• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2009

The estrogen receptor-related receptors (ERRs) are a group of nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors. ERRs and estrogen receptors (ERs) have overlapping affinities for coactivators and DNA binding sites, but differ markedly in ligand binding and activation. The three mammalian ERR genes have been implicated in diverse physiological processes ranging from placental development to maintenance of bone density, whereas the molecular diversity, function, and regulation of ERRs in non-mammalian species are not well understood. In the present study, to investigate the involvement of ERR in transcription and embryogenesis in marine invertebrates, a cDNA encoding ERR (SnERR) was cloned from the gonad in Strongylocentrotus nudus, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amino acid sequence of SnERR showed high homology with that of S. purpuratus (91%). A phylogenetic tree clearly showed that SnERR is a member of the ERR family and clustered in echinodermata group as supported by a high bootstrap value. We examined gene expression of SnERR during embryonic development of S. nudus using real-time PCR. During the embryonic development, the mRNA of ERR was significantly high levels in early development stages (4~64 cell) and larval stages. The SnERR slightly activated transcription through the classical estrogen response elements (EREs) in the presence of genistein. In addition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ coactivator (PGC)-$1\alpha$ knwon as a coactivator of ERR enhanced the snERR-mediated transactivation, suggesting that the PGC-$1\alpha$ is a coactivator of SnERR.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.469-473
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• 2011

These study was carried out to investigate the effects of the supplementation with sodium nitroprusside (SN) and nitric oxide (NO) of canine oocytes on IVM rates. Oocytes were incubated in TCM-199 supplement with at 0.03~0.10 mM SN and 0.3~1.0 mM NO for 48 hrs. Oocytes were transferred to 50 ul drops of maturation medium covered mineral oil and cultured in a $CO_2$ incubator (5% $CO_2$, 95% air, $38^{\circ}C$). The in vitro maturation rate of oocytes cultured for 48 hrs in TCM-199 medium supplement with 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.10 mM SN were $25.9{\pm}3.5%$, $36.4{\pm}3.2%$, $33.3{\pm}3.5%$, $28.8{\m}3.2%$, respectively. The in vitro maturation rate of oocytes cultured for 48 hrs in TCM-199 medium supplement with 0.03~0.07 mM SN were significantly increased compare to the control ($26.0{\pm}2.2%$). The in vitro maturation rates of oocytes cultured for 48 hrs in TCM-199 medium supplement with 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 mM NO were $28.0{\pm}4.2%$, $36.5{\pm}3.6%$, $30.0{\pm}3.8%$, $19.2{\pm}3.5%$, respectively. The in vitro maturation rate of oocytes in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 0.3 and 0.5 mM NO were significantly increased compare to the control ($26.0{\pm}2.2%$). The in vitro maturation rates of oocytes cultured for 12~48 hrs in TCM-199 medium supplement with 0.05 mM SN were $26.0{\pm}3.2%$, $28.0{\pm}3.4%$, $38.0{\pm}3.2%$, respectively. The in vitro maturation rate of oocytes cultured for 12~48 hrs in TCM-199 medium supplement with 0.5 mM NO were $22.0{\pm}3.0%$, $30.0{\pm}3.8%$, $36.0{\pm}4.2%$, respectively. These result was significantly increased compare to the control.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.378-395
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various metal surface treatments and adhesive systems on the flexural bond strength of composite resin to Au-Ag-Cu-Pd alloy. The specimens were divided into nine groups by the combinations of surface treatment methods and adhesive systems. The types of surface treatment in this study were alumina blasting only, alumina blasting-Sn plating, alumina blasting-heating and three kinds of adhesive system used in this study were Silicoater system(Heraeus Kulzer GmbH,Germany), Superbond C & B(Sun Medical Co.,Ltd.,Japan) and Cesead opaque primer(Kurary Co.,Ltd.,Japan). After surface treatments and adhesive systems were applied, each specimen was built up with Dentacolor composite resin (Heraeus Kulzer GmbH,Germany). Four-point flexural bond strength was measured by Instron universal testing machine (Model 4301,U.S.A.) and modes of failure were observed by SEM(JEOL,SSM-840A,Japan). The obtained results were as follows: 1. The group that was bonded with Superbond C & B after alumina blasting-heating shelved the highest bond strength with significant difference among the groups, except the group with Cesead opaque primer after alumina blasting-Sn plating(P<0.05). 2. In the groups bonded with Cesead opaque primer, there was significant difference only in the bond strength between the alumina blasting-Sn plating group and alumina blasting group, where the former showed a higher bond strength(P<0.05). 3. In the groups bonded with Silicoater system, there were no significant differences in bond strength regardless of the surface treatment method(P<0.05). 4. In SEM evaluation, the groups of high bond strength, especially bonded with Superbond C & B after alumina blasting-heating and Cesead opaque primer after alumina blasting-Sn plating, revealed mainly cohesive-adhesive failure, whereas the others showed the tendency of adhesive failure.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-33
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to analyze the in vitro and in vivo corrosion products of low and high copper amalgams. The four different types of amalgam alloy used in this study were Fine cut, Caulk spherical, Dispersalloy, and Tytin. After each amalgam alloy and Hg were triturated according to the directions of the manufacturer by means of the mechanical amalgamator(Amalgam mixer. Shinhung Co. Korea), the triturated mass was inserted into a cylindrical metal mold which was 12mm in diameter and 10mm in height. The mass was condensed by 150Kg/cm compressive force. The specimen was removed from the mold and aged at room temperature for about seven days. The standard surface preparation was routinely carried out by emery paper polishing under running water. In vitro amalgam specimens were potentiostatically polarized ten times in a normal saline solution at $37^{\circ}C$(potentiostat : HA-301. Hukuto Denko Corp. Japan). Each specimen was subjected to anodic polarization scan within the potential range -1700mV to+400mV(SCE). After corrosion tests, anodic polarization curves and corrosion potentials were obtained. The amount of component elements dissolved from amalgams into solution was measured three times by ICP AES(Inductive Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry: Plasma 40. Perkim Elmer Co. U.S.A.). The four different types of amalgam were filled in occlusal and buccal class I cavities of four human 3rd molars. After about five years the restorations were carefully removed after tooth extraction to preserve the structural details including the deteriorated margins. The occlusal surface, amalgam-tooth interface and the fractured surface of in vivo amalgam corrosion products were analyzed. In vivo and in vitro amalgam specimens were examined and analyzed metallographically by SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope: JSM 840. Jeol Co. Japan) and EDAX(Energy Dispersive Micro X-ray Analyser: JSM 840. Jeol Co. Japan). 1. The following results are obtained from in vitro corrosion tests. 1) Corrosion potentials of all amalgams became more noble after ten times passing through the in vitro corrosion test compared to first time. 2) After times through the test, released Cu concentration in saline solution was almost equal but highest in Fine cut. Ag and Hg ion concentration was highest in Caulk spherical and Sn was highest in Dispersalloy. 3) Analyses of surface corrosion products in vitro reveal the following results. a)The corroded surface of Caulk spherical has Na-Sn-Cl containing clusters of $5{\mu}m$ needle-like crystals and oval shapes of Sn-Cl phase, polyhedral Sn oxide phase. b)In Fine cut, there appeared to be a large Sn containing phase, surrounded by many Cu-Sn phases of $1{\mu}m$ granular shapes. c)Dispersalloy was covered by a thick reticular layer which contained Zn-Cl phase. d)In Tytin, a very thin, corroded layer had formed with irregularly growing Sn-Cl phases that looked like a stack of plates. 2. The following results are obtained by an analysis of in vivo amalgam corrosion products. 1) Occlusal surfaces of all amalgams were covered by thick amorphous layers containing Ca-P elements which were abraded by occlusal force. 2) In tooth-amalgam interface, Ca-P containing products were examined in all amalgams but were most clearly seen in low copper amalgams. 3) Sn oxide appeared as a polyhedral shape in internal space in Caulk spherical and Fine cut. 4) Apical pyramidal shaped Sn oxide and curved plate-like Sn-Cl phases resulted in Dispersalloy. 5) In Tytin, Sn oxide and Sn hydroxide were not seen but polyhedral Ag-Hg phase crystal appeared in internal space which assumed a ${\beta}_l$ phase.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2024

