• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.505-516
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• 2000

Chloral hydrate단독 경구투여는 소아치과 환자의 진정에 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 방법중의 하나지만 실패하는 경우도 드물지 않게 보게된다. Chloral hydrate의 처음 투여용량이 실패할 경우 추가 용량을 투여하기보다는 다른 약물의 투여가 바람직하며, 이는 안전성을 그대로 유지하면서 보다 효과적인 진정에 도달할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 본 실험의 목적은 chloral hydrate의 수면효과가 나타나지 않는 소아환자에게 치료를 연기하지 않고 즉시 안전하게 사용할 수 있는 방법을 재발하기 위한 노력의 일환으로 아산화질소-산소와 enflurane 혼합가스를 이용한 초기 수면유도법의 효과를 검증하기 위함이었다. 의식하 진정을 이용한 치과치료가 예정된 건강한 환자에게 kg당 70mg의 chloral hydrate를 경구투여하고 조용한 방에서 60분이 경과한 다음, 환자가 수면상태에 이른 경우를 진정효과의 성공으로 평가하고 계획된 치료를 수행하였다(I군). 수면에 이르지 않아 실패로 평가된 환자는 50%의 아산화질소와 2vol%의 enflurane이 혼합된 가스를 약 $1\sim2$분간 투여하여 초기 수면유도를 시행한 후 예정된 치료를 수행하였고(III군), 다음 내원에는 chloral hydrate와 hydroxyzine(2mg/kg)을 병용투여 하였다(III군). 대조군과 실험군 각각 35명씩 총 70명 (남자 44명, 여자 : 26명)의 환자가 실험대상으로 사용되었으며 이들의 평균 연령은 $35.9{\pm}8.9$개월 체중은 $14.4{\pm}2.2kg$이었다. 치료과정을 10단계로 나누어 환자의 생징후(말초 동맥혈 산소 포화도, 심박수, 수축기 및 이완기 혈압)를 측정하였으며, 행동양상은 video촬영하여 역시 10단계로 나누어 1명의 평가자가 OSU behavior rating scale과 Automated Counting System을 사용하여 평가하였다. 생징후의 경우 각 군 모두 정상범위 내에서 안정된 양상을 보였으나, 개구기 삽입이나 국소마취 단계에서 발생하는 자극에 대한 말초 동맥혈 산소포화도와 심박수의 반응정도가 I군에 비해 II군에서 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 임상적으로 바람직한 행동양상(Q : Quiet)의 비율이 III군에 비해 II군에서 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), II군과 I군간에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다 (p>0.05). 본 실험에서 시도한 두 가지 진정요법이 비교적 높은 임상적 치료 성공률(II군 : 97.14%, III군 : 88.57%)을 보여 만족할 만한 결과를 나타낸 것으로 평가되었다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제67권3호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2009

Background: Serum procalcitonin level has been considered prognostic during sepsis and septic shock. We investigated the significance of procalcitonin in critically ill patients with respiratory infections. Methods: The patients who had radiographically diagnosed diffuse lung infiltrations were enrolled on a prospective basis. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for the purpose of quantitative cultures (${\geq}10^4$ cfu/mL) was obtained from all patients. Serum procalcitonin levels determined by PCT-Q kit were measured on BAL day and classified as follows; <0.5 ng/mL, 0.5~2.0 ng/mL, 2.0~10.0 ng/mL and >10.0 ng/mL. We analyzed the patient's characteristics according to outcome; favorable or unfavorable, defined as death. Results: Patients from the following categories were included: medical 17 (47.2%), surgical 9 (25%), and burned 10 (27.8%). APACHE II scores on admission to intensive care unit were 11.5${\pm}$6.89 and 11 (30.6%) had unfavorable outcomes. A procalcitonin level ${\geq}$0.5 ng/mL was in 17 (47.2%) of all. On univariate analysis, the frequencies of burn injury, mechanical ventilation, multiple organ failure, and a procalcitonin level ${\geq}$0.5 ng/mL were more often increased in patients with unfavorable outcomes than in those with favorable outcomes (p<.05). Also, a higher procalcitonin range and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) were more closely associated with an unfavorable outcome (p<.05). However in multivariate analysis, a strong predictor of unfavorable outcome was burn injury (p<.05). A procalcitonin level ${\geq}$0.5 ng/mL was more sensitive in predicting VAP than unfavorable outcome. Conclusion: A higher procalcitonin level seems to be associated with VAP, but further study is required to know that procalcitonin would be a prognostic marker in critically ill patients with respiratory infections.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.275-282
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• 2015

