• 농업과학연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.67-81
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• 1974

감자를 탁주(濁酒) 원료(原料)로 사용(使用)하기 위(爲)하여 증자건조분쇄(蒸煮乾燥粉碎)하고 이들의 화학성분(化學成分)을 분석(分析)하였으며 서분(薯粉)을 이용(利用)한 입국제조조건(粒麴製造條件), 담금조건(條件) 및 원료(原料)를 달리하였을 때에 술덧 성분(成分)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)함과 아울러 술덧 숙성중(熟成中) 제성주(製成酒)의 보존중(保存中)에 있어서의 화학성분(化學成分) 및 microfiora의 변화(變化) 기타(其他) 시험양조주(試驗釀造酒)의 관능검사등(官能檢査等)을 행(行)하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 증서(蒸薯)와 서분(薯粉)의 화학성분(化學成分)은 각각(各各) 수분(水分) 76.2, 10.8%, 총당(總糖) 16.1, 69.8%, 환원당(還元糖) 3.45, 13.4%, 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 2.1, 11.3%, 총산(總酸) 0.012, 0.023%, 휘발산(揮發酸) 0.0012, 0.0025%이었다. 2. 서분(薯粉)을 이용(利用)한 입국제조(粒麴製造) 조건(條件)이 술덧 성분(成分)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果) 원료분(原料粉)에 대하여 40~50%의 물을 혼화(混和)하여 상법(常法)에 의(依)해서 48시간(時間) 배양(培養)하는 것이 효과적(效果的)이었으며 이와같은 조건하(條件下)하에서 제조(製造)한 입국(粒麴)의 액화형(液化型) 및 당화형(糖化型) amylase의 역가(力價)는 각각(各各) $D40^{\circ}$30', 128 W.V., 13.2A.U.이었다. 3. Table 1에서 표시(表示)한 기본(基本) 담금비율중(比率中) 여러 가지 조건(條件)을 변화(變化)시켰을 때에 술덧 성분(成分)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. (1) 1단(段) 담금 할 때에는 원료입국(原料粒麴) 60g에 대(對)하여 140ml의 물을, 2단(段) 담금 할 때에는 원료(原料) 140g에 대(對)하여 260ml의 물을 첨가(添加)하는 것이 가장 효과적(效果的)이었다. (2) 1단(段)을 $25^{\circ}C$, 2단(段)을 $30^{\circ}C$에서 산효(酸酵)시킬 때 1, 2단(段) 모두 48시간(時間)씩 발효(醱酵)시키는 것이 가장 효과적(效果的)이었다. (3) 분국(粉麴)은 1단(段)에 0.5%, 2단(段)에 1.0%를 첨가(添加)하는 것이 가장 효과적(效果的)이었고 입국(粒麴)은 20~30% 사용시(使用時)에 술덧 성분상(成分上)에 큰 차이(差異)를 나타내지 않았다. (4) 증서분(蒸薯粉)과 생서분(生薯粉)을 사용(使用)하여 탁주(濁酒)를 제조(製造)하였을 때 술덧중(中)의 methanol 함량(含量)은 각각(各各) 0.03% 및 0.06%이었다. (5) 서분(薯粉)을 원료(原料)로 양조(釀造)하였을 때는 소맥분(小麥粉)을 원료(原料)로 사용(使用)하였을 때에 비(比)하여 주도(酒度), fusel oil 및 Formol-N의 함량(含量)이 낮고 methanol의 함량(含量) 및 산도(酸度)는 높았다. 4. 서분(薯粉)을 원료(原料)로하여 1단(段)에서 24시간(時間), 2단(段)에서 96시간(時間)까지 발효(醱酵)시키면서 발효기간중(醱酵期間中)의 화학성분(化學成分) 및 microfora의 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)한 결과 (1) Alcohol 함량(含量)은 72시간(時間)까지 계속증가(繼續增加)하여 11.9%에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 약간(若干) 감소(減少)하였다. (2) 총당량(總糖量)은 48~72시간(時間)까지 급격(急激)히 감소(減少)하여 72시간(時間)에 2.62%에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 서서(徐徐)히 감소(減少)되었다. (3) 환원당량(還元糖量)도 점차(漸次) 감소(減少)하였으며 48시간(時間)에 0.29%에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 약간(若干)의 증감(增減)을 나타내었다. (4) 총산도(總酸度), 휘발산도(揮發酸度) 및 Formol-N의 함량(含量)은 점차(漸次) 증가(增加)하여 48시간(時間) 후(後)에는 각각(各各) 7.30, 0.20, 2.55에 달(達)하고 그 후(後)에도 약간(若干)씩 증가(增加)하는 傾向)을 나타내었다. (5) 총효모수(總酵母數)는 72시간(時間)에 최고(最高)($2.1{\times}10^8$)에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 점차(漸次) 감소(減少)하였다. (6) 총세균수(總細菌數)는 48시간(時間)에 최고(最高)($2.4{\times}10^8$)에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 약간(若干)의 증감현상(增減現象)을 나타내었다. 5. 서분(薯粉)으로 양조(釀造)한 탁주(濁酒)를 alcohol 함량(含量) 6%가 되도록 제성(製成)하여 $30^{\circ}C$에 72시간(時間) 보존(保存)하면서 주도(酒度), 산도(酸度), 총효모수(總酵母數) 및 총세균수(總細菌數)의 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)한 결과(結果) (1) alcohol 함량(含量)은 24시간(時間)에 약간(若干) 증가(增加)(6.2%)하였다가 그 후(後)에는 점차(漸次) 감소(減少)하였다. (2) 총산도(總酸度)는 제성직후(製成直後) 3.8이었든 것이 72시간에 6.1에 달(達)하도록 증가(增加)하였다. (3) 총효모수(總酵母數) 및 총세균수(總細菌數)는 48시간(時間)에 최고(最高)에 달(達)하여 각각(各各) $1.5{\times}10^8$ 및 $2.3{\times}10^8$이 되었으며 그 후(後)에는 점차감소(漸次減少)하였다. 6. 서분국(薯粉麴) 및 소맥분국(小麥粉麴)을 사용(使用)하여 1단(段) 담금하고 2단(段)에 이들의 5배량(倍量)의 증서(蒸薯)를 담금하여 발효(醱酵)시킨 결과(結果) alcohol함량(含量) 9.8~11.3%, 총산도(總酸度) 5.8~7.4, Formol-N 2.5~3.3의 색택양호(色澤良好)한 술덧을 얻었다. 7. 서분(薯粉), 소맥분(小麥粉) 및 증서(蒸薯)를 여러가지 비율(比率)이 되도록 시험양조(試驗釀造)하여 alcohol 함량(含量) 6%가 되도록 제성(製成)한 후(後) 관능시험(官能試驗)을 행(行)한 결과(結果) 소맥분(小麥粉)과 증서(蒸薯)의 비율(比率)을 4:5 또는 3.5:7.5가 되도록하여 양조(釀造)한 탁주(濁酒)는 소맥분(小麥粉) 전용탁주(專用濁酒)와 관능면(官能面)에서 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되지 않았으며, 소맥분(小麥粉)과 서분(薯粉)의 비율(比率)을 1:1 또는 3:7의 비율(比率)이 되도록하여 양조(釀造)한 탁주(濁酒)는 상기(上記) 3종류(種類)의 탁주(濁酒)와 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제11권
