research contents as above, the insecticidal and germicidal agents from star anise and clove and the mixture of them were more efficient and high level to prevent biological damage for conservation of organic cultural properties. So they may be used in new development of biologicalinsecticidal and germicidal agents for conservation of cultural properties.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.268-280
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• 2011

Background: Dengue virus, which belongs to the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, causes fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) with infection risk of 2.5 billion people worldwide. However, approved vaccines are still not available. Here, we explored the immune responses induced by alternating prime-boost vaccination using DNA vaccine, adenovirus, and vaccinia virus expressing E protein of dengue virus type 2 (DenV2). Methods: Following immunization with DNA vaccine (pDE), adenovirus (rAd-E), and/or vaccinia virus (VV-E) expressing E protein, E protein-specific IgG and its isotypes were determined by conventional ELISA. Intracellular CD154 and cytokine staining was used for enumerating CD4+ T cells specific for E protein. E protein-specific CD8+ T cell responses were evaluated by in vivo CTL killing activity and intracellular IFN-${\gamma}$ staining. Results: Among three constructs, VV-E induced the most potent IgG responses, Th1-type cytokine production by stimulated CD4+ T cells, and the CD8+ T cell response. Furthermore, when the three constructs were used for alternating prime-boost vaccination, the results revealed a different pattern of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. i) Priming with VV-E induced higher E-specific IgG level but it was decreased rapidly. ii) Strong CD8+ T cell responses specific for E protein were induced when VV-E was used for the priming step, and such CD8+ T cell responses were significantly boosted with pDE. iii) Priming with rAd-E induced stronger CD4+ T cell responses which subsequently boosted with pDE to a greater extent than VV-E and rAd-E. Conclusion: These results indicate that priming with live viral vector vaccines could induce different patterns of E protein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses which were significantly enhanced by booster vaccination with the DNA vaccine. Therefore, our observation will provide valuable information for the establishment of optimal prime-boost vaccination against DenV.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2008

This study conducted 6 times of roadkill investigations in national road 121 km (about 10%) of Chungcheongnam-do. As a result of the investigation, 94 individuals were found dead on the road. The roadkill statuses by construction of road were 44 times (1.13 times/km) at two traffic lanes, 1 time (1.90 times/km) at three lanes, and 23 times (0.35 times/km) at four traffic lanes. Also, land use on the frequency of roadkill were 26 times between mountain region and cultivated land, 25 times between cultivated land and cultivated land, and 20 times between mountain region and mountain region. So, particular attention is needed at the construction and facilities of road to reduce roadkill.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4631-4637
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• 2012

Introduction: Tobacco use is a leading cause of deaths and disabilities in India, killing about 1.2 lakh people in 2010. About 29% of adults use tobacco on a daily basis and an additional 5% use it occasionally. In Odisha, non-smoking forms are more prevalent than smoking forms. The habit has very high opportunity cost as it reduces the capacity to seek better nutrition, medical care and education. In line with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) is a powerful Indian national law on tobacco control. The Government of Odisha has shown its commitment towards enforcement and compliance of COTPA provisions. In order to gauge the perceptions and practices related to tobacco control efforts and level of enforcement of COTPA in the State, this cross-sectional study was carried out in seven selected districts. Materials and methods: A semi-structured interview schedule was developed, translated into Odiya and field-tested for data collection. It mainly contained questions related to knowledge on provisions of section 4-7 of COTPA 2003, perception about smoking, chewing tobacco and practices with respect to compliance of selected provisions of the Act. 1414 samples were interviewed. Results: The highest percentage of respondents was from the government departments. 73% of the illiterates consumed tobacco as compared to 34% post graduates. 52.1% of the respondents were aware of Indian tobacco control laws, while 80.8% had knowledge about the provision of the law prohibiting smoking in public places. However, 36.6% of the respondents reported that they had 'very often' seen tobacco products being sold 'to a minor', while 31.2% had seen tobacco products being sold 'by a minor'. In addition, 24.8% had 'very often' seen tobacco products being sold within a radius of 100 yards of educational institutions.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.189-201
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• 2020