In the present study, we synthesized a series of novel 7-methoxy-N-(substituted phenyl)benzofuran-2-carboxamide derivatives in moderate to good yields and evaluated their neuroprotective and antioxidant activities using primary cultured rat cortical neuronal cells and in vitro cell-free bioassays. Based on our primary screening data with eighteen synthesized derivatives, nine compounds (1a, 1c, 1f, 1i, 1j, 1l, 1p, 1q and 1r) exhibiting considerable protection against the NMDA-induced excitotoxic neuronal cell damage at the concentration of $100{\mu}M$ were selected for further evaluation. Among the selected derivatives, compound 1f (with $-CH_3$ substitution at R2 position) exhibited the most potent and efficacious neuroprotective action against the NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. Its neuroprotective effect was almost comparable to that of memantine, a well-known NMDA antagonist, at $30{\mu}M$ concentration. In addition to 1f, compound 1j (with -OH substitution at R3 position) also showed marked anti-excitotoxic effects at both 100 and $300{\mu}M$ concentrations. These findings suggest that $-CH_3$ substitution at R2 position and, to a lesser degree, -OH substitution at R3 position may be important for exhibiting neuroprotective action against excitotoxic damage. Compound 1j was also found to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals and inhibit in vitro lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate in moderate and appreciable degrees. Taken together, our structure-activity relationship studies suggest that the compound with $-CH_3$ substitution at R2 and -OH substitution at R3 positions of the benzofuran moiety might serve as the lead exhibiting potent anti-excitotoxic, ROS scavenging, and antioxidant activities. Further synthesis and evaluation will be necessary to confirm this possibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.723-731
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• 2008

Immunomodulatory feed additives might offer alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in pig production. This experiment was designed to determine the effects of dietary galacto-mannan-oligosaccharide (GMOS) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) supplementation on the immune response in early-weaned piglets. Forty 15-day-old piglets (Duroc$\times$Landrace$\times$Yorkshire) with an average live body weight of $5.6{\pm}0.51kg$ were weaned and randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups that were fed maize-soybean meal diets containing either basal, 110 mg/kg of lincomycin, 250 mg/kg of COS or 0.2% GMOS, respectively, over a 2-week period. Another six piglets of the same age were sacrificed on the same day at the beginning of the study for sampling, in order to obtain baseline values. Interleukin (IL)-1${\beta}$gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes, jejunal mucosa and lymph nodes, as well as serum levels of IL-1${\beta}$ IL-2 and IL-6, IgA, IgG, and IgM, were evaluated for 5 pigs from each group at 15 and 28 days of age. The results indicate that weaning stress resulted in decreases in serum antibody and cytokine levels. Dietary supplementation with GMOS or COS enhanced (p<0.05) IL-1${\beta}$gene expression in jejunal mucosa and lymph nodes, as well as serum levels of IL-1${\beta}$ IL-2, IL-6, IgA, IgG and IgM compared to supplementation with lincomycin. These findings suggest that GMOS or COS may enhance the cell-mediated immune response in early-weaned piglets by modulating the production of cytokines and antibodies, which shows that GMOS or COS have different effects than the antibiotic on animal growth and health.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.3997-4003
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• 2014

