• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.246-250
• /
• 2003

Calcium phosphate was prepared by chemical reaction formula using Oyster shells and $H_3$$PO_4$solutions. After added to 0.1 M∼0.9$ M H_3$$PO_4$ solution for oyster shell, prepared powders were investigated for heating properties and formation phase with heat treatment temperatures. As the results of XRD analysis of heated powders at $500^{\circ}C$∼$1200^{\circ}C$,$ CaCO_3$ phases were observed at the temperature of below 900 TEX>$^{\circ}C$ and in the condition of 0.1 M∼0.9 M $H_3$$PO_4$ solutions. However, $CaCO_3$, $CaPO_3$(OH) and $Ca_3$($PO_4$)$_2$ phases were appeared at the temperature range between $500∼900^{\circ}C$ and in the solution of 0.7 M to 0.9 M $H_3$$PO_4$. $Ca_{ 5}$($PO_4$)$_3$(OH) and CaO phases due to the decarbonation of oyster shells($CaCO_3$) were appeared at above $1000^{\circ}C$ and in the solution of below 0.5 M $H_3$X$PO_4$. However in the case of above 0.7 M $H_3$$H_4$ solutions, $Ca_{5}$ ($PO_4$)$_3$(OH) was decomposed into $Ca_3$($PO_4$)$_2$ at more higher 100$0^{\circ}C$. Thus $Ca_3$(X$Ca_4$)$_2$ phases were appeared at higher than 100$0^{\circ}C$.

• 한국표면공학회지
• /
• 제53권6호
• /
• pp.351-359
• /
• 2020

Formation behavior and properties of PEO (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) film on AA2024 were investigated under application of pulsed current as a function of Na3PO4 concentration in 0.05 M Na2SiO3 solution by analyzing voltage-time behavior, in-situ observation of arc generation, observation of surface morphology and measurements of thickness and surface roughness. Arc generation voltage decreased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration. Color difference of PEO films between edge and inner part disappeared by addition of Na3PO4. It was also observed that size of nodules on PEO film decreased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration. Thickness of PEO films formed on AA2024 increased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration. Whereas, surface roughness of PEO films decreased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration up to 0.05 M of Na3PO4 which is attributed to the deceased size of nodules on the PEO films. However, the surface roughness increased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration more than 0.07 M of Na3PO4 which seems to be due to the formation of non-uniform PEO films with smooth surface and large size pores formed by orange-colored big arcs. The experimental results suggest that added sodium phosphate less than 0.2 M in an alkaline silicate solution can contribute to the formation of relatively thick and uniform thickness of PEO films under arc generation voltage lower than 300 V.

• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.30-34
• /
• 2018

Silver (Ag) has been widely used in commercial products and medical fields since ancient times because of its antibacterial effect. It is harmless and non-toxic to the human body. For this reason, recent research has actively evaluated antimicrobial activity using silver (Ag). In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of a silver-based compound, silver phosphate ($Ag_3PO_4$) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and the activation of human immunity. First, the inhibitory effect of $Ag_3PO_4$ on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed by a growth curve and a colonyounting method. As a result, the growth inhibitory effect increased as the concentration of $Ag_3PO_4$ increased. Specifically, treatment with $5{\mu}g/mL$ of $Ag_3PO_4$ resulted in no bacteria growth, and the colony-counting method showed a remarkable inhibition. In addition, the expression of cytokine IL-8 by $Ag_3PO_4$ was examined to investigate the cellular immune system activation by $Ag_3PO_4$. After pretreatment of Staphylococcus aureus for 1 hour with $50{\mu}g/mL$ $Ag_3PO_4$, an increased IL-8 mRNA expression resulted. In cells treated with $Ag_3PO_4$, we found that the expression of IL-8 was enhanced in a time-dependent fashion compared to non-treated cells. These results indicate that $Ag_3PO_4$ induces antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and activates human immunity. These results are expected to contribute to the future study of the mechanism of silver (Ag) and silver-based compounds in relation to antibacterial activity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.1491-1494
• /
• 2011

Lithium vanadium phosphate, $Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3$ was prepared by a simple solid state route. It was found that making a fine powder of $Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3$ by the mechanical milling is very effective for increasing the insertion/extraction of lithium from $Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3$ structure. In charge/discharge test, the ball-milled $Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3$ sample exhibited a higher initial discharge capacity of 174 mAh/g in the voltage range of 3.0-4.8 V, compared with pure $Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3$ sample (152 mAh/g). Furthermore, the ball-milled $Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3$ presented not only higher cycle retention rate after 50 cycles, but also better rate capability compared with pure sample in the whole region (0.1-7 C).

