• Molecules and Cells
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2007

The present study was undertaken to determine whether $SM22{\alpha}$ participates in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle contractility using $SM22{\alpha}$ knockout mice and, if so, to investigate the mechanisms involved. Aortic ring preparations were mounted and equilibrated in organ baths for 60 min before observing contractile responses to 50 mM KCl, and then exposed to contractile agents such as phenylephrine and phorbol ester. Measurement of isometric contractions using a computerized data acquisition system was combined with molecular or cellular experiments. Interestingly, the aortas from $SM22{\alpha}$-deficient mice ($SM22^{-/-LacZ}$) displayed an almost three-fold increase in the level of $SM22{\beta}$ protein compared to wild-type mice, but no change in the levels of caldesmon, actin, desmin or calponin. $Ca^{2+}$-independent contraction in response to phenylephrine or phorbol ester was significantly decreased in the $SM22{\alpha}$-deficient mice, whereas in the presence of $Ca^{2+}$ neither contraction nor subcellular translocation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in response to phenylephrine or 50 mM KCl was significantly affected. A decrease in phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 was observed in the $SM22{\alpha}$-deficient mice and this may be related to the decreased vascular contractility. Taken together, this study provides evidence for a pivotal role of $SM22{\alpha}$ in the regulation of $Ca^{2+}$-independent vascular contractility.

• 대한방사선방어학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.18-19
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• 2011

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.75-84
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationships among Social maturity(SM), Self-directed learning(SDL) and Self-concept of professional nursing(SCPN), and influencing factors of SCPN of nursing students. The survey was performed on 221 nursing students in two universities. Data were collected using a structured questionnaires and analysed with PASW 22.0. Study findings revealed that SCPN has a significant correlation with SM and SDL. Major satisfaction(${\beta}=.179$), Meaning on nursing(${\beta}=.274$), SM(${\beta}=.118$) and SDL(${\beta}=.211$) about SCPN were significant predictive variables. This variables accounted for 34.4% of the variance in SCPN. The findings indicate the necessity of developing educational programs to enhance nursing students's SM and SDL for increasing positive SCPN.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.75-82
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• 2009

Anti-mutagenic and anti-septic effects of $\beta$-1,3/1,6-glucan from Aureobasidium pullulans SM-2001 were evaluated on the on the cyclophosphamide (CPA)-cecal ligation puncture (CLP) and CPA-treated mice. To induce immunosuppression and mutagenicity, 150 and 110 mg/kg of CPA were single intraperitoneally injected at 3 or 1 day before CLP or initial $\beta$-glucan administration. In CLP animals, the cecum was mobilized and ligated below the ileocecal valve, punctured through both surfaces twice with a 22-gauge needle. 125 mg/kg of $\beta$-glucan were dissolved in saline and subcutaneously or orally administered in a volume of 10 ml/kg (of body weight), 4 times, 12 hrs intervals from 6 hrs after CLP or 1 day after second dose of CPA. After treatment of $\beta$-glucan, the mortalities were observed in CPA-CLP model, and the appearance of a micronucleus is used as an index for genotoxic potential in CPA model. As results of CPA-CLP sepsis, all animals (9/9, 100%) in CPA-CLP control were dead within 2 days after CLP. In addition, increase of the number of bone marrow MNPCEs indicated mutagenicity were also observed by treatment of CPA. However, $\beta$-glucan treatment effectively inhibited the mortalities in CPA-CLP, and it also reduced the CPA treatment-related mutagenicity, respectively. These results indicated that $\beta$-glucan has effective anti-septic and anti-mutagenic effects and can be used as an agents for treating sepsis and mutagenicity related to high-dose chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, further studies should be conducted to observe more detail action mechanisms of it's anti-septic and anti-mutagenic effects.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.680-687
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• 2020

Several studies have proved Hovenia dulcis extracts to be an effective antidote for alcoholism, and they are frequently used in the clinical treatment of alcoholic liver disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-senescent activities of 80% methanol fractions of H. dulcis Thunberg in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. The ethanol ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical scavenging (RC₅₀=3.6±0.8 ㎍/ml) as well as the highest total phenol content (417.2antiholic liver disease. Extracts from e & Tech., Sungkyunkwan University, progressed in the HDF cells, SM22 expression (p<0.001) and β-galactosidase staining intensity increased (p<0.001). An increase in SM22 expression is associated with slower aging which suggests that its expression is high in early aging. HDF treatment using the ethyl acetate fraction significantly increased production of EGF (p<0.01) and PDGF-BB (p<0.01) while SHH expression was reduced (p<0.05). These results suggest that an 80% ethyl acetate fraction of H. dulcis can suppress early aging and demonstrate the potential application of the fraction as a natural anti-senescence agent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.130-130
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• 1995

