• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.127-127
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• 2002

목적： 자화율 대조법을 사용한 관류 영상에서 동시획득 $T_{1}{/}T_{2}^{*}$ 강조 경사 자장 펄스열을 사용하여 Gd-DTPA에 의한 $T_{1}{/}T_{2}^{*}$ 감소 효과를 동시에 획득하여 종양의 치료 효과, 판정에 중요한 기준을 제시할 수 있는 정확한 관류 정보를 얻고자 한다. 대상 및 방법： Gd-DTPA에 의한 $T_{1}{/}T_{2}^{*}$ 감소 효과를 동시에 획득하기 위하여 기존의 이중 경사자장 펄스열을 수정, 동시획득 $T_{1}{/}T_{2}^{*}$ 강조 경사자장 펄스열을 개발하였고, 시간 해상도를 높이기 위하여 key-hole 방법을 사용하였다. 고정 phantom으로 Sephadex를 다양한 농도의 Gd-DTPA 용액에 swelling하여 사용하였고, 관류 phantom으로는 Sephadex와 Dialyzer를 사용하였다. Sephadex는 swelling 하였을 때 $T_1$, $T_2$값이 생체 조직의 값과 비슷하고, 물을 관류시킬 수 있어 생체 모형에 적합한 phantom이다. 관류 phantom은 정량 펌프에 연결하여 사용하였다. Sephadex 관류 phantom에서는 분당 약 4$m\ell$ 속도로 관류시키면서 25 mM Gd-DTPA을 0.1$m\ell$ 일시 주입하여 관류 방향에 수직인 coronal 영상을 약 15분 동안 얻었다. 투과도를 구하기 위한 phantom으로는 hollow fiber type Dialyzer를 사용하였고, in vivo에서 1차 관류 이후에 혈관 밖에서의 Gd 농도가 높고 혈관 내부의 농도가 낮은 상태를 만들기 위하여 fiber 바깥쪽으로 500mM Gd-DTPA 2$m\ell$를 미리 넣어두고 fiber 내부로 이보다 낮은 농도의 Gd 용액을 관류시키면서 약 1시간동안 영상을 얻었다. 관류 영상에서 $T_{1}{/}T_{2}^{*}$ 감소 효과를 구분하여 구한 $\Delta{R}_{1}$, $\Delta{R}_{2}^{*}$ 곡선의 적분값으로부터 관류량을 구하고, 2 구획 모델을 적용하여 투과도를 구했다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.297-308
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• 2003

Subjective pork quality was determined on the six groups of the following treatments. Meat samples were obtained from pigs which had been fed with finishing pig diets containing 5% beef tallow(C), 3% beef tallow and 2% perillar seed oil(T1), 250ppm vitamin E($\alpha$-tocopheryl acetate) in T1(T2), 3% beef tallow and 2% squid viscera oil(T3), 250ppm vitamin E in T3(T4), 3% beef tallow and 2% CLA(Conjugated linoleic acid, T5). In the fatty acid composition, SFA(Saturated fatty acid) and EFA(Essential fatty acid) were higher in T5 than in the rest of three treatments such as C, T1, T3 groups, while UFA(Unsaturated fatty acid), MUFA(Monounsaturated fatty acid), UFA/SFA, MUFA/SFA were low. The total content of amino acid in the T3 were higher those for the rest of rest of C, T1, T5 the content for vitamin added treatment(T2, T4) groups higher than non treated one. T3 and T5 showed higher TBARS(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) values than the C and T1 groups VBN(Volatile basic nitrogen) values were higher in the order of T5>T3>T1>C. There was no difference in total plate counts, number of lactic acid bacteria and number of E. coli. In sensory property, the C and T1 showed a higher acceptance than the T3 and T5. In cooked meats, the T3 showed a lower hardness than that of control(C), T1 and, with a higher acceptance. In TBARS, VBN, total counts, lactic counts, and E. coli counts, sensory test of cooked meat and raw meat, there was no significant difference between vitamin supplement groups within each oil treatment.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.853-856
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• 2023

