• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1420-1428
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• 2009

In this study we cloned and characterized a novel lipid-accumulating gene, the oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1), which is associated with lipogenesis. We analyzed the gene structure and detected the mRNA transcriptional expression levels in pig adipose tissues at different months of age (MA) and in different economic types (lean type and obese type) using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. OLR1 expression profile in different tissues of pig was analyzed. Finally, we studied the correlation between OLR1 and lipid metabolism related genes including peroxisome proliferator-activated $receptor{\gamma}2$ ($PPAR{\gamma}2$), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), triacylglycerol hydrolase (TGH), CAAT/enhancer binding protein $\alpha$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c). Results indicated that the OLR1 gene of the pig exhibited the highest homology with the cattle (84%), and the lowest with the mouse (27%). The signal peptide located from amino acid 38 to 60 and the domain from amino acid 144 to 256 were shared by the C-type lectin family. The expression level of OLR1 in pig lung was exceedingly higher than other tested tissues (p<0.01). In pig adipose tissue, the expression level of OLR1 mRNA increased significantly with growth (p<0.01). The expression level of OLR1 mRNA in obese-type pigs was significantly higher than that of lean-type pigs of the same monthly age (p<0.05). In adipose tissue, the expression of OLR1 correlated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$, FAS and SREBP-1c, but not TGH or C/EBP${\alpha}$. In conclusion, OLR1 was highly associated with fat deposition and its transcription, as suggested by high correlations, was possibly regulated by $PPAR{\gamma}2$ and SREBP-1c.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.1189-1196
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• 2013

Adipose tissue development and function play a critical role in the regulation of energy balance, lipid metabolism, and the pathophysiology of metabolic syndromes. Although the effect of zinc ascorbate supplementation in diabetes or glycemic control is known in humans, the underlying mechanism is not well described. Here, we investigated the effect of a zinc-chelated vitamin C (ZnC) compound on the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Treatment with ZnC for 8 d significantly promoted adipogenesis, which was characterized by increased glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Meanwhile, ZnC induced a pronounced up-regulation of the expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and the adipocyte-specific gene adipocyte protein 2 (aP2). Analysis of mRNA and protein levels further showed that ZnC increased the sequential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/$EBP{\alpha}$), the key transcription factors of adipogenesis. These results indicate that ZnC could promote adipogenesis through $PPAR{\gamma}$ and C/$EBP{\alpha}$, which act synergistically for the expression of aP2 and GLUT4, leading to the generation of insulin-responsive adipocytes and can thereby be useful as a novel therapeutic agent for the management of diabetes and related metabolic disorders.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.613-617
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Adipogenesis is part of the cell differentiation process in which undifferentiated fibroblasts (pre-adipocytes) become mature adipocytes with the accumulation of lipid droplets and subsequent cell morphological changes. Several transcription factors and food components have been suggested to be involved in adipogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether mulberry leaf ethanol extract (MLEE) affects adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS: The 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with different doses of MLEE for 8 days starting 2 days post-confluence. Cell viability, fat accumulation, and adipogenesis-related factors including CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha ($C/EBP{\alpha}$), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$), $PPAR{\gamma}$ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-$1{\alpha}$), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and adiponectin were analyzed. RESULTS: Results showed that MLEE treatments at 10, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/ml$ had no effect on cell morphology and viability. Without evident toxicity, all MLEE treated cells had lower fat accumulation compared with control as shown by lower absorbances of Oil Red O stain. MLEE at 50 and $100{\mu}g/ml$ significantly reduced protein levels of $PPAR{\gamma}$, PGC-$1{\alpha}$, FAS, and adiponectin in differentiated adipocytes. Furthermore, protein level of $C/EBP{\alpha}$ was significantly decreased by the treatment of $100{\mu}g/ml$ MLEE. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that MLEE treatment has an anti-adipogenic effect in differentiated adipocytes without toxicity, suggesting its potential as an anti-obesity therapeutic.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2015

