• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.20-31
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to provide planning criteria for the thalassotherapy facility. Among the various contents of the planning criteria, the crucial parts of the thalassotherapy facility planning are the location, facility environment, and room space. To do this, we first examined the characteristics of the thalassotherapy facility and inquired about the thalassotherapy resources and treatments that are the basis of the thalassotherapy facility planning. And then, the overseas qualification criteria related to thalassotherapy facility were analyzed. Based on the above research results, the criteria for the thalassotherapy facility planning on location, facility environment, and spaces of rooms are presented. The location is within 1km of the coastline, where there is no pollutant emission facility, and the climate conditions are maintained more than 80% throughout the year below 'caution' level of the thermal sensation index and sensory temperature. The water quality of the facility environment meets the stricter criteria among the domestic standards or ISO 17680 standards, and the air quality is 60% of the atmospheric environment standard of the 「Framework Act on Environmental Policy」 and SO₂, NO₂, O₃ and PM10 concentration shall ensure that the annual number of exceeding standards meets the EU standard, and noise is less than 50dB per daytime, 40dB per night. Therapy spaces have to meet the standards of the 「Building Act」, the working standards of architectural planning and international standards according to their function and use.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.262-270
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• 2008

This study was conducted to measure concentrations of particulate matter ($PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$) and endotoxin in thirty public facilities (7 elderly-care facilities, 4 hypermarkets, 4 university hospitals, 7 child-care facilities, 4 subway stations and 4 bus terminals) from September 2004 to February 2007 in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do province. $PM_{10}$ or $PM_{2.5}$ was measured with glass fiber filter and mini volume air sampler for 6 to 8 hours in indoor and outdoor of the facilities and expressed as ${\mu}g/m^3$. After weighing the filter, endotoxin was analyzed by Limulus Ameobocyte Lysate method ($EU/m^3$). $PM_{10}$ in indoor air was higher (GM and GSD was 78.00 and $1.92\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively) than the outdoor air (GM and GSD was 60.70 and $2.23\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, I/O=1.28). All measurements was not exceeded the national maintenance standard. Elderly-care and child-care facilities showed relatively higher concentrations ($83.27\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $81.75\;{\mu}g/m^3$; I/O=2.01 and 1.19, respectively) than hypermarkets or university hospitals. The highest PM2.5 was seen in child-care facilities ($62.15\;{\mu}g/m^3$, I/O=2.42). The I/O of the endotoxin in the PM10 and the $PM_{2.5}$ was exceeded 1.0 (1.37 and 1.57, respectively). Indoor $PM_{10}$ was affected by user/day and humidity, and endotoxin in the PM10 was affected by temperature. In conclusion, elderly- and child-care facilities are high priority facilities to be improved indoor air quality.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.461-462
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• 2008

$BaMgAl_{10}O_{17}$:Mn, $Eu^{2+}$ green phosphors has been synthesized by the solid state reaction. Green phosphors of nano-size were manufactured in short time by shake method. which were easily manufactured respectively general method. Green phosphors of nano size were control additive, size of $ZrO_3$ ball, shake time and weight of ball in toluene. In result that green phosphors were obtained particle size of 140nm~150nm. The characteristics of fired samples were obtained by 365nm and 380nm excitation source under ultraviolet. In result that the highest PL intensity were observed in wavelength of 365nm.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.111-129
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• 1999

In order to get some basic data to check the environmental sound function against soil and water pollution and the safe vegetable production by korean organic farming where an internationally recognized basic concepts of soil fertility management for organic farming is not practiced and only applying the organic fertilizer to maintain the soil fertility, the chemical characteristics of soils and $NO_{3}^{-}$ content of chinese cabbage and lettuce cultivated by the conventional farming, greenhouse cultivation and organic farming were investigated. The highest value of $NO_{3}^{-}$-N in 0~30cm subsoil among the three different farming systems was found in the subsoil of organic farming and it was 3.6 and 6.6 times higher than those of conventional farming in chinese cabbage and lettuce respectively. $P_2O_5$ accumulation in the rhizosphere by organic farming also showed the highest value. The accumulation of $NO_{3}^{-}$-N and $P_2O_5$ in organic farming soil were similar or even more higher to those of greenhouse cultivation. The $NO_{3}^{-}$ accumulation in the vegetable by organic farming reached 3224ppm for chinese cabbage and 2543ppm for lettuce, and it were 4.7 and 6.4 times higher than those by conventional farming. It was concluded that there is urgently necessary to introduce the main concepts of soil fertility management of the Basic Standard of IFOAM, EU regulation and FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius on organic agriculture(draft) into korean organic agriculture for the operation of environmental sound system and the production of sate vegetable in terms of $NO_{3}^{-}$ content.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.255-255
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• 2015