This study assesses the palatability of regular canine diets and seven types of black soldier fly-based canine diets when fed to dogs. Sixteen dogs of two types were included in this study: 8 poodles (average weight 2.7 kg ± 0.5) and 8 bichons frises(average weight 2.0 kg ± 0.5). For intake and first choice, two-bowl tests, adhering to standards of canine palatability, were conducted every two days for a total of 14 days by comparing between the control and each treatment. Data, including total intake and total first choice were collected and accumulated for a total of 58 days. This encompassed 14 days of data on comparison between control and treatments, and 44 days of data on comparison among treatment groups (e.g., T1 vs T2) of black soldier fly-based canine diets. Significance differences in canine palatability was observed in treatments (p<0.05), except for the control and T2 results. Among the two-bowl tests, T1 and T2 exhibited the lowest intake and first choices. In particular, the palatability of canine diets ranked in the order T6 > T3 > T7 > T4 > T5 compared to each control. The total intake demonstrated in the following ranking: T6 > T3 > T7 > T5 > Control > T4 > T2 > T1. The total first choice was highest for T6, followed by T3, T7, T5, T4, Control, T2, and T1. In conclusion, insect diets with higher protein content such as T6, T3, and T7 representing as black soldier fly-based canine diets exhibit higher intake and first choice preferences in canines.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.154-158
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• 1999

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to find the optimum TE value for enhancing $T_2^{*}$ weighting effect and minimizing the SNR degradation and to compare the BOLD effects according to the changes of TE in 1.5T and 3.0T MRI systems. Materials and Methods : Healthy normal volunteers (eight males and two females with 24-38 years old) participated in this study. Each volunteer was asked to perform a simple finger-tapping task (sequential opposition of thumb to each of the other four fingers) with right hand with a mean frequency of about 2Hz. The stimulus was initially off for 3 images and was then alternatively switched on and off for 2 cycles of 6 images. Images were acquired on the 1.5T and 3.0T MRI with the FLASH (fast low angle shot) pulse sequence (TR : 100ms, FA : $20^{\circ}$, FOV : 230mm) that was used with 26, 36, 46, 56, 66, 76ms of TE times in 1.5T and 16, 26, 36, 46, 56, 66ms of TE in 3.0T MRI system. After the completion of scan, MR images were transferred into a PC and processed with a home-made analysis program based on the correlation coefficient method with the threshold value of 0.45. To search for the optimum TE value in fMRI, the difference between the activation and the rest by the susceptibility change for each TE was used in 1.5T and 3.0T respectively. In addition, the functional $T_2^{*}$ map was calculated to quantify susceptibility change. Results : The calculated optimum TE for fMRI was $61.89{\pm}2.68$ at 1.5T and $47.64{\pm}13.34$ at 3.0T. The maximum percentage of signal intensity change due to the susceptibility effect inactivation region was 3.36% at TE 66ms in 1.5T 10.05% at TE 46ms in 3.0T, respectively. The signal intensity change of 3.0T was about 3 times bigger than of 1.5T. The calculated optimum TE value was consistent with TE values which were obtained from the maximum signal change for each TE. Conclusion : In this study, the 3.0T MRI was clearly more sensitive, about three times bigger than the 1.5T in detecting the susceptibility due to the deoxyhemoglobin level change in the functional MR imaging. So the 3.0T fMRI I ore useful than 1.5T.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.505-514
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of four agents derived from tropinone (T-1: 2,4-dipyrrolylmethenylnortropinone, T-2: 2,4-diphenylmethenylnortropinone, T-3 : 2,4-difurfurylmethenylnortropinone, T-4 : 2,4-dimethoxyphenylmethenylnortropinone) in NIH Swiss mouse. Pentylenetetrazole (nZ) was injected via intraperi-toniurn in mouse and Maximal Electroshock (MES) stimulation was through both conjunctivas by electrodes. Tropinone derivatives were treated at 15 minutes before PTZ or MES procedure. PIZ of 25 mg/kg induced generalized seizure in mouse, effects of tropinone derivatives on PTZ-induced seizure were monitored. Compared with control group, T-4 decreased seizure grade most effectively. Also T-4 increased onset time of PTZ-induced seizure. This result showed that T-4 is most effective on PTZ-induced seizure. In MES-induced seizure, T-1 decreased seizure grade and recovery time. nNOS expression in hippocampus and cortex were increased in nZ- and MES-induced seizure animals compared with control. Pretreatment of tropinone derivatives in PTZ-induced seizure did not affected nNOS expression in brain tissues, but T-1 and T-4 decreased nNOS expression in cortex of MES-induced seizure animals. These findings suggest that tropinone derivatives have specific anticonvulsant activities according to PTZ- and MES-induced seizure. 2,4- dimethoxyphenylmethenylnoroopinone is most effective in PTZ-induced seizure and 2,4-di methoxyphenylmethenylnortropinone is most effective in MES-induced seizure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 1994