Background: Infection with certain human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes is the most important risk factor related with cervical cancer. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of HPV infection, the distribution of HPV genotypes and HPV E6/E7 oncogene mRNA expression in Turkish women with different cervical cytological findings in Mersin province, Southern Turkey. Materials and Methods: A total of 476 cytological samples belonging to women with normal and abnormal cervical Pap smears were enrolled in the study. For the detection and genotyping assay, a PCR/direct cycle sequencing approach was used. E6/E7 mRNA expression of HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, and 45 was determined by type-specific real-time NASBA assay (NucliSENS EasyQ$^{(R)}$HPV v1.1). Results: Of the 476 samples, 106 (22.3%) were found to be positive for HPV DNA by PCR. The presence of HPV was significantly more common (p<0.001) in HSIL (6/8, 75%) when compared with LSIL (6/14, 42.9%), ASC-US (22/74, 29.7%) and normal cytology (72/380, 18.9%). The most prevalent genotypes were, in descending order of frequency, HPV genotype 66 (22.6%), 16 (20.8%), 6 (14.2%), 31 (11.3%), 53 (5.7%), and 83 (4.7%). HPV E6/E7 oncogene mRNA positivity (12/476, 2.5%) was lower than DNA positivity (38/476, 7.9%). Conclusions: Our data present a wide distribution of HPV genotypes in the analyzed population. HPV genotypes 66, 16, 6, 31, 53 and 83 were the predominant types and most of them were potential carcinogenic types. Because of the differences between HPV E6/E7 mRNA and DNA positivity, further studies are required to test the role of mRNA testing in the triage of women with abnormal cervical cytology or follow up of HPV DNA positive and cytology negative. These epidemiological data will be important to determine the future impact of vaccination on HPV infected women in our region.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2015년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.41-41
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• 2015

BSA-seq technologies, combined Bulked Segregant Analysis (BSA) and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), are making it faster and more efficient to establish the association of agronomic traits with molecular markers or candidate genes, which is the requirement for marker-assisted selection in molecular breeding. Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a serious threat to Brassica crops. Even we have breed new clubroot resistant varieties of Chinese cabbage (B. rapa ssp. pekinesis), the underlying genetic mechanism is unclear. In this study, an $F_2$ population of 340 plants were inoculated with P. brassicae from Xinye (Pathotype 2 on the differentials of Williams). Resistance phenotype segregation ratio for the populations fit a 3:1 (R:S) segregation model, consistent with a single dominant gene model. Super-BSA, using re-sequencing the parents, extremely R and S DNA pools with each 50 plants, revealed 3 potential candidate regions on the chromosome A03, with the most significant region falling between 24.30 Mb and 24.75 Mb. A linkage map with 31 markers in this region was constructed with several closely linked markers identified. A Major QTL for clubroot resistance, CRq, which was identified with the peak LOD score at 169.3, explaining 89.9% of the phenotypic variation. And we developed a new co-segregated InDel marker BrQ-2. Joint BSA-seq and traditional QTL analysis delimited CRq to an 250 kb genomic region, where four TIR-NBS-LRR genes (Bra019409, Bra019410, Bra019412 and Bra019413) clustered. The CR gene CRq and closely linked markers will be highly useful for breeding new resistant Chinese cabbage cultivars.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제90권4호
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• pp.476-487
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• 2001

본 연구는 내음수(耐陰樹)가 임상(林床)의 낮은 광도조건에 적응하는 기작을 구명하기 위해서, 양수(陽樹)와 내음수(耐陰樹)의 생육 광도 저하에 대한 광합성계(光合成系)의 적응반응을 서로 비교하였다. 이태리포플러, 음나무, 졸참나무 1년생 묘목을 대상으로 PPFD $920{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$과 PPFD $80{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$의 광도조건에서 5개월간 생장한 개체의 엽록소함량, 잎의 분광특성, 광합성특성 등을 조사하였다. 그 결과 양수인 이태리포플러는 생육 광도의 저하로 엽면적, 단위 엽면적 당의 엽록소함량, 빛의 흡수율 및 광합성에 대한 이용효율 등이 감소하고, 광합성의 광화학계 및 탄소고정계의 활성 저하로 낮은 광합성능력을 나타냈다. 그러나 내음성이 이태리포플러보다 강한 음나무와 졸참나무는 엽면적, 엽록소함량, 순양자수율을 증가시켜 빛의 흡수량과 광합성에 대한 이용효율을 높이는 적응반응을 나타냈다. 그리고 이들 수종은 낮은 광도에서도 광합성의 광화학계 및 탄소고정계의 활성이 정상적으로 유지되고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1127-1133
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• 2008

