• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.4
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• pp.443-452
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the site and growth characteristics of Mackia amurensis stand in natural forest of Mt. Joongwang, Pyongchang-Gun, Gangwon-Do, Korea. The 28 sample plots ($30m{\times}30m$) were established to examine the vegetation and site characteristics for M. amurensis stand. Stem analysis was performed on two sample trees for each of the 5 plots situated at intervals of 100 m by altitude. M. amurensis trees were mainly distributed at the ridge and the slope facing north, with altitudes ranging from 790 to 1,170 m. The M. amurensis grew at relatively deep A-layer of soil with high moisture but infertile. Dominant species with M. amurensis were Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, A. pictum subsp. mono, Ulmus davidiana var., japonica, Tilia amurensis, and Populus davidiana. TWINSPAN classified four communities in Mt. Joongwang area; M. amurensis-P. davidiana community (xeric type), M. amurensis-U. davidiana var. japonica community (xeric type), M. amurensis-T. amurensis community (moist type), and M. amurensis-Styrax obassia community (moist type). According to the community type, trees per ha were more abundant in the area of the moist types than the xeric types. Height growth of M. amurensis increased with increasing ages until 10 years, and then decreased thereafter, especially at altitude of 1,020m. M. amurensis showed rapid early growth of height and volume, indicating possible high biomass production under enough light. Growth of M. amurensis increased greatly at about 40 years if released from severe competitions. The rotation age of natural M. amurensis stand was expected for above 50 years.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2015

Lutetium-177 ($T_{1/2}=6.71day$) is an adequate radionuclide for therapy, which has both beta emission ($E_{max}=497keV$) for therapeutic effect and gamma emission (113 and 208 keV) for imaging. $^{177}Lu$ labeled ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetrakis (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP) and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraaminomethylenephosphonate (DOTMP) have been proposed as radiopharmaceuticals for bone pain palliation. In this study, we compared radiochemistry and biodistribution of $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP and $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP. EDTMP and DOTMP were synthesized, and 1 mg of each was labeled with $^{177}Lu$ at pH 7~8 with high efficiency (>98%). For comparative biodistribution studies, $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP or $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP were injected into ICR-mice through tail vein, and then biodistribution data were obtained as percentages of injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g). Urine excretions of both agents in mice were checked for 7 days. Rat images were also obtained after injection of $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP or $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP. $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP (100% at 1 min) showed faster labeling than $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP (100% at 30 min). Both of them were stable at least for 21 days at room temperature. High bone uptakes were found for both $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP and $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP: 38.0 and 34.1% ID/g at 3 hr, respectively; and 33.2 and 18.8% ID/g at 7 day, respectively. Rapid excretions to urine were found for both agents ($^{177}Lu$-EDTMP: 56%, $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP: 63% at 1 day). Other organs showed very low uptakes. Rat images of both $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP and $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP showed high bone uptakes and low soft tissue uptakes. In conclusion, both $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP and $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP showed high potential as bone pain palliation agents. $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP showed higher bone uptake and slower bone clearance in mice than those of $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 1994

The mode of safening action and potency of the 1, 8-naphthalic anhydride(NA) were investigated in corn(Zea mays) and soybean(Glycine max) treated with herbicide bensulfuron[2-{{{{{(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino}carbonyl}amino}sulfonyl}methyl}benzoic acid] and imazaquin[2-{4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl} 3-quinolinonecarboxylic acid]. Seed dressing with 0.2%(w/w) NA showed successful protection in corn against injury from herbicide bensulfuron and imazaquin but not in soybean. Safening factors of NA against bensulfuron and imazaquin were 10.2 and 5.0, respectively, in corn, while they were both 1.3 in soybean. In vivo, Glutathione-S-transferase(GST) activity of NA-treated corn and soybean increased 1.8-and 1.3-fold, respectively, but the activity was not affected by the herbicides in vitro. Acetolactate synthase(ALS) levels of NA-treated corn was increased 1.3-fold, but not changed in soybean. Tolerance of ALS activity to the herbicides was slightly greater in ALS obtained from NA-treated corn than that from the untreated, whereas the difference was not found in soybean. A significant increase of ACCase due to NA occurred in corn, but not in soybean. The herbicides did not affect in vitro ACCase activity.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.318-326
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• 2006

