• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.102-108
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• 2004

The present experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of methionine hydroxy analogue free fatty acid (MHAFA) in comparison to DL-methionine (DL-Met) utilizing day-old commercial broiler chicks (n=300). The chicks were randomly distributed into 30 groups of 10 chicks each. Three dietary treatments, viz. D1-maize-soybean meal based basal diet (Control), D2- control diet supplemented with DL- methionine to meet its requirements and D3-control supplemented with MHA-FA @ 1.54 times of DL-methionine used in D2, were formulated. Each dietary treatment was offered to 10 replicated groups of chicks following completely random design (CRD). The chicks fed on supplemental DL-Met had significantly higher (p<0.01) gain in body weight, followed by MHA-FA group and control during 0-3 weeks of age. During overall growth period (0-6 weeks), chicks in DL-Met and MHA-FA groups grew better (p<0.01) than those in control. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved (p<0.01) on supplementation of either DL- Met or MHA-FA in the basal (Control) diet during 0-3 weeks of age. The FCR for overall period, however, did not differ statistically (p>0.05) amongst the treatments. The eviscerated yields emanated from diets with DL-Met or MHA-FA were higher (p<0.01) than that in Control. Abdominal fat pad was also more (p<0.01) in broilers fed control diet than in DL-Met or MHA-FA supplemented group. Breast yield was higher (p<0.05) in MHA-FA fed broilers than those fed DL-methionine supplemented or un-supplemented diets. The efficacy of MHA-FA in comparison to DL-Met for growth was 62.11, 64.82 and 63.88% and for feed efficiency was 62.98, 67.73 and 64.01% at 0-3, 3-6 and 0-6 weeks of age, respectively, while it was 65.85, 71.40 and 67.49% for eviscerated yield, abdominal fat pad reduction and breast yield at 6 weeks of age, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.919-923
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• 2004

Ultrasonographic study was undertaken to establish the echogenecity and size of reproductive organs of 18 cycling buffaloes of different parities and compared with the sizes measured by palpation per rectum at estrus (day 0), met estrus (day 2), mid diestrus (day 10) and late diestrus (day 16). The overall mean size of cervix, uterine body, right horn, left horn, right ovary and left ovary measured by palpation per rectum were 2.70$\pm$0.43, 2.36$\pm$0.36, 2.17$\pm$0.37, 2.12$\pm$0.38, 2.63$\pm$0.41 and 2.72$\pm$0.37 cm, respectively. The corresponding ultrasonographic observations were 2.10$\pm$0.40, 1.85$\pm$0.30, 1.73$\pm$0.36, 1.64$\pm$0.37, 2.16$\pm$0.36 and 2.29$\pm$0.38 cm respectively. Variations in the size of genitalia due to stages of estrous cycle were non-significant. The size of genitalia measured by palpation per rectum was significantly higher (p<0.05) than by ultrasonography. However, there was linear positive correlation (r=+0.87) in the measurements by the two techniques. The ultrasonographic characteristics of tubular genitalia revealed different echogenic gray shades around the nonechogenic (black) central area of lumen depending upon the stage of cycle. The ovarian stroma appeared as hyperechoic (white) area with nonechogenic (black) follicle. The corpus luteum (CL) exhibited different echogenic texture viz. grayish black, grayish granular and grayish white at met estrus, mid diestrus and late diestrus, respectively. Therefore, ltrasonography can be effectively employed to record the exact size and echotexture of the buffalo genitalia during different stages of estrous cycle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.633-636
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• 2002

Six adult Garole rams maintained under a semi-intensive system were used as semen donors for this study. Semen was collectied daily during the monsoon season with the help of an artificial vagina and examined for its quality characteristics. Ejaculates of thick consistency, rapid wave motion, ${\geq}80%$ motility and intense movement of motile spermatozoa were diluted at the rate of 1:1 with egg yolk McIllvaine glucose diluent at $30^{\circ}C$ in water bath. Estrus in ewes was detected by parading aproned rams of proven vigour at 12 h intervals. The ewes (54 Malpura and 23 Avikalin) in estrus were artificially inseminated with fresh diluted ram semen. The overall conception rate was 94.8%, (range 91.7 to 100%). The overall lambing percent was 80.5 with a range of 75.0 to 84.6%. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in lambing and conception rate because of individual rams. Fertility was significantly lower (p<0.05) in ewes of less than two years and more than six years of age. Breed (Malpura and Avikalin) effect was not observed in conception and lambing rate (p>0.05). No significant difference (p>0.05) in birth weight and 12 month weight was observed between Garole${\times}$Avikalin and Garole${\times}$Malpura crossbred lambs but there was significant (p<0.05) difference at three month and six months body weight of both the crossbred lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.471-477
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• 1997