As communicating with friends by recording their daily lives in video clips has become a trend for the Z-generation or the Millennial generation, interest in the vlog is increasing. This study analyzed the effects of motivation and user characteristics on use satisfaction and intention to use vlog in 168 participants in their 20s and 30s who have experience using YouTube vlog. The results of the study showed all hypotheses established in this study were adopted. Specifically, habits and killing time, information-seeking, entertainment and relaxation, voyeurism, openness and emotional identification were found to have a positive effect on the use satisfaction. Also, satisfaction with the use of vlog has a significant impact on continuous use intention. Therefore, it can be seen that exploring the vlog will provide theoretical and practical implications.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 2018

Type VI secretion system (T6SS) has been discovered in a variety of gram-negative bacteria as a versatile weapon to stimulate the killing of eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic competitors. Type VI secretion effectors (T6SEs) are well known as key virulence factors for important pathogenic bacteria. In many Burkholderia species, T6SS has evolved as the most complicated secretion pathway with distinguished types to translocate diverse T6SEs, suggesting their essential roles in this genus. Here we attempted to detect and characterize T6SSs and potential T6SEs in target genomes of plant-associated and environmental Burkholderia species based on computational analyses. In total, 66 potential functional T6SS clusters were found in 30 target Burkholderia bacterial genomes, of which 33% possess three or four clusters. The core proteins in each cluster were specified and phylogenetic trees of three components (i.e., TssC, TssD, TssL) were constructed to elucidate the relationship among the identified T6SS clusters. Next, we identified 322 potential T6SEs in the target genomes based on homology searches and explored the important domains conserved in effector candidates. In addition, using the screening approach based on the profile hidden Markov model (pHMM) of T6SEs that possess markers for type VI effectors (MIX motif) (MIX T6SEs), 57 revealed proteins that were not included in training datasets were recognized as novel MIX T6SE candidates from the Burkholderia species. This approach could be useful to identify potential T6SEs from other bacterial genomes.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.126-131
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• 2004

This research sought to compare chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone as chemical disinfectants of drinking water, with inactivation of total coliform as the indicator. The inactivation of total coliform was tested against several variables, including the dose of disinfectant, contact time, pH, temperature and DOC. A series of batch processes were performed on water samples taken from the outlet of a settling basin in a conventional surface water treatment system that is provided with the raw water drawn from the mid-stream of the Han River. Injection of 1 mg/L of chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone resulted in nearly 2.4, 3.0 and 3.9 log inactivation, respectively, of total coliform at 5 min. To achieve 99.9 % the inactivation, the disinfectants were required in concentrations of 1.70, 1.00 and 0.60 mg/L for chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone, respectively. Bactericidal effects generally decreased as pH increased in the range of pH 6 to 9. The influence of pH change on the killing effect of chlorine dioxide was not strong, but that on ozone and free chlorine was sensitive. The activation energies of chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone were 36,053, 29,822 and 24,906 J/mol for coliforms with inactivation effects being shown in the lowest orders of these.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.203-220
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• 1989

Ever since the expression of new tumor-specific antigens was reported during malignant transformation, studies on separation, purification and characterization of these proteins have been so activated recently. Following experiment was performed to observe tumor-specific antigens by implanting DMBA pellet into submaxillary gland of rat for inducing salivary gland tumor. After dividing 280 rats into 2 groups, in control group, sham operation was performed on right submaxillary gland and, in experimental group, DMBA pellet (5mg) was implanted into right submaxillary gland. Then proteins from excised submaxillary gland by killing 10 rats every two weeks for 28 weeks were extracted with 3M KCl, and SDS-PAGE and PAS-staining were carried out for biochemical examination. The obtained results were summarized as follows; 1) At 12th week since implantation of DMBA pellet, tumor mass formation was inspected. And dysplasia at 6th week and invasive epidermoid carcinoma at 10th week were observed by microscope. 2) In control group, the weight ratio of both submaxillary glands had no any change, however, in experimental group, the ratio was increased remarkably. And at 28th week after DMBA implantation, there was more than 15 times of differences in weight between control and experimental group. 3) There was no DMBA remnant after 22nd experimental week. 4) In the SDS-PAGE, high molecular protein bands (more than 100 kd) were appeared much, and new prominent protein bands (66, 48, 41.5, 39, 37, 37.5 kd) were appeared after 4th week since DMBA implantation. However, 38, 27, 22kd protein bands were disappeared. 5) In PAS-staining, high molecular proteins were proteins were all glycoproteins and 37.5kd protein was proved as to be glycoprotein. And 38kd glycoprotein was disappeared after 4th week since DMBA implantation.