국제핵융합실험로(ITER)의 3대 목표 중 하나는 핵융합로 개발을 위한 삼중수소증식블랑켓 개념을 시험하고 검증하는 것이며, 이를 위해 시험증식블랑켓(TBM, Test Blanket Module) 프로그램을 마련, 각국이 참여할 수 있도록 하고 있다. 한국도 2012년 국가핵융합위원회 결정에 따라, EU, 일본, 중국, 인도와 함께 TBM 프로그램에 참여하고 있으며, 2021년 설치를 목표로 헬륨냉각 고체증식재 개념의 HCCR (Helilum Cooled Ceramic Reflector) TBM을 설계, 개발하고 있다. 한국형 TBM은 총 4개의 서브모듈과 하나의 후벽(Back Manifold, BM) 으로 구성되며, 각 서브모듈은 플라즈마와 대면하는 일차벽(First Wall, FW), 증식재와 증배재, 반사재를 담고 있는 증식영역(Breeding Zong, BZ), 냉각재 매니폴드 및 구조물 역할을 하는 측벽(Side Wall, SW) 등의 기능부품으로 구성되어 있다. 냉각재는 8 MPa, $300-500^{\circ}C$의 고온고압헬륨을 사용하고, Li2SiO4 혹은 Li2TiO4 형태의 Li 세라믹 증식재를 사용하며, 중성자 증배를 위해 Be 증배재 및 흑연 반사재를 사용한다 [1-3]. 2015년 2월 개념설계검토(CDR, Conceptual Design Review)를 위해, TBM-shield를 포함한 TBM-set 설계가 완료되었으며, 열수력, 구조, 지진, 전자기, 복합하중에 대한 평가가 진행되었다. 본 논문에서는 이 중 H/He-phase에 시험될 EM-TBM과 D-T phase에 시험될 INT-TBM에 대한 열수력 성능 결과를 소개하였다[5]. 각각의 열부하 조건은 0.17과 $0.3MW/m^2$이며, 중성자 조사는 D-T phase 에서만 고려되었다. 구조재 및 사용된 기능소재별 온도 요건을 정의하고, 성능해석 결과와 비교하였으며, 이를 통해 모든 온도 요건을 만족함을 최종 확인하였다. 이러한 온도 분포는 열응력 평가를 위해 구조해석 입력자료로 활용되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 1980

A formula for calculation of the magnetic moments for octahedral $[Ti(III)A_3B_3]$ type complexes with axial symmetry has been developed and the magnetic moments for these complexes are calculated, using the experimental values of the distortion parameters$({\delta})$, spin-orbit coupling constants and orbital reduction factors. The calculated magnetic moments for axially distorted octahedral $[Ti(III)A_3B_3]$ type complexes are in resonable agreement with the experimental valuest It is found that the calculated magnetic moments decrease as the extent of axial distortion increases and the orbital reduction factor decreases. A calculation method of the magnetic moments for octahedral $[Ti(III)A_3B_3]$ type complexes which are in a ligand field of lower than axial symmetry has also been developed and the structure of distorted octahedral $[Ti(III)A_3B_3]$ type complexes are discussed on the basis of the of the calculated magnetic moments.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.214-220
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• 2013

Hydrophobic coating on a silicate-based yellow phosphor ($Sr_2SiO_4:Eu^{2+}$) was carried out by using hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) precursor in an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor, eventually to improve the long-term stability and reliability of the phosphor. The phosphor powder samples were characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), a fluorescence spectrophotometer and a contact angle analyzer. After the coating was prepared, the contact angle of the phosphor powder increased to $133.0^{\circ}$ for water and to $140.5^{\circ}$ for glycerol, indicating that a hydrophobic layer was formed on its surface. The phosphor coated with HMDSO exhibited photoluminescence enhancement up to 7.8%. The SEM and TEM images of the phosphor powder revealed that the plasma coating led to a morphological change from grain-like structure to smooth surface with 31~46 nm thick hydrophobic layer. The light emitting diode (3528 1 chip LED) fabricated with the coated phosphor showed a substantial enhancement in the reliability under a special test condition at $85^{\circ}C$ and 85% relative humidity for 1,000 h (85/85 testing). The plasma-mediated method proposed in this work may be applicable to the formation of 3-dimensional coating layer on irregular-shaped phosphor powder, thereby improving the reliability.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.2 s.107
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• pp.180-192
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• 2004