Time evolution of linear water waves on a constant depth generated by a disturbance is analyzed by asymptotic methods; stationary phase, steepest descents and leading wave approximation. In order to verify the derived formulae of surface displacements for 1-D and 2-D waves. surface displacements are calculated and plotted from both the formulae and a numerical integration. The existing results for surface displacements are verified in which the leading amplitude of 1-D waves during the evolution decays as f- T/B, the rest of the wavetrain as t$^{-1}$ 2/ and the rest of the wavetrain of 2-D waves as t-1. But it is shown that the leading amplitude of 2-D waves decays as t 5/6 which is different from Kajiura's result t$^{-4}$ 3/.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2016

In this study, the effect of energy and protein ratio on the nutrient availability and body weight gain was determined to find the proper nutrient level for the stage of replacement dairy heifers before fertilization at approximately 12~24 months old after birth. Dry matter intake showed that the TDN/CP rate of T1 (5.0:1), T2 (4.5:1) and T3 (4.0:1) resulted in similar values. Among feces, the ash content of T1 was 11.07%, which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of T3 (9.69%). It was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of T2 (10.32%). When the TDN/CP rate was increased, the ash content in the feces was also increased. Regardless of the initial weight, weight gain was increased significantly as the CP rate in the feed was increased on the $30^{th}$ day. On the $60^{th}$ day, T2 showed the highest rate of gain (p < 0.05). As the TDN rate was decreased or the protein rate was increased, weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Regarding GPT level in the blood after finishing the test, T1 and T3 (112.6, 88.3 u/l) showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher value than T2 (50.9 u/l). For phosphorus level, T1 (46.3 mg/dl) showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher value than other treatments. For HDL cholesterol level, T2 (145.2 mg/dl) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher level than T1 (121.0 mg/dl) or T3 (132.3 mg/dl). For triglyceride levels, T3 (40.6 mg/dl) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher value than T1 (20.7 mg/dl) and T2 (29.0 mg/dl). For other blood parameters including BUN concentration, there were no significant (p > 0.05) difference among treatments. As a result, although feed intake and weight gain with TDN/CP rate of 4:1 showed best results, considering the excess body fat accumulation possibilities or blood metabolism, it seems 4.5:1 ratio is most appropriate.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.315-326
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Red clay(Hwangto) as feed additives with 26 Hanwoo steers at two regions for 540 days from six to 24 months of age on feed efficiency, meat quantity and meat quality. Feeding trial 1 was conducted with two treatment groups by five heads/treatment which were T1(Control) and T2(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at National Livestock Research Institute. Feeding trial 2 was conducted with four treatment groups by four heads/treatment which were T1(Control), T2(Control+2% Hwangto), T3(Control+5% Hwangto) and T4(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at a private Hanwoo breeding farm. In feeding trial 1, average daily gains by growing, fattening, finishing and over-all periods were 0.572, 0.866, 0.869 and 0.769kg in T1, and 0.537, 0.904, 0.857 and 0.766kg in T2, respectively. Average daily gain for growing and finishing period was high in T1 but in T2 for fattening period, which were not statistically significant. Also concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were not statistically significant by treatments. In carcass characteristic, dressed carcass and red meat percentage were high in T1 but in T2 for retailed cut percentage without significant difference. The yield index and shear force was 69 and 70, 4.4 and 6.1 kg/$cm^2$ in T1 and T2, respectively. In palatability traits, the panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor were 4.08 and 4.64, 3.42 and 3.96, 4.58 and 4.80 in T1 and T2, respectively. which showed a tendency to improvement in Hwangto feeding groups. In feeding trial 2, the range of average daily gains were 0.656(T6) to 0.772(T3), 0.937(T6) to 1.009(T5), 0.592(T3) to 0.675kg(T6) in growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively. Although it was high in T3, T5 and T6 at growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively, it was not significantly different by treatments. The ranges of concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were 8.71 to 9.50(average 9.05) and 7.52 to 7.64kg(average 7.55kg), they all were lower in Hwangto feeding groups than in control about 4.5 to 8.3% and 1.2 to 1.6%, respectively. In carcass characteristics, back-fat thickness, loin eye muscle area and yield index were not difference by treatments, but marbling scores were high in T5 and T6 than in percent. Summarizing above results, it may be concluded that the use of unprocessed Hwangto as feed additives for growing-fattening steers seems to improve meat quality but not red meat quantity and feed efficiency, and may be required to feed ad libitum during the finishing period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.683-689
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• 2017