AM, SM 및 ASA는 수용액중에서 겉보기 1차반응에 따라 분해되었으며 보존온도가 높을수록 분해가 촉진되는 온도 의존성을 나타내었다. AM의 분해경로는 pH 1.22 및 pH 7.0 이상에서는 AM$\longrightarrow$ SM $\longrightarrow$ SA의 경로로 주로 분해되었으며 pH 2.01 - 6.08의 범위에서는 AM $\longrightarrow$ASA$\longrightarrow$SA의 경로로 분해되는 양상을 보였다. 또 pH가 분해에 미치는 영향을 pH-rate profile로 나타낸 결과 AM, SM 및 ASA의 최대안정 pH는 각각 4.0, 3.0, 2.0 부근이 있고 이 조건에서의 분해 반감기는 114, 168, 113 hr로 나타났다. 전체적으로 보면 pH 2.0 이하에서는 ASA가 AM 보다 약간 안정한 편이나 pH 2.0-8.0 사이에서는 AM의 분해속도가 ASA보다 현저히 낮았다. 또 AM은 pH 7.0 이상에서, SM은 pH 6.0 이상에서, ASA는 9.0 이상에서 특수염기촉매반응에 따라 분해가 이루어지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이온강도($\mu$)의 영향으로는 pH 7.0에서 이온강도가 0.115에서 1.0으로 증가할수록 $\mu$$^{1}$2/에 대해 AM의 분해속도정수가 직선적으로 완만하게 감소되었다. 또 완충수용액 중 AM의 가수분해 억제효과를 검토하기 위해 시클로덱스트린류를 첨가하였을 때, $\beta$-시클로덱스트린과 히드록시프로필기-$\beta$-시클로덱스트린은 AM의 분해를 각각 1.6배 및 1.1배 촉진시켜 촉매적으로 작용하였으며 디메칠-$\beta$-시클로덱스트린은 약 3.2배 분해속도를 억제시켜 안정화제로 작용하였다.Zn^{2+}$, soybean trypsin inhibtor에 의해 25～50% 정도, serine proteinase inhibitor인 phenylmethylsulfonyl floride에 의해 80%정도 활성이 억제되는 특성이 있음을 규명하였다.면역환성 (immunoreactivity)이 나타났고 pyramidal cell layer (PCL)와 glia에 SOD-1이 강하게 염색되었다. APT 병용 투여로 상당수의 경련이 일어나지 않은 흰쥐는 해마의 DG에 FRA가 경미하게 염색되었고, PCL에 SOD-1도 경미하게 나타났으나, 경련이 나타난 쥐에서는 KA만을 투여한 흰쥐와 구별되지 않았다. 이상의 APT의 항산화 효과는 KA로 인한 뇌세포 변성 개선에 중요한 인자로 작용할 것으로 사료되나, 보다 명확한 APT의 기전을 검색하고 직접 임상에 응응하기 위하여는 보다 다양한 실험 조건이 보완되어야 찰 것으로 생각된다. 항우울약들의 항혈소판작용은 PKC-기질인 41-43 kD와 20 kD의 인산화를 억제함에 기인되는 것으로 사료된다.다. 것으로 사료된다.다.바와 같이 MCl에서 작은 Dv 값을 갖는데, 이것은 CdCl$_{4}$$^{2-}$ 착이온을 형성하거나 ZnCl$_{4}$$^{2-}$ , ZnCl$_{3}$$^{-}$같은 이온과 MgCl$^{+}$, MgCl$_{2}$같은 이온종을 형성하기 때문인것 같다. 한편 어떠한 용리액에서던지 NH$_{4}$$^{+}$의 경우 Dv값이 제일 작았다. 바. 본 연구의 목적중의 하나인 인체유해 중금속이온인 Hg(II), Cd(II)등이 NaCl같은 염화물이 함유된 시료용액에 공해이온으로 존재할 경우 흡착에 의한 제거가 가능하다. 한편 이같

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.274-282
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• 2012

The object of this study was to assess the efficacy of Polycan from Aureobasidium pullulans SM-2001, which is composed mostly of beta-1,3-1,6-glucan, on osteoarthritis (OA)-induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection and partial medial meniscectomy (ACLT&PMM). Three different dosages of Polycan (85, 42.5, and 21.25 mg/kg) were orally administered once a day for 84 days to male rats a week after ACLT&PMM surgery. Changes in the circumference and maximum extension angle of each knee, and in cartilage histopathology were assessed using Mankin scores 12 weeks after Polycan administration. In addition, cartilage proliferation was evaluated using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). As the result of ACLT&PMM, classic OA was induced with increases in maximum extension angles, edematous knees changes, and capsule thickness, as well as decreases in chondrocyte proliferation, cartilages degenerative changes, and loss of articular cartilage. However, these changes (except for capsule thickness) were markedly inhibited in all Polycan- and diclofenac sodium-treated groups compared with OA control. Although diclofenac sodium did not influence BrdU uptake, BrdU-immunoreactive cells were increased with all dosages of Polycan, which means that Polycan treatment induced proliferation of chondrocytes in the surface articular cartilage of the tibia and femur. The results obtained in this study suggest that 84 days of continuous oral treatment of three different dosages of Polycan led to lesser degrees of articular stiffness and histological cartilage damage compared with OA controls 91 days after OA inducement, suggesting that the optimal Polycan dosage to treat OA is 42.5 mg/kg based on the present study.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2016

Pine wood nematode, Bursaphlenchus xylophilus is a fatal damaging pest, infecting pinewood trees and is one of the serious forest pest in Korea. Trunk injection is one of the most effective method to protect the live pine trees from nematode infection. The aim of this research was to reveal the efficacy of the nematicidal materials from 46 Kyrgyzstan, 88 Vietnam plant materials and 21 active materials (${\alpha}$-terpinene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-thujaplicin, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, emodin, geraniol, limonone, methyl palmitate, matrine, myrcene, methyl gallate, nicotine, quassin, resveratrol, rotenone, thymol, thujaplicin, terthiophene, tuberstemonine, ${\gamma}$-terpinene) isolated from plants for using as trunk injection agents. Eclipta prostrata extract was highly effective against pine wood nematode in plant extracts and terthiophene has the best nematicidal activity from active materials isolated from plants. Foliar spray of terthiophene on Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) tree reduced proliferation of inoculated pine wood nematode at 22 days after treatment, however no efficacy was found over 22 days. Eclipta prostrata extract and terthiophene can be used as nematicide for further nematicidal efficacy test against any other plant parasitic nematodes and trunk injection efficacy against pine wood nematode.