A study detennined whether certain biochemical and physiological variables were altered during marginal Zn deficiency. Ten weaned crossbred Hereford Angus heifer calves, weighing $163{\pm}2kg$, were utilized. Five calves were fed a Zn - deficient (- Zn) brome-alfalfa hay diet containing 17 mg Zn/kg diet DM, and five calves were fed a Zn-adequate (+Zn) diet with 23 mg Zn/kg diet DM from $ZnSO_4$ added to the - Zn diet (total diet, 40 mg Zn/kg diet DM), for 32 d. At 21 d the - Zn calves had a reduction (p < .05) in feed efficiency. By 25 d, plasma Zn and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were reduced (p < .05) in the - Zn calves. Blood urea nitrogen, glucose, insulin, IGF-I, Cu plasma concentration and Zn and Cu concentrations of red blood cell (RBC) and liver were not altered (p > .05) by the - Zn diet through 25 d. In response to a single i. m. injection of dexamethasone (20 mg) on d 25, calves fed the two dietary Zn amounts showed no changes (p > .05) in plasma or RBC Zn and Cu concentrations, serum IGF-I, insulin, and glucose when measured at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after injection. In response to an intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin on d 30, cell mediated immune (CMI) response was reduced (p < .05) in the - Zn calves. These observations indicate that during a marginal Zn deficiency in calves, there was a decrease in feed efficiency, plasma Zn, serum alkaline phosphatase, and CMI response.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.25-33
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was investigated the effect on grasp and pinch strength according to degree of flexion in elbow joint. Methods : Thirty male and thirty female students, aged 20 to 31 years were tested for using opened positioning with their shoulder abduction at $55^{\circ}$ and shoulder horizontal adduction at $30^{\circ}$ in four elbow flexion($0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$). An electronic dynamometer(E-LINK V900s Evaluation System)and goniometer were used to measure grasp and pinch strength. Results : The average grasp strength of the dominant hand was strongest at elbow $45^{\circ}$ however, weakest at elbow $135^{\circ}$ flexion in both of male and female. The average pinch strength of the dominant hand was strongest at elbow $135^{\circ}$ flexion in both of male and female. The average pinch strength of dominant hand was weakest at elbow $45^{\circ}$ flexion in both of male and female. According to degree of elbow flexion in both of male and female, grasp and pinch strength was no significant statistically. In analyzing correlations, the grasp strength of male showed the most significant difference at elbow $45^{\circ}$ & $90^{\circ}$ flexion, and the pinch strength was most significant difference at elbow $0^{\circ}$ & $45^{\circ}$ flexion. Conclusion : In analyzing correlations, the grasp strength of female showed the most significant difference at elbow $90^{\circ}$ & $135^{\circ}$ flexion, and the pinch strength was most significant difference at elbow $45^{\circ}$ & $90^{\circ}$ flexion.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2011

Objective : Spontaneous acute subdural hematomas (aSDH) secondary to ruptured intracranial aneurysms are rarely reported. This report reviews the clinical features, diagnostic modalities, treatments, and outcomes of this unusual and often fatal condition. Methods : We performed a database search for all cases of intracranial aneurysms treated at our hospital between 2005 and 2010. Patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms who presented with aSDH on initial computed tomography (CT) were selected for inclusion. The clinical conditions, radiologic findings, treatments, and outcomes were assessed. Results : A total of 551 patients were treated for ruptured intracranial aneurysms during the review period. We selected 23 patients (4.2%) who presented with spontaneous aSDH on initial CT. Ruptured aneurysms were detected on initial 3D-CT angiography in all cases. All ruptured aneurysms were located in the anterior portion of the circle of Willis. The World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade on admission was V in 17 cases (73.9%). Immediate decompressive craniotomy was performed 22 cases (95.7%). Obliteration of the ruptured aneurysm was achieved in all cases. The Glasgow outcome scales for the cases were good recovery in 5 cases (21.7%), moderate disability to vegetative in 7 cases (30.4%), and death in 11 cases (47.8%). Conclusion : Spontaneous aSDH caused by a ruptured intracranial aneurysm is rare pattern of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. For early detection of aneurysm, 3D-CT angiography is useful. Early decompression with obliteration of the aneurysm is recommended. Outcomes were correlated with the clinical grade and CT findings on admission.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.686-690
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• 2010

$TiO_2$ nanowires were self-catalytically synthesized on bare Si(100) substrates using metallorganic chemical vapor deposition. The nanowire formation was critically affected by growth temperature. The $TiO_2$ nanowires were grown at a high density on Si(100) at $510^{\circ}C$, which is near the complete decomposition temperature ($527^{\circ}C$) of the Ti precursor $(Ti(O-iPr)_2(dpm)_2)$. At $470^{\circ}C$, only very thin (< $0.1{\mu}m$) $TiO_2$ film was formed because the Ti precursor was not completely decomposed. When growth temperature was increased to $550^{\circ}C$ and $670^{\circ}C$, the nanowire formation was also significantly suppressed. A vaporsolid (V-S) growth mechanism excluding a liquid phase appeared to control the nanowire formation. The $TiO_2$ nanowire growth seemed to be activated by carbon, which was supplied by decomposition of the Ti precursor. The $TiO_2$ nanowire density was increased with increased growth pressure in the range of 1.2 to 10 torr. In addition, the nanowire formation was enhanced by using Au and Pt catalysts, which seem to act as catalysts for oxidation. The nanowires consisted of well-aligned ~20-30 nm size rutile and anatase nanocrystallines. This MOCVD synthesis technique is unique and efficient to self-catalytically grow $TiO_2$ nanowires, which hold significant promise for various photocatalysis and solar cell applications.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.47-61
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• 1978