The creation of vertically aligned one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures through the decoration of n-type tin oxide (SnO₂) on p-type chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) constitutes an effective strategy for enhancing gas sensing performance. These heterostructures are deposited in multiple stages using a glancing angle deposition technique with an electron beam evaporator, resulting in a reduction in the surface porosity of the nanorods as SnO₂ is incorporated. In comparison to Cr₂O₃ films, the bare Cr₂O₃ nanorods exhibits a response 3.3 times greater to 50 ppm H₂S at 300℃, while the SnO₂-decorated Cr₂O₃ nanorods demonstrate an eleven-fold increase in response. Furthermore, when subjected to various gases (CH₄, H₂S, CO₂, H₂), a notable selectivity toward H₂S is observed. This study paves the way for the development of p-type semiconductor sensors with heightened selectivity and sensitivity towards H₂S, thus advancing the prospects of gas sensor technology.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.29-36
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• 2014

The recent small-scaled family form is making a great influence on sharing pictures of their children with family as well. As parents are usually taking pictures of their children with their smart-phones, the form of sharing pictures with families through SNS or text messages or uploading pictures of their children in mobile mini-homepage is becoming prominent these days. But when events of an each family member taking pictures occur, such as in 'the hundredth day party' or 'first birthday party' and exchange them through text messages or SNS, it would be difficult to gather their children's picture and view them all together other than the ones that they took themselves as it is difficult to send each and every picture. Also, another problem of managing pictures occur because the source of picture all differ from each other. There fore, to solve these problems, this study intends to suggest a co-family managerial photo management mobile application UI for family members to participate in gathering and organizing pictures that they took with their own smart-phones in a specific space and produce a mobile album.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.169-179
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• 2011