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• pp.81-97
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• 1972

논벼농사의 노동력을 덜기 위하여 이중 가장 중요한 호미질에 의한 중경제초의 노력을 살초제에 의한 것으로 전환시키고자 기초적인 면과 실제적인 면으로 시험조사를 하였다. 건국대학교에서 1m평방 안높이 21cm 및 36cm의 두 형의 concrete tank를 각 4개씩 만들고 그 안에 채수관장치를 한 뒤 양토작토로 논벼를 심어 수도물로 관수하고 투수속도와 산소침투 정도와 수량과의 관계를 보았다. 농림부 자재 검사소 내에서 투수가 심한 사질답전포장에 전면적으로 살초제 Stam F-34를 살포하여 제초하고 제 1구는 중경을 하지 않고, 제 2구는 중경 1회, 그리고 제 3구는 중경 2회하여 중경의 효과를 비교하였다. 이리 호남시험장내 건답보통논과 습답에 무중경, 중경 1회 중경 2회의 구와 살초제 Pamcon을 살포한 것들 중, 무중경, 중경 1회 제초 2회, 중경 2회 제초 1회, 중경 3회 제초 2회의 구와 그리고 관행구를 설치하여 중경제초의 비용과 살초제에 의한 비용을 비교하였던바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 투수속도와 산소침투와 수량과의 관계는 일당(24시간당) 투수속도 4cm이상 될 때 지표 2cm하에 산소가 조금 들어가며 3cm보다 적을 때는 산소가 지표하의 매우 옅은 층에만 내려가는 것으로 나타나며 그리고 경심 15cm구에는 일당 투수속도의 0cm(무투수) 1.5cm에서 수량이 많고 2.5cm와 3.4cm에는 감수되며, 경심 30cm구에는 투수속도 1.5cm 및 30cm구에서 수량이 많고 무투수와 투수속도 4cm구에는 수량이 떨어졌다. (2) 투수가 심한 농림부 자재검사소 사질토양에서는 중경의 효과가 없었다. (3) 호남작물시험장내 건답에서는 살초제 Pamcon 처리 무중경구 수량에 대해서 유의성이 보이는 증수구는 없었다. 그리고 습답에서는 무중경구에 있어서 중경제초 및 관행구가 유의성 있게 증수되었다. (4) 논매기 호미질에 의한 10a당 노동력은 정미 37.1시간 식사와 휴식시간 포함하여 53.5시간이고, 노임은 2,346원인데 대하여 살초제 사용에의 한제 초노력은 수동식으로 0.5일 즉 약 5시간 제비용과 감수추정량을 추정할 때 1,130원이고 습답을 제외하면 750원이 되는 것으로 추정 되었다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.54-66
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• 1988

I. Introduction Since the 1970's drug abuse among young people has increasingly become a social problem in Korea. In the 1980's, drug abuse, especially glue sniffing, has become the cause of many unfortunated incidents resulting in harm to others as well as the abusers themselves. Taking into consideration of the seriousness of this problem, the Republic of Korea National Red Cross initiated a nation-wide research programme, to understand the present situation and to raise the level of public awareness. The goal of this research was to begin a nation - wide campaign against drug abuse. The research team was composed of the Advisary Committee members and the staff of the Youth Department of the Republic of Korea National Red Cross. The data were collected in February 1988 with the collaboration of the staff and volunteers in the local Chapters. The respondents were allocated nation-wide by the quota sampling method. The questionnaires were distributed to the respondents in three groups :2, 700 to junior and senior high school students, 605 to working youths, and 916 to delinquent youths. A total of 4, 221 questionnaires were collected. II. Characteristics of the Respondents The respondents in each group were selected evenly from rural and urban areas. The general characteristics of the respondents can be described as follow: in case of students, the proportions between male and female respondents, and between senior high school and junior high school students were almost evenly distributed. In case of working youths, the proportion of females (80.5%) was higher than those of the students and the delinquents groups. Delinquent youths were defined as those currently being