Soy sauce was prepared with the addition of Gorosoe and Kojesu saps instead of tap water to make ordinary soy sauce, respectively. The changes of free sugar, organic acid, mineral, amino acid and nucleotides and other compounds during the fermentation of soy sauce were assessed. The free sugar were found to be fructose, glucose, galactose and sucrose in soy sauce of saps but sucrose was not detected in ordinary soy sauce. Galactose contents were dominant free sugar in all samples. The contents of butyric acid were dominant among 7 kinds of organic acid while fumaric acid was trace amount during the fermentation of soy sauce. The contents of potassium and phosphorus among 13 kinds of minerals were dominant during the fermentation of soy sauce. In the amino acid composition of soy sauce, dominant amino acid was glutamic acid(185.6${\pm}$1.0 mg/100 ml above), but proline and arginine were not detected. AMP detected above 7.5${\pm}$O.2 ${\mu}$mol/100 ml was dominant while inosine was not detected during the fermentation of soy sauce. The results of sensory evaluation in the fermented soy sauce of Gorosoe was 'liked more' than that of soy sauce of Kojesu and control.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.503-509
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• 2003

For the development of the anti-obesity natural drug, the inhibitor of adipocyte differentiation was screened from Korean traditional medicinal plants. Phellodendri Cortex was selected as a candidate of adipocyte differentiation inhibitor. An inhibitory compound PC-4 was purified from the methanol (MeOH) extract of Phellodendri Cortex using silica gel and ODS RP-18 column chromatography and HPLC. PC-4 was obtained as yellow powder; UV ${\lambda}_{max}$ (MeOH): 230, 260, 340 and 430 nm. The chemical structure of PC-4 was determined as an isoquionoline alkaloid, berberine, on the basis of various NMR experiments including $^1H-\;and\;^{13}C-NMR$. The PC-4 inhibited the differentiation of preadipocyte NIH-3T3 L1 cells at a concentration of $1\;{\mu}g/mL$.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.604-611
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• 2005

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000-based solid dispersions (SDs), by incorporating various pharmaceutical excipients or microemulsion systems, were prepared using a fusion method, t o compare the dissolution rates and bioavailabilities in rats. The amorphous structure of the drug in SDs was also characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The ketoconazole (KT), as an antifungal agent, was selected as a model drug. The dissolution rate of KT increased when solubilizing excipients were incorporated into the PEG-based SDs. When hydrophilic and lipophilic excipients were combined and incorporated into PEG-based SDs, a remarkable enhancement of the dissolution rate was observed. The PEG-based SDs, incorporating a self microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) or microemulsion (ME), were also useful at improving the dissolution rate by forming a microemulsion or dispersible particles within the aqueous medium. However, due to the limited solubilization capacity, these PEG-based SDs showed dissolution rates, below 50% in this study, under sink conditions. The PEG-based SD, with no pharmaceutical excipients incorporated, increased the maximum plasma concentration (C$_{max}$) and area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC$_{0-6h}$) two-fold compared to the drug only. The bioavailability was more pronounced in the cases of solubilizing and microemulsifying PEG-based SDs. The thermograms of the PEG-based SDs showed the characteristic peak of the carrier matrix around 60$^{\circ}C$, without a drug peak, indicating that the drug had changed into an amorphous structure. The diffraction pattern of the pure drug showed the drug to be highly crystalline in nature, as indicated by numerous distinctive peaks. The lack of the numerous distinctive peaks of the drug in the PEG-based SDs demonstrated that a high concentration of the drug molecules was dissolved in the solid-state carrier matrix of the amorphous structure. The utilization of oils, fatty acid and surfactant, or their mixtures, in PEG-based SD could be a useful tool to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs by forming solubilizing and microemulsifying systems when exposed to gastrointestinal fluid.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.1081-1090
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• 1999

To establish the protocol of a standardized exercise test for evaluating exercise intolerance and degree of fitness in Thoroughbred racehorses, we examined serum lactate concentrations related to exercise intensities using the high speed treadmill. Twelve clinically healthy Thoroughbred racehorses with or without previous training or racing history were assigned to two gorups, fit and unfit group, respectively. The protocol used for the standardized exercise test was consisted of two stages : stage of warm-up and that of acceleration. During the warm-up, the horses exercised 5 min at 1.8m/s and 3 min 3.4m/s without inclination. At the acceleration stage, exercise test was performed at 10% slope and the speed was increased from the initial 5m/s to the maximal speed which each tested horse could keep up with. The speed was increased with incremental steps of 1 m/s every minute. During the last 15 sec of each step, blood samples were collected for serum lactate determination. $V_{max}$(maximal treadmill speed which tested horses could keep up with) of the fit group ($10.93{\pm}0.33m/s$, mean${\pm}$SE, n = 6) was higher than that of the unfit group ($9.52{\pm}0.23m/s$, mean${\pm}$SE, n = 6). Serum lactate concentrations increased exponentially according to exercise intensities. $V_{La4}$(speed producing a serum lactate concentration of 4mmol/l) of the fit group, $6.45{\pm}0.26m/s$, was higher than that of the unfit group, $5.45{\pm}0.23m/s$. $La_{peak}$(peak plasma lactate concentration during the exercise test) was lower in the fit group ($20.34{\pm}1.62mmol/l$ at 1 min after maximal intensity exercise) than in the unfit group ($24.78{\pm}1.09mmol/l$ at 2 min after maximal exercise step). $t_{50%}$(time required for the recovery of lactate concentration to be one-half of $La_{peak}$ after maximal exercise) of the unfit group and the fit group were 40.0 and 18.0 min, respectively. Therefore, the protocol of the incremental standardized exercise test utilized in this study seems to be reliable for the assessment of fitness and exercise intolerance for the Thoroughbred racehorses.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.4 s.141
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• pp.299-306
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• 2005