Objectives This experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of Dai-saiko-to (DSH) on differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and body weight, serum lipid levels in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Materials and Methods Cells were incubated with DSH at an indicated concentration (0.01-1 mg/ml) for 24h, then the growth rate was assessed by MTS assay. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were incubated in DMEM for 2 days with the indicated concentrations of DSH. On Day 6, the cells were fixed and the cellular lipid contents were assessed by Oil-Red-O staining. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymine (CCAAT)/enhancer-binding proteins ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$) as adipocyte-specific proteins were determined by real time RT-PCR and western blotting. Four-weeks old mice (wild-type C57BL/6) were used for all experiments. Body weight gain and serum lipid levels were measured in the obesity-induced mice. Results DSH did not show toxicity even at the concentration of 1 mg/ml and DSH significantly inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Also, DSH significantly reduced the expressions of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$ in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, DSH significantly reduced body weight gain, serum glucose, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol contents in obesity-induced mice. Conclusions These results demonstrated that DSH inhibited 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiations and high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.17-30
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• 2013

Objectives This experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of Mulberry leaves contained herbal mixture (MLHM) on body weight, serum lipid level and adipocyte differentiation in high fat diet-fed obese mice. Methods Four-week old mice (wild-type C57/BL6) were used for all experiments. Cells were incubated with MLHM at the indicated concentration (0.04-4mg/ml) for 24h, and growth rate was assessed by MTT ((3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were incubated in DMEM for 2 days with the indicated concentrations of MLHM, and on Day 6, the cells were fixed and the cellular lipid contents were assessed by Oil-Red-O staining. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ (PPAR ${\gamma}$) and cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymine (CCAAT)/enhancer-binding proteins ${\alpha}$ (C/EBP ${\alpha}$) as adipocyte-specific proteins were determined by real time RT-PCR and western blotting. In addition, body weight gain and serum lipid levels were measured in the mice with obesity induced by the high fat-diet for four weeks. Results Though MLHM did not show toxicity even at the concentration of 4mg/ml, MLHM significantly inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocites in a dose-dependent manner. Also, MLHM significantly reduced the expressions of PPAR ${\gamma}$ and C/EBP ${\alpha}$ in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, MLHM significantly reduced body weight gain and LDL-cholesterol contents in high fat diet-fed obese mice. Conclusions These results demonstrate that MLHM exerts anti-obesity effect in 3T3-L1 cells and mice with obesity by high-fat diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1760-1765
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• 2008

A total of 60 one-day-old Yellow-feather broiler chickens were allotted into treatment and control groups. The treatment group was fed with the diet supplemented with 3% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for 48 d, while control group was fed with the diet supplemented with 3% rapeseed oil. Chickens were slaughtered in each group at the age of 49 d, and the blood and the abdominal adipose tissue were sampled. Serum cLeptin and serum cAdiponectin were measured by ELISA. The total RNA was extracted from adipose tissue to measure the abundance of the chicken growth hormone receptor (cGHR), insulin-like growth factor 1 (cIGF-1), insulin-like growth factor I receptor (cIGF-IR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($cPPAR{\gamma}$), cAdiponectin and cAdipoIR mRNA by RT-PCR using ${\beta}$-actin as an internal standard. Results showed that the CLA decreased the abdominal fat index by 20.93% (p<0.05). The level of serum cLeptin but not serum cAdiponectin was significantly increased by CLA treatment (p<0.05). CLA down-regulated the relative abundance of cGH-R mRNA and $cPPAR{\gamma}$ mRNA in abdominal adipose tissue by 24.74% (p<0.05) and 66.52% (p<0.01) respectively. However, no differences were found between CLA treatment group and control group (p>0.05) in the relative abundance of cIGF-1, cIGF-IR, cAdiponectin, and cAdipoIR mRNA in abdominal adipose tissue. The data suggested that CLA inhibited abdominal fat deposition in broiler chicken may be determined by decreasing the GHR available for GH, and by inhibiting the differentiation of preadipocytes via down-regulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$, but independent of IGF and (or) GH-IGF pathway or adiponectin action.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.28-43
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• 2012