• 한국결정성장학회지
• /
• 제33권5호
• /
• pp.167-173
• /
• 2023

출발원료인 바나듐 산화물을 이용한 Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃를 제조하기 위해 N₂H₄·H₂O를 환원제로 사용하였고 낮은 전기 전도성을 개선하기 위하여 알긴산을 탄소원으로 사용하여 직접 공침법을 통해 단사정계 Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C 복합체의 양극 활물질을 합성하여 전기화학 특성을 비교하였다. 구형에 가까운 형상으로 대략 1~2 ㎛의 균일한 입자 크기와 좁은 입도분포를 가지는 Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 제조한 Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C 복합체의 양극 활물질은 Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ 보다 초기 방전용량의 개선과 안정적으로 용량을 유지하는 사이클 특성이 우수하여 탄소 복합체 형성으로 인해 양극 활물질의 전기화학적 성능이 향상하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 추계학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.137.1-137.1
• /
• 2011

올리빈 구조의 $LiFePO_4$ 정극 활물질은 $650^{\circ}C$에서 고상법으로 제조되었다. $LiFePO_4$의 전자전도도를 향상시키기 위하여 graphite nanofiber(GNF)를 각각 3wt%, 5wt%, 7wt%, 9wt% 첨가하여 $LiFePO_4$-C를 제조하였다. 제조된 분말의 입자 형태를 확인하기 위하여 X-ray diffraction(XRD)과 File Electronic Scaning Electromicroscopy(FE-SEM)를 측정하였다. XRD결과로부터 제조된 분말은 모두 순수한 결정 구조를 나타내었고 입자의 크기는 약 200nm였다. 5wt% GNF를 첨가한 $LiFePO_4$-C는 기타 첨가량에 비해 방전용량이 가장 높았다. 첫 사이클의 용량은 151.73mAh/g 나타났고 50 사이클 뒤에도 92% 이상을 유지하고 있었다. 첨가하지 않은 것에 비해 43% 증가하였다. $LiFePO_4$-C(3wt%), $LiFePO_4$-C(7wt%), $LiFePO_4$-C(9wt%)의 첫 사이클 방전용량은 각각 147.94mAh/g, 136.64mAh/g, 121.07mAh/g 나타났다. $LiFePO_4$-C(5wt%)에 비해 용량은 떨어쪘지만 순수한 $LiFePO_4$보다 많이 높았다. 임피던스 결과를 보면 기타 첨가량에 비해 $LiFePO_4$-C(5wt%)의 저항 제일 낮았다. 이는 충방전 결과와 일치하였다. graphite nanofiber의 첨가로 인하여 $LiFePO_4$ 정극 활물질의 전자전도도가 높아지고, 따라서 전기화학적 특성도 크게 향상되었다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제56권4호
• /
• pp.350-353
• /
• 2019

Porous alumina ceramics with addition of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt% Al(H₂PO₄)₃ were sintered at 1300, 1350, and 1400℃. The effects of the Al(H₂PO₄)₃ addition on crystal phases, water absorption, open porosity, pore size distribution, microstructures, and flexural strength were studied extensively. The experimental results revealed that only characteristic peaks of corundum were indexed in the XRD patterns of the as-prepared porous ceramics. The water absorption and open porosity of the porous Al₂O₃ ceramics increased remarkably with an increase in Al(H₂PO₄)₃ addition. The flexural strength first increased to a maximum value when 5 wt% Al(H₂PO₄)₃ was added and then decreased as additional Al(H₂PO₄)₃ was further added. SEM images showed that the average Al₂O₃ grain size in the porous ceramics changed in an opposite way as the flexural strength. The porous Al₂O₃ ceramics with 10 wt% Al(H₂PO₄)₃ addition exhibited comparable flexural strength to the ceramics without Al(H₂PO₄)₃ addition, although the latter had much higher porosity.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.185-193
• /
• 2024