under custody of the centers for juvenile delinquents. Of this number, 38.8% and 68.2% were junior and senior high school drop-outs respectively. The majority of them (92.6%) were male. As for the family background of the respondents, the proportion of those residing in poverty - stricken areas, and the proportion of those from broken families were higher in case of working youths and delinquent youths than those in case of students. III. Present Patterns of Drug Abuse The following summarizes the presents of drug abuse, as tabulated from the results of the survey. 1. Smoking The percentage of youths who smoke was 36% in the student group, 32% m the working youths group, and 94.4% in the delinquent youths group. 2. Alcohol 50.3% of students, 71.6% of working youths, and 93.3% of delinquent youths has experienced drinking alcohol beverages. 3. Tonic: non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages popular in Korea and Japan The percentage of those who have used tonic at least once was over 90% in all of the three groups. 4. Sedative About 70% of each group has used sedative with the proportion of working youths use higher than those in other groups. 5. Stimulants Those who have used stimulants comprised around 15% in each group. 6. Tranquilizers Somewhat less than 5% of students and working youths, and 28% of delinquent youths, have used tranquilizers. 7. Hypnotics The users of hypnotics amounted to 0.4% of students, 2.6% of working youths and 7.1% of delinquent youths. 8. Marihuana Those who have used marihuana indicated 0.7% of students, 0.8% of working youths, and 13% of delinquent youths. 9. Glue-sniffing The percentage of glue-sniffing was 3.7%, 5% in the students group and in the youths group respectively, but the proportion was unusually high, at 40.7% in the delinquent youths group. From the results of the survey the present situation of drug abuse in Korea can be summarized as follows: 1. A high percentage of Korean youths have experienced smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages. 2. Tonics (non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages), antipyretic analgesics and stimulants quite regularly used. 3. Tranquilizers, hypnotics, marihuana and glue-sniffing are more widely used among delinquent youths than the other youths. From this fact, there exists a correlation between drug abuse and juvenile delinquency. IV. Time-series Analysis of the First Experience of Drug Abuse and Deviant Behaviour The respoundents were asked when they were first exposed to drugs and when they committed deviant acts. By calculating the average age of each experience, the following pattern was found (See Figure 1). Youths are first exposed to drugs by abuse of tonic(non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages). At the age of 13, they amoke cigarettes, the use of antipyretic analgesics begins at 14 year old, while at the age of 15, they use tranquilizers, and at 16 hynotics. The period of drug abuse which starts from drinking caffeinated beverages and smoking cigarettes and ends in the use of hypnotics takes about three years. During this period, other delinquent behaviours begin to surface, that is, at the age of 13 when smoking cigarettes begins, the delinquent behaviour pattern starts with truancy. Next, they start taking money from others by using physical force. Prior to the age of 15, they are suspended from