Objective: The experiments were carried out to measure the effect of multivitamin, acidifier and Azolla on growth performance, profitability and lipid profiles of blood of broiler chickens to produce safe and cost effective broilers. Methods: In experiment 1, 240 day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks were fed diets; $D_1$ (control), $D_2$ ($D_1$ with 1 mL multivitamin/liter water), $D_3$ ($D_1$ with 1 mL acidifier/liter water), $D_4$ ($D_1$ with 1 mL multivitamin and 2 mL acidifier/liter water) having 3 replications in each, and 20 chicks/replication. In experiment 2, 150 day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks were fed diets; $T_1$ (control), $T_2$ (5% Azolla in the diet), $T_3$ (7% Azolla in the diet) and $T_4$ ($T_1$ with 1 mL multivitamin and 1 mL acidifier/liter water) having 3 replications in each, and 20 chicks/replication in control, and 10 chicks/replication in the remaining dietary treatment groups for 35 days. Results: In experiment 1, the highest live weight was observed in $D_4$ (p<0.05), however, feed intake was statistically similar between diets (p>0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.001) and mortality (p<0.05) were observed in $D_2$ followed by $D_4$, $D_1$, and $D_3$, respectively. There were no significant differences between diets for feed cost and net profit (p>0.05). However, evidently but not significantly, the highest net profit was obtained in $D_2$ followed by $D_4$, $D_1$, and $D_3$, respectively. In experiment 2, the highest live weight (p<0.05) and feed intake (p<0.001) were observed in $T_4$. Mortality (p<0.01), FCR (p<0.01), feed cost (p<0.05) and net profit (p<0.05) were significantly different among diets. Considering net profit, $T_2$ was the best performing dietary group followed by $T_3$, $T_1$, and $T_4$, respectively. The lowest lipid profiles were observed in $D_3$ followed by $D_1$, $D_4$, and $D_2$, respectively (p<0.05). In experiment 2, the lowest total cholesterol, TG, and the highest amount of high density lipoprotein were observed in $T_2$, followed by $T_3$, $T_1$, and $T_4$, respectively (p<0.05). Evidently but not significantly, low density lipoprotein was the highest in $T_2$ followed by $T_3$, $T_4$, and $T_1$, respectively (p>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, Azolla and acidifier reduced lipid profiles of broiler chickens. Considering net profit and lipid profiles, 5% Azolla may be the suitable dietary group for producing safe and profitable broilers. However, more studies are needed to confirm this study prior to suggesting using Azolla in the poultry industry.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.113-119
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• 2011

Let T be a bounded linear operator on a complex Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$. An operator T is called class A operator if ${\left|{T^2}\right|}{\geq}{\left|{T^2}\right|}$ and is called class A(k) operator if $({T^*\left|T\right|^{2k}T})^{\frac{1}{k+1}}{\geq}{\left|T\right|}^2$. In this paper, we show that ${\sigma}$ is continuous when restricted to the set of class A operators and consider the tensor products of class A(k) operators.