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of Boiogito for obesity. We examined the efficacy of Boiogito for obese patients and we expected the reaction of Boiogito would vary according to the single nucleotide polymorphism(SNPs). Methods: 111 subjects(body mass index${\geq}25m/kg^2$) were recruited and randomized to receive Boiogito(n=55) or Placebo(n=56) for 8weeks. Anthropometric factors, serum lipid profile, glucose, blood pressure(BP), pulse rate, resting metabolic rate and Korean version of obesity-related quality of life(KOQOL) scale measured at baseline and 8weeks. SNPs(${\beta}3$-adrenergic receptor(ADRB3), G protein ${\beta}3$(GNB3), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 2 gene(PPAR-${\gamma}2$), uncoupling protein(UCP2)) were conducted at baseline. Adverse reactions and safety outcome variables were also checked during trials. Results: Both groups showed significant improvement on obesity after treatment. Boiogito group decreased triglyceride than did control group and improved KOQOL. Boiogito showed a significant higher efficacy in C/T and T/T genotype of GNB3 gene / in Trp64 and Arg64 genotype of ADRB3 gene / in D/D genotype of UCP2 gene / in Pro/Pro genotype of PPAR-${\gamma}$ gene. Conclusions: Boiogito promoted obesity indexes without severe adverse reactions and proved its safety. Pharmacogenetical studies of Boiogito on obesity could be a effective method for the individualized treatment and prevention of obesity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.2361-2366
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• 2014

A new aliphatic acid amide, ZP-amide F (1), and eight known compounds, including bungeanumamide A (2), tumuramide C (3), ZP-amide A (4), ZP-amide B (5), ZP-amide D (6), hyperin (7), quercitrin (8), and (-)-sesamin (9), were isolated from pericarps of Zanthoxylum piperitum. The effects of these compounds on $TNF{\alpha}$-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and transactivational activity of PPARs, including $PPAR{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\beta}({\delta})$ and $PPAR{\gamma}$ subtypes, were evaluated. Compounds 7 and 9 exhibited potent inhibitory effects on $TNF{\alpha}$-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ activation with $IC_{50}$ values of 5.50 and $8.10{\mu}M$, respectively. Aliphatic acid amide compounds 3, 4 and 6 displayed enhanced effects on PPAR transactivational activity with $EC_{50}$ values of 47.12, 19.13 and $12.02{\mu}M$, respectively. Among them, compound 4 demonstrated an increase in $PPAR{\alpha}$ transactivational activity, compound 3 showed a moderate increase on all PPAR subtypes, whereas compound 6 displayed weak PPAR transactivational activity.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.239-245
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• 2006

This study examined whether adult bovine muscle satellite cells from 30-month-old Hanwoo cattle are multipotential. The satellite cells were found to have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into myoblasts with the formation of multinucleated cells. In addition, treatment with the peroxisome proliferator activating receptor-${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) agonist, rosiglitazone, promoted their trans-differentiation into adipocytes with significant increases in glycerol accumulation and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Western blot analysis revealed that increased levels of the adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, $PPAR{\gamma}$ and of CCAAT/enhancerbinding protein were closely related to rosiglitazoneinduced differentiation of the cells. These findings demonstrate that satellite cells from adult Hanwoo cattle are multipotent, and that their trans-differentiation into adipocytes can be induced by rosiglitazone.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.351-360
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• 2018

The adipogenesis is a maturation process of pre-adipocyte cell into mature lipid-filled adipocyte cell. The adipogenesis begins at the late prenatal stage and continues until the early postnatal age. Because the adipogenesis and formation of adipose tissue persist during postnatal period and are precisely regulated by the action of numerous gene products, the present research was attempted to determine the expressional patterns of adipose tissue-associated genes in the rat epididymal fat pad at different postnatal ages, from 7 days to 2 years of ages, using a quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The basal expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein gamma, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1, fatty acid binding protein 4, adiponectin, leptin, and resistin at the early postnatal ages were significantly lower than those at the elderly ages, even though a fluctuation of expressional levels was observed at some ages. The lowest expressional level of delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 was detected at 44 days and 5 months of ages. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) was the highest at 44 days of age, followed by a diminished expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ at the elderly ages. These results indicate the existence of a complex regulatory mechanism(s) for expression of adipose tissueassociated genes in the rat epididymal fat during postnatal period.