Factors Affecting Chemical Disinfection of Drinking Water

  • Lee, Yoon-jin (Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University) ;
  • Nam, Sang-ho (Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University) ;
  • Jun, Byong-ho (Department of Civil Engineering, Korea Military Academy) ;
  • Oh, Kyoung-doo (Department of Civil Engineering, Korea Military Academy) ;
  • Kim, Suk-bong (Department of Civil Engineering, Korea Military Academy) ;
  • Ryu, Jae-keun (Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungju National University) ;
  • Dionysiou, Dionysios D. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati) ;
  • Itoh, Sadahiko (Department of urban Management, Kyoto University)
  • Published : 2004.03.30

Abstract

This research sought to compare chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone as chemical disinfectants of drinking water, with inactivation of total coliform as the indicator. The inactivation of total coliform was tested against several variables, including the dose of disinfectant, contact time, pH, temperature and DOC. A series of batch processes were performed on water samples taken from the outlet of a settling basin in a conventional surface water treatment system that is provided with the raw water drawn from the mid-stream of the Han River. Injection of 1 mg/L of chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone resulted in nearly 2.4, 3.0 and 3.9 log inactivation, respectively, of total coliform at 5 min. To achieve 99.9 % the inactivation, the disinfectants were required in concentrations of 1.70, 1.00 and 0.60 mg/L for chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone, respectively. Bactericidal effects generally decreased as pH increased in the range of pH 6 to 9. The influence of pH change on the killing effect of chlorine dioxide was not strong, but that on ozone and free chlorine was sensitive. The activation energies of chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone were 36,053, 29,822 and 24,906 J/mol for coliforms with inactivation effects being shown in the lowest orders of these.

Keywords

References

  1. Acha, R. C., Serri, A., Choshen, E. and Limoni, B., Disinfection of drinking water rich in bromide with chlorine and chlorine dioxide while minimizing the formation of undesirable by-products. Wat. Res., 17, pp. 611-621 (1984)
  2. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation., Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 19th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA (1995)
  3. Cho, J. H., Kim, J. Y. and Yu, Y. C., Disinfection of E-coli in water by use of ozone. Journal of the Korean Society of Water and Wastewater. 2, pp. 43-49 (1989)
  4. Farooq, S., Chain, E. S. and Engelbrecht, R. S., Basic concepts in disinfection with ozone, Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation. 49, pp. 1818-1831 (1977)
  5. Geo, C. W., The handbook of chlorination and alternative disinfectants, 3rd Ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA pp. 290-295 (1992)
  6. Gerald, F. C., The Chlorination/Chloramination Handbook, 1st Ed., AWWA, Denver, USA pp. 45-47 (1997)
  7. Hopf, W., Experiments with chlorine dioxide treatment of drinking water, Gas und Wasser Fach, 108, pp. 852-854 (1967)
  8. Hunt, N. K. and Marinas, B. J., Kinetics of Escherichia coli inactivation with ozone, Wat. Res., 31, pp. 1355-1365 (1997)
  9. eong, S. W., Choi H. C., Kang, J. W., Kim, J. B. and Choi, S. I., Disinfection and removal of phenol by chlorine dioxide. Journal of the Korean Society of Water and Wastewater, 2, pp, 24-33 (1993)
  10. Junli, H., Li, W., Nanqi, R. and Fang, M., Disinfection effect of chlorine dioxide on bacteria in water, Wat. Res., 31, pp. 607-613 (1997)
  11. Kramer, M. H., Herwaldt, B. L., Craun, G. F., Calderon, R. L. and Juranek, D. D., Waterborne Disease: 1993 and 1994. J. AWWA., 88, pp. 66-80 (1996)
  12. Kristen, M. R., Jason, L. R. and Benito, J. M., Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with chlorine dioxide, Wat. Res., 34, pp. 868-876 (2000)
  13. Labatiuk, C. W., Belosevic, M and Finch, G. R., Factors influencing the infectivity of Giardia muris cysts following ozone inactivation in laboratory and natural waters, Wat. Res., 26, pp. 733-743 (1992)
  14. Lee, Y. J., Lee, H. and Nam, S. H., Factors on the formation of chlorite and/or chlorate in drinking water treatment using chlorine dioxide, Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers, 23, pp. 153-161 (2001)
  15. Means, E. T., Tanaka, D. O. and McGllire, M., Effect of chlorine and ammonia appllication points on bactericidal efficiency, J AWWA., 78, pp. 62-66 (1986)
  16. Miller, D. G., A Survey of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in surface and groundwaters in the UK. Journal of the Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 6, pp. 697-703 (1992)
  17. Rice, R. G., Robson, C., Miller, G. and Hill, A., Uses of ozone in drinking water treatment. J AWWA., 73, pp. 44-48 (1981)
  18. Robert, C. H., Andrea, M. D., William, S. F., Margaret, P.O., Ramon, G. L., Aieta, E. M., Delmer, W. W. and Gilbert G., Household odors associated with the use of chlorine dioxide. J. AWWA., 82, pp. 166-172 (1990)
  19. Scarpino, P. V., Berg, G., Chang, S. L., Dahling, D. and Lucas, M., A Comparative study of the inactivation of viruses in water by chlorine, Water Res., 6, pp. 959-968 (1972)
  20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidance manual for compliance with the filtration and disinfection requirement for public water, 1st Ed., AWWA, Denver, USA, pp. 141-152 (1991)
  21. Wickramanayake, G., B, and Sproul, O. J., Ozone concentration and temperature effects on disinfection kinetics. Ozone. Sci. and Engrg., 10, pp. 123-135 (1988)