To investigate the controlling factor and accumulation of trace metal concentrations in Chun-su Bay sediments, grain-size, specific surface area, organic carbon content, calcium carbonate content, and concentration of Al, Fe, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ti, Mn, P, S, Ba, Sr, Li, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Cs, Sc, V, Sn were analyzed. Controlling factors of metals were quartz-dilution, calcium carbonate and coarse sand or K-feldspar. Although the distribution of V, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, and Cd concentration was explained by grain-size effiect, Mn and As showed the similar importance of grain-size effect and coarse sand or K-feldspar factors. By virtue of enrichment factor and 1 M HCl experiment, there were little enrichment in all the trace metals in bay sediments, which were explained well by geochemical properties of sediments. Since the concentration levels of As in coarse sand were high as much as those in fine-grained sediments and it was combined with Mn oxide (1 M HCl leached) and K-feldspar (residual), it was suggested that when the enrichment of As in sediments would be assessed, it is necessary to separate the coarse sand from bulk sediments or to use only sediments with higher than 10% in < $16{\mu}m$ fraction.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 2009

The aerial parts of garland (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) were extracted in 80% aqueous methanol (MeOH) and the concentrated extract was then partitioned using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and $H_2O$, successively. EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions resulted in 4 glycerides with the application of octadecyl silica gel and silica gel column chromatography. The chemical structures of the glycerides were determined using several spectroscopic methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) as (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol (1), (2S)-1-O-oleoyl-2-O-oleoyl- 3-O-$\beta$-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (2), (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-phosphorouscholine-sn-glycerol (3), and (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-[$\alpha$-D-galactopyrasyl-($1{\rightarrow}6$)-$\beta$-D-galactopyranosyl]-sn-glycerol (4). The free fatty acids of these glycerides were determined with gas chromatography (GC)-MS analysis following alkaline hydrolysis and methylation. These glycerides demonstrated an inhibitory effect on acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT, compound 1: $45.6{\pm}0.2%$ at $100{\mu}g/mL$), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, compound 1: $59.1{\pm}0.1%$ at $25{\mu}g/mL$), farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase, compound 2: $98.0{\pm}0.1%$; compound 3: $55.2{\pm}0.1%$ at $100{\mu}g/mL$), and $\beta$-secretase ($IC_{50}$, compound 4: $2.6{\mu}g/mL$) activity. This paper is the first report on the isolation of these glycerides from garland and their inhibitory activity on ACAT, DGAT, FPTase, and $\beta$-secretase.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.757-764
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• 2010

Objectives : The fluoride coating for caries prevention and strengthen enamel use NaF(sodium fluoride, Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd, Japan) 2% gel, SnF2(stannous fluoride, SIGMA-ALDRICH Gmbh, USA)8% gel and APF(acidulated phosphate fluoride, Sultan health care, USA) 1.23% gel. Methods : After put the enamel piece in these fluoride compound gel, we observed density level. And after measuring the vickers hardness, Got the following conclusions. Results : 1. After settling in the APF 1.23% during 6 days, we observed high density level of enamel surface using 250 magnification scanning microscope. The vacuum of surface packed (in) like sardines. 2. After settling in the APF 1.23% during 6 days, we observed reducing the space between the cluster of enamel surface using 50,000 magnification scanning microscope. 3. The vickers hardness change was very much on the all kinds of fluoride compound gel[2% NaF(sodium fluoride)gel, 8% SnF2(stannous fluoride) gel, 1.23% APF(acidulated phosphate fluoride)gel]. It's all because of reducing the space between the cluster of enamel surface(p<0.001). Conclusions : The vickers hardness change was very much on the all kinds of fluoride compound. It's all because of reducing the space between the cluster of enamel surface.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2000.06b
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• pp.24-27
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• 2000

Ferroelectric P $b_{0.99}$〔(Z $r_{0.6}$S $n_{0.4}$)$_{0.9}$ $Ti_{0.1}$〕$_{0.98}$N $b_{0.02}$ $O_3$(PNZST) thin films were deposited by a RF magnetron sputtering on (L $a_{0.5}$S $r_{0.5}$)Co $O_3$(LSCO)/Pt/Ti/ $SiO_2$/Si substrate using a PNZST target with excess PbO of 10 mole％. The thin films deposited at the substrate temperature of 500 $^{\circ}C$ were crystallized to a perovskite phase after rapid thermal annealing(RTA) The thin films annealed at 650 $^{\circ}C$ for 10 seconds in air exhibited the good crystal structures and ferroelectric properties. The remanent polarization and coercive field of the PNZST capacitor were about 20 $\mu$C/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 50 kV/cm, respectively. The reduction of the polarization after 2.2$\times$10$^{9}$ switching cycles was less than 10 ％.0 ％.％.0 ％.0 ％.