This study was designed to develop a method of liquid storage of boar sperm at $4^{\circ}C$ by using the modified Beltsville F5 (BF5) diluent with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Boar sperm were stored in lactose-egg yolk and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (LEN), BF5 and Golden-Pig liquid 4 (GPL4) diluents at $4^{\circ}C$ for 5 days and were examined for sperm viability, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). The percentage of sperm viability in GPL4 diluent was higher than in LEN and BF5 diluent from 1 to 5 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. The percentage of sperm viability steadily declined from 1 to 5 days of storage in the three different diluents. Sperm ATP in GPL4 diluent was higher than in LEN and BF5 diluents from 1 to 5 days of storage. Sperm ATP rapidly declined after 5 days of storage in the three different diluents. Porcine oocytes matured in vitro were inseminated with different sperm concentrations of liquid semen stored for 3 days in GPL4 diluent. The percentage of monospermic oocytes did not show any differences from 2.5 to $20{\times}10^5$ sperm/ml. However, the percentage of polyspermic oocytes in the sperm concentration of $2.5{\times}10^5$ sperm/ml was lower than in concentrations of 5, 10 and $20{\times}10^5$5 sperm/ml. The percentage of blastocysts from the cleaved oocytes at $2.5{\times}10^5/ml$ sperm concentration was significantly lower than at 5, 10 and $20{\times}10^5sperm/ml$ concentrations. In conclusion, GPL4 diluent can be stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 5 days and showed higher sperm viability and sperm ATP concentration compared with LEN and BF5 diluents. Also, we found that GPL4 diluent can be used for IVF of porcine oocytes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.917-922
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• 2008

A disintegrin-like and metalloprotease (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type 1 motif (ADAMTS1) plays a critical role in follicular rupture and represents a major advance in the proteolytic events that control ovulation. In this study, a 9,026-bp DNA sequence containing the full coding region, all 8 introns and part of the 5'and 3' untranslated region of the porcine ADAMTS1 gene was obtained. Analysis of the ADAMTS1 gene using the porcine radiation hybrid panel indicated that pig ADAMTS1 is closely linkage with microsatellite marker S0215, located on SSC13q49. The open reading frame of its cDNA covered 2,844 bp and encoded 947 amino acids. The coding region of porcine ADAMTS1 as determined by sequence alignments shared 85% and 81% identity with human and mouse cDNAs, respectively. The deduced protein contained 947 amino acids showing 85% sequence similarity both to the human and mouse proteins, respectively. Comparative sequencing of three pig breeds revealed one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within exon 7 of which a G-C substitution at position 6006 changes a codon for arginine into a codon for proline. The substitution was situated within a PvuII recognition site and developed as a PCR-RFLP marker for further use in population variation investigations and association analysis with litter size. Allele frequencies of this SNP were investigated in seven pig breeds/lines. An association analysis in a new Qingping female line suggested that different ADAMTS1 genotypes have significant differences in litter size (p<0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.343-351
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• 2016

Although the chemical, physical, and nutritional properties of bovine milk have been extensively studied, only a few studies have attempted to characterize milk-synthesizing genes using RNA-seq data. RNA-seq data was collected from 21 Holstein samples, along with group information about milk production ability; milk yield; and protein, fat, and solid contents. Meta-analysis was employed in order to generally characterize genes related to milk production. In addition, we attempted to investigate the relationship between milk related traits, parity, and lactation period. We observed that milk fat is highly correlated with lactation period; this result indicates that this effect should be considered in the model in order to accurately detect milk production related genes. By employing our developed model, 271 genes were significantly (false discovery rate [FDR] adjusted p-value<0.1) detected as milk production related differentially expressed genes. Of these genes, five (albumin, nitric oxide synthase 3, RNA-binding region (RNP1, RRM) containing 3, secreted and transmembrane 1, and serine palmitoyltransferase, small subunit B) were technically validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in order to check the accuracy of RNA-seq analysis. Finally, 83 gene ontology biological processes including several blood vessel and mammary gland development related terms, were significantly detected using DAVID gene-set enrichment analysis. From these results, we observed that detected milk production related genes are highly enriched in the circulation system process and mammary gland related biological functions. In addition, we observed that detected genes including caveolin 1, mammary serum amyloid A3.2, lingual antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin 4 (CATHL4), cathelicidin 6 (CATHL6) have been reported in other species as milk production related gene. For this reason, we concluded that our detected 271 genes would be strong candidates for determining milk production.