Soybean seed injury was analyzed in the experiments that soybean pods were allowed to be sucked by adults of the bean bug, R. clavatus, and were picked with a specimen pin. While attack by the bean bug at podding stage of soybean caused the increase of empty pods and completely-undeveloped seeds, attack at full seed stage caused the increase of seeds wi distinct injury mark on seed-coat. The ratio of deformed seed was lower than those of injury-marked seed and undeveloped seed when attacked during all stages. In at full bloom stage hardly produced injury-marked seeds and deformed seeds. When the injured seeds were dyed with acid-fuchsine solution, stylet sheaths of R. clavatus formed on seed-coat were observed in 83% of undeveloped seeds formed under attack during podding stage and in 91% of injury-marked seeds formed during full seed stage. In pods injured with a specimen pin at full seed and full maturity stages, no healthy seeds could be obtained from the pods. And the more picked at full seed stage, the more deformed seeds were produced and the higher weight reduction of injury-marked seed occurred. However, pin-injury at full maturity stage didn't give rise to weight reduction of seeds.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2001

We studied the fabrication of GaAs-based pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors(PHEMT`s) for the purpose of millimeter- wave applications. To fabricate the high performance GaAs-based PHEMT`s, we performed the simulation to analyze the designed epitaxial-structures. Each unit processes, such as 0.1 m$\mu$$\Gamma$-gate lithography, silicon nitride passivation and air-bridge process were developed to achieve high performance device characteristics. The DC characteristics of the PHEMT`s were measured at a 70 $\mu$m unit gate width of 2 gate fingers, and showed a good pinch-off property ($V_p$= -1.75 V) and a drain-source saturation current density ($I_{dss}$) of 450 mA/mm. Maximum extrinsic transconductance $(g_m)$ was 363.6 mS/mm at $V_{gs}$ = -0.7 V, $V_{ds}$ = 1.5 V, and $I_{ds}$ =0.5 $I_{dss}$. The RF measurements were performed in the frequency range of 1.0~50 GHz. For this measurement, the drain and gate voltage were 1.5 V and -0.7 V, respectively. At 50 GHz, 9.2 dB of maximum stable gain (MSG) and 3.2 dB of $S_{21}$ gain were obtained, respectively. A current gain cut-off frequency $(f_T)$ of 106 GHz and a maximum frequency of oscillation $(f_{max})$ of 160 GHz were achieved from the fabricated PHEMT\\`s of 0.1 m$\mu$ gate length.h.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.510-516
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• 1995

A multidisciplinary weight control program was conducted for obese women. The major components of the program included low calorie diet therapy, exercise, behavior modification and nutritional education and counseling. Sixteen healthy volunteers in excess of body fat, above 30%, were enrolled in the group support program. But 5 person were dropped out in the 2nd week of treatment. During the 1st week of group orientation, individual cause of obesity was assessed through a computer program including survey of dietary intake, activity, eating habits and life styles. During the 5 weeks of treatment, 4.8kg of average weight loss was accomplished using a following program ; low calorie diet(1200kcal/day with all essential nutrients), low impact aerobic exercise(50~60% of $VO_{2max}$, 1 hour/day in a group, 3~5 days/week), behavior modification of individual life styles and eating habits causing obesity and nutritional education concerning nutrition, role of exercise such as brisk walking, importance of slow eating in regular meal pattern and internal motivation for weight reduction, health risk of obesity and rapid weight loss, weight recycling and yo-yo syndrome, etc. Nutritional conseling was conducted 3 times per week with checking self-records of foods, activity, emotional state and tiredness. Before and immediately after 5 weeks of treatment, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride were measured and comparied with paired t-test. After 5 weeks of treatment, body weight, body mass index, body fat and circumferences of waist, upper arm and hip were significantly decreased. Also LDL-cholesterol was significantly decreased after obesity treatment.