This study was carried out to assess the seasonal variation of water quality and the effect of pollutant loading from watershed in a shallow eutrophic reservoir (Shingu reservoir) from November 2002 to February 2004, Stable thermocline which was greater than $1^{\circ}C$ per meter of the water depth formed in May, and low DO concentration (< 2 mg $O_2\;L^{-1}$) was observed in the hypolimnion from May to September, 2003. The ratio of euphotic depth to mixing depth ($Z_{eu}/Z_{m}$) ranged 0.2 ${\sim}$ 1.1, and the depth of the mixed layer exceeded that of the photic layer during study period, except for May when $Z_{eu}$ and $Z_{m}$ were 4 and 4.3 m, respectively. Most of total nitrogen, ranged 1.1 ${\sim}$ 4.5 ${\mu}g\;N\;L^{-1}$, accounted for inorganic nitrogen (Avg, 58.7%), and sharp increase of $NH_3$-N Hand $NO_3$-N was evident during the spring season. TP concentration in the water column ranged 43.9 ${\sim}$ 126.5 ${\mu}g\;P\;L^{-1}$, and the most of TP in the water column accounted for POP (Avg. 80%). During the study period, DIP concentration in the water column was &;lt 10 ${\mu}g\;P\;L^{-1}$ except for July and August when DIP concentration in the hypolimnion was 22.3 and 56.7 ${\mu}g\;P\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Increase of Chl. a concentration observed in July (99 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) and November 2003 (109 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) when P loading through two inflows was high, and showed close relationship with TP concentration (r = 0.55, P< 0.008, n = 22). Mean Chl. a concentration ranged from 13.5 to 84.5 mg $L^{-1}$ in the water column, and the lowest and highest concentration was observed in February 2004 (13.5 ${\pm}$ 1.0 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) and November 2003 (84.5 ${\pm}$29.0 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), respectively. TP concentration in inflow water increased with discharge (r = 0.69, P< 0.001), 40.5% of annual total P loading introduced in 25 July when there was heavy rainfall. Annual total P loading from watershed was 159.0 kg P $yr^{-1}$, and that of DIP loading was 126.3 kg P $yr^{-1}$ (77.7% of TP loading. The loading of TN (5.0ton yr-1) was 30 times higher than that of TP loading (159.0 kg P yr-1), and the 78% of TN was in the form of non-organic nitrogen, 3.9 ton $yr^{-1}$ in mass. P loading in Shingu reservoir was 1.6 g ${\cdot}$ $m^{-2}$ ${\cdot}$ $yr^{-1}$, which passed the excessive critical loading of Vollenweider-OECD critical loading model. The results of this study indicated that P loading from watershed was the major factor to cause eutrophication and temporal variation of water quality in Shingu reservoir Decrease by 71% in TP loading (159 kg $yr^{-1}$) is necessary for the improvement of mesotrophic level. The management of sediment where tine anaerobic condition was evident in summer, thus, the possibility of P release that can be utilized by existing algae, may also be considered.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.32-52
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• 2003

The Mt. Baegyang in Busan, composed of sedimentary basement rocks (Icheonri Formation), andesite (lava), andesitic pyroclastic rocks, fallout tuff and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks, rhyolitic pyroclastic rocks, intrusive rocks (granite-porphyry, felsite, and biotite-granite) of Cretaceous age in ascending order. The volcanic rocks show a section of composite volcano which comprised alternation of andesitic lava and pyroclasitc rocks, rhyolitic pyrocalstic rocks (tuff breccia, lapilli tuff, fine tuff) from the lower to the upper strata. From the major element chemical analysis, the volcanic and intrusive rocks belong to calc-alkaline rock series. The trace element composition and REE patterns of volcanic and plutonic rocks, which are characterized by a high LILE/HFSE ratio and enrichments in LREE, suggest that they are typical of continental margin arc calc-alkaline rocks produced in the subduction environment. Primary basaltic magma might have been derived from partial melting of mantle wedge in the upper mantle under destructive plate margin. Crystallization differentiation of the basaltic magma would have produced the calc-alkaline andesitic magma. And the felsic rhyolitic magma seems to have been evolved from andesitic magma with crystallization differentiation of plagioclase, pyroxene, and hornblende.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.2743-2750
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• 2011

Lanthanide(III)-cored complex as a wavelength conversion material has been successfully designed and synthesized for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells, for the first time, since light with a short wavelength has not been effectively used for generating electric power owing to the limited absorption of these DSSCs in the UV region. A black dye (BD) was chosen and used as a sensitizer, because BD has a relatively weak light absorption at shorter wavelengths. The overall conversion efficiency of the BD/WCM device was remarkably increased, even with the relatively small amount of WCM added to the device. The enhancement in $V_{oc}$ by WCM, like DCA, could be correlated with the suppression of electron recombination between the injected electrons and $I_3{^-}$ ions. Furthermore, the short-circuit current density was significantly increased by WCM with a strong UV light-harvesting effect. The energy transfer from the Eu(III)-cored complex to the $TiO_2$ film occurred via the dye, so the number of electrons injected into the $TiO_2$ surface increased, i.e., the short-circuit current density was increased. As a result, BD/WCM-sensitized solar cells exhibit superior device performance with the enhanced conversion efficiency by a factor of 1.22 under AM 1.5 sunlight: The photovoltaic performance of the BD/WCM-based DSSC exhibited remarkably high values, $J_{sc}$ of 17.72 mA/$cm^2$, $V_{oc}$ of 720 mV, and a conversion efficiency of 9.28% at 100 mW $cm^{-2}$, compared to a standard DSSC with $J_{sc}$ of 15.53 mA/$cm^2$, $V_{oc}$ of 689 mV, and a conversion efficiency of 7.58% at 100 mW $cm^{-2}$. Therefore, the Eu(III)-cored complex is a promising candidate as a new wavelength conversion coadsorbent for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells to improve UV light harvesting through energy transfer processes. The abstract should be a single paragraph which summaries the content of the article.