In this study, NASICON-type Li_1+XGa_XTi_2-X(PO₄)₃ (x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.4) solid-state electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries were synthesized through the sol-gel method. In addition, the influence on the ion conductivity of solid-state electrolytes when partially substituted for Ti⁴⁺ (0.61Å) site to Ga³⁺ (0.62Å) of trivalent cations was investigated. The obtained precursor was heat treated at 450 ℃, and a single crystalline phase of Li_1+XGa_XTi_2-X(PO₄)₃ systems was obtained at a calcination temperature above 650 ℃. Additionally, the calcinated powders were pelletized and sintered at temperatures from 800 ℃ to 1,000 ℃ at 100 ℃ intervals. The synthesized powder and sintered bodies of Li_1+XGa_XTi_2-X(PO₄)₃ were characterized using TG-DTA, XRD, XPS and FE-SEM. The ionic conduction properties as solid-state electrolytes were investigated by AC impedance. As a result, Li_1+XGa_XTi_2-X(PO₄)₃ was successfully produced in all cases. However, a GaPO₄ impurity was formed due to the high sintering temperatures and high Ga content. The crystallinity of Li_1+XGa_XTi_2-X(PO₄)₃ increased with the sintering temperature as evidenced by FE-SEM observations, which demonstrated that the edges of the larger cube-shaped grains become sharper with increases in the sintering temperature. In samples with high sintering temperatures at 1,000 ℃ and high Ga content above 0.3, coarsening of grains occurred. This resulted in the formation of many grain boundaries, leading to low sinterability. These two factors, the impurity and grain boundary, have an enormous impact on the properties of Li_1+XGa_XTi_2-X(PO₄)₃. The Li_1.3Ga_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ pellet sintered at 900 ℃ was denser than those sintered at other conditions, showing the highest total ion conductivity of 7.66 × 10^-5 S/cm at room temperature. The total activation energy of Li-ion transport for the Li_1.3Ga_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ solid-state electrolyte was estimated to be as low as 0.36 eV. Although the Li_1+XGa_XTi_2-X(PO₄)₃ sintered at 1,000 ℃ had a relatively high apparent density, it had less total ionic conductivity due to an increase in the grain-boundary resistance with coarse grains.

• 원예과학기술지
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.93-97
• /
• 2000

당근, 상추, 양파 및 파종자 발아촉진을 위한 priming 처리 시 약제의 종류와 농도에 따른 효과를 조사하고자 $KNO_3$, $KH_2PO_4$, $K_3PO_4$, NaOH 및 $Ca(NO_3)_2$는 3수준, PEG 8000은 4수준으로 농도를 달리하였으며, 처리 후 발아율, T50 및 평균발아소요일수(MDG)를 무처리 및 수침처리와 비교하였다. 당근 종자의 발아율은 무처리에 비하여 PEG, $Ca(NO_3)_2$, $KH_2PO_4$ 처리는 유의차가 없었고 T50 및 MDG는 처리약제 모두 단축효과가 있었지만 -0.50 MPa PEG 처리 시 가장 효과적이었다. 상추 종자의 발아율은 무처리에 비하여 유의차가 없었으며, T50은 모든 처리약제에서 단축효과가 있었지만 수침처리와는 차이가 없었고 MDG는 50mM $K_3PO_4$ 및 200mM $KH_2PO_4$에서 단축효과가 있었다. 양파 종자의 발아율은 무처리보다 감소되었으며, T50과 MDG는 200mM $KH_2PO_4$가 무처리에 비하여 단축효과가 있었다. 파 종자의 발아율은 무처리에 비하여 낮았으며, T50 및 MDG는 $KH_2PO_4$ 및 $Ca(NO_3)_2$에서 단축효과가 크게 나타났다.

• 원예과학기술지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.219-221
• /
• 1998

'남도' 마늘의 주아를 이용한 종구 생산성을 검토하기 위하여 주아를 200mM $K_3PO_4$와 200mM $KNO_3$ 용액에 파종전 침지처리(7일간, $10^{\circ}C$)한 후 파종기를 9월 20일, 10월 10일 및 10월 30일로 달리하여 시험하였다. 출현속도는 파종기가 늦을수록 빨라졌는데 10월 10일 $K_3PO_4$ 처리에서 출현소요일수가 단축되었다. 식물체 생육 역시 $K_3PO_4$ 처리후 10월 10일 파종에서 우수하였다. 인편분화율은 모든 처리구에서 85% 이상이었고, 평균구종은 파종시기가 빠를수록 높았다. 수량은 $K_3PO_4$ 처리후 10월 10일 파종이 무처리에 비해 27% 중수되어 주아를 마늘 파종적기에 화학제를 처리함으로써 더 많은 종구를 획득할 수 있었다.