Strptomyces albus T-12 which ahd been isolated and identified in the laboratory, was selected for the studies on the cultural conditions on the production of D-xylose iosmerase and the enzymological characteristics using the partially purified enzyme. The best results in the enzyme production came from D-xylose medium than wheat bran. The divalent metla ions as $Co^{2+},\;Fe^{2+},\;Zn^{2+}\;and\;Cu^{2+}$ retard or inhibit the cell-growth at the early stages of mycelia propagations, and T-12 strain is especially sensitive to $Co^{2+}$. After 60 hours of shaking cultivation at $30^{\circ}C$ and 200 rpm, a maximum enzyme activitz, 0.49 enzyme units, was obtained. Cell-free enzyme obtained from mycelia heat-treated in the prescence of 0.5mM $Co^{2+}$, showed a 2.4-fold increase in specific than the enzyme from untreated mycelia. The specific activity of the purified enzyme through Sephadex G-150 columm showed 180 fold to the crude enzyme. The effective activators of the enzyme appeared to be $Mg^{2+}\;and\;Co^{2+}$ ions, and it exhibited the maximal enzyme activity showed at pH 7.0 and at tempersture around $80^{\circ}C$ when $Mg^{2+}\;and\;Co^{2+}$ ions were added. The enzyme isomerized D-glucose, D-xylose, D-ribose, L-arabinose, D-mannose, and L-rhamnose in the present of $Mg^{2+}\;and\;Co^{2+}$ ions as an activatiors. $Mg^{2+}\;and\;Co^{2+}$ ions were non-competitively bound at different allosterix sites of enzyme molecule. $Mg^{2+}(5mM)\;or\;Co^{2+}(1.0mM)$ protected against the thermal denaturations of the enzyme activities. The michelis constant(Km) and $V_{max}$ values of the emzyme for D-glucose and D-xylose were 0.52M, $2.12{\mu}moles/ml{\cdot}min.\;and\;0.28M,\;0.65moles/ml{\cdot}min.$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.449-453
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• 2003

Ferroelectric YMnO$_3$ thin films were etched with Ar/Cl$_2$ and CF$_4$/Cl$_2$ inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The maximum etch rate of YMnO$_3$ thin film was 300 $\AA$/min at a Ar/Cl$_2$ gas mixing ratio of 2/8, a RF power of 800 W, a DE bias of 200 V, a chamber pressure of 15 mTorr, and a substrate temperature of 30 $^{\circ}C$. From the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, yttrium etched by chemical reactions with Cl radicals assisted by Ar ion bombardments in Ar/Cl$_2$ plasma. In CF$_4$/Cl$_2$ plasma, yttrium are remained on the etched surface of YMnO$_3$ and formed of nonvolatile YF$_{x}$ compounds manganese etched effectively by chemical reactions with Cl and F radicals. From the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the (0004) diffraction peak intensity of the YMnO$_3$ thin film etched in Ar/Cl$_2$ plasma shows lower value than that in CF$_4$/Cl$_2$ plasma. It indicates that the crystallinty of YMnO$_3$ thin film is more easily damaged by the Ar ion bombardment than the changes of stoichiometry due to nonvolatile etch by-products.s.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.2098-2105
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• 2016

Massive reserves of methane ($CH_4$) remain unexplored as a feedstock for the production of liquid fuels and chemicals, mainly because of the lack of economically suitable and sustainable strategies for selective oxidation of $CH_4$ to methanol. The present study demonstrates the bioconversion of $CH_4$ to methanol mediated by Type I methanotrophs, such as Methylomicrobium album and Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum. Furthermore, immobilization of a Type II methanotroph, Methylosinus sporium, was carried out using different encapsulation methods, employing sodium-alginate (Na-alginate) and silica gel. The encapsulated cells demonstrated higher stability for methanol production. The optimal pH, temperature, and agitation rate were determined to be pH 7.0, $30^{\circ}C$, and 175 rpm, respectively, using inoculum (1.5 mg of dry cell mass/ml) and 20% of $CH_4$ as a feed. Under these conditions, maximum methanol production (3.43 and 3.73 mM) by the encapsulated cells was recorded. Even after six cycles of reuse, the Na-alginate and silica gel encapsulated cells retained 61.8% and 51.6% of their initial efficiency for methanol production, respectively, in comparison with the efficiency of 11.5% observed in the case of free cells. These results suggest that encapsulation of methanotrophs is a promising approach to improve the stability of methanol production.