school, become hostile to adults, begin running away from home, and start using stimulants and alcohol. Soon they become involved even in glue-sniffing and in the use of marihuana. At the age of 15, they begin to see adult videos and carry weapons. Sexual promiscuity and usage of tranquilizers follows the viewing of adult videos. Consequently, by the time they reach the age of 16, they visit drinking establishments, and are picked up by police for committing delinquent acts. And finally, they come to use hypnotic - type drugs. From the above descriptions, drug abuse can be assumed to have a close correlation with delinquent behaviour. V. Social Factors Related to Drug Abuse As for the Korean youths, glue-sniffing is found to he related to aggressive delinquency, in such cases as run - aways, being picked up by the police, and taking money by force. Smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol is found to be related to seeing adult videos and visiting drinking establishments. Hypnotics and marihuana were found to be representive of drugs which are related to degenerational delinquency, irrespective of social delinquency. The social factors connected with these drug abuse are as follows: 1. Individual factors Male students were more heavily involved in the usage of drug than females. Youths who do not attend church were more likely to be involved in drugs than those who attend. 2. Family factors The youths who were displeased with their mothers smoking and those who thought their parents did not love each other, or those whose parents had used drugs without prescription, were more likely to he drug users. 3. School factors Those youths who found school life boring, were unsuccessful in their studies, spend most of their time with friends, feel their teachers smoke too much, those who had a positive perception of their teachers smoking were likely to he drug users. To sum up, drug abusers depend on the influence of their parents, teachers and peers. IV. Reasons for Drug Abuse Korean students have mainly used drugs to release stress (42.8%), to stay awake (19.7%), and because of the easy accessibility of drugs( 16.6%). Other reasons are due to their ignorance of the side effects of the drugs (3.6%), natural curiosity (4.2%), and to increase strength(3.O%). From the above facts, the major reasons for drug abuse among Korean youths are to release stress and to stay awake in order to prepare exams. Furthermore, since drugs are readily available, we can conclude that drug abuse is caused by the school system(such as entrance exams) in Korea. VII. Conclusion Drug usage among Korean youths are relatively less common than those of western youths. In some cases, such as, glue-sniffing and use of stimulants, the pattern of drug abuse is found. Moreover, early drug abuse is evident, and it has a close connection with deviant behaviour, resulting in juvenile delinquency. Drug abuse cannot be attributed to any one social factor. Specifically, drug abuse depends on parents, peers, teachers and other members of the community, and also is influenced by social institutions such as the entrance exam system. Every person and organization concerned with youth must participate collectively in restraining drug abuse. Finally, it is suggested that social agencial working for youth welfare should make every effort to tackle this serious problem confronted by the Korean youths today.