• 제목/요약/키워드: $PM_{2.5}$ fine particles

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새만금간척지 지역 대기 중 초미세먼지 (PM2.5) 오염 특성 평가 (Characteristics of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in the Atmosphere of Saemangum Reclaimed Land Area)

  • 송지한;김정수;홍성창;김진호
    • 한국농공학회논문집
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    • 제64권3호
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    • pp.25-32
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    • 2022
  • To understand the distribution characteristics of PM2.5 concentration in the Saemangeum Reclamation Area and nearby areas, three points of the background area, the occurrence area, and the affected area were selected and samples were collected for each season. The chemical composition was determined. As a result of analyzing the chemical composition contained in PM2.5, NO3- (7.2 ㎍/m3), SO42- (4.3 ㎍/m3), NH4+ (4.3 ㎍/m3), OC (2.5 ㎍/m3), Si (1.3 ㎍/m3) m3) and EC (0.5 ㎍/m3) seemed to be the main components, and NO3-, SO42-, NH4+, which are components that form secondary particles, occupied a large proportion. The composition ratio of PM2.5 was investigated in the order of ion component (56.8%) > Unknown (27.4%) > carbon component (11.8%) > heavy metal component (4.0%). During the PM2.5 high concentration case days, the ionic component accounted for 90.7% during atmospheric stagnation cases, whereas the chemical composition ratio was in the order of ionic component (51.7%) > heavy metal component (41.5%) > carbon component (6.8%) during yellow dust cases. It was found that the characteristic of PM2.5 in the Saemangeum reclaimed land and surrounding areas is mainly influenced by outside (domestic and overseas) throughout the year. Ion components accounted for the largest portion of PM2.5 components in this area, but there were few sources of SOx and NOx emission in the Seamangeum area, which are precursors for secondary particle formation. Therefore, it is judged that most of these are generated and influenced as a secondary reaction in the atmosphere from the outside.

Effect of Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEP) on the Activity of Phospholipase D (PLD) in RAW 264.7 Cells

  • Nam Hae-Yun;Shin Hyun-Yong;Ahn Eun-Kyung;Kim Hyung-Jung;Lim Young
    • Toxicological Research
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.9-13
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    • 2006
  • Diesel exhausted particles (DEP), a kind of fine particles with aerodynamic diameters less than $2.5{\mu}m$ (PM2.5), is of great concern to human health because they remain in atmosphere for long periods, invade an indoor air environment, and can be breathed most deeply into lung and reached the alveoli because of their small size ($0.1{\sim}0.4\;{\mu}m$ in diameter). Epidemiological and experimental studies suggested that DEP may play an active role in the increased respiratory mortality and morbidity. In addition to their physical characteristics, the chemical components including polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) are regarded as a carcinogen causing pulmonary tumors. PLD plays an important role in cell proliferation with various physiological phenomena and affects other enzymes by activating signal transduction pathway. We investigated the cytotoxic mechanism of DEP on RAW 264.7 cells focusing on the role in activation of PLD. Our results suggested DEP induced PLD activity through a specific signaling pathway involving phospholipase $A_2$, PLC, PKC and $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization.

2011년 동아시아에서 기류의 이동 경로에 따른 청원에서 측정한 에어로졸 질량 농도 및 원소 성분 분석 (An Analysis of Aerosol Mass Concentrations and Elemental Constituents Measured at Cheongwon depending on the Backward Trajectories of Air Parcel in East Asia in 2011)

  • 김학성;변광태;정용승;최현정;김민정
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제21권7호
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    • pp.855-863
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    • 2012
  • This study analyzed mass concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 and elemental constituents according to the isentropic backward trajectories of air parcel from Cheongwonin East Asia during the period January - October, 2011. Mass concentrations of the continental polluted airflow (CP) showed levels of TSP and PM10 mass concentrations higher than the continental background airflow (CB). Also, PM2.5 mass concentrations of anthropogenic fine particles ran higher in CP than in CB. The elemental constituents and elemental constituent ratio ended up varying depending on the origin of atmospheric aerosols generated. The average absolute content of elemental constituents reached its height in CB, the ratio of anthropogenically originating elements (PE) among the all elements (AE) analyzed marked a high in CP, and Mg+Na/AE reached its height in the oceanic airflow (OA). At the same time, TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations, the ratio of PM2.5/TSP and PE/AE element ratio ran higher in CP than CB. Episodes of large-scale transport of atmospheric pollutants as observed at Cheongwon were 8 cases and 22 days. The ratios of PM10, PM2.5 among TSP mass concentrations showed different results and the ratios of PM2.5 showed an increasing trend in the episodes of anthropogenic air pollution transport. Overall, dustfall episodes show a level of elemental constituents higher than those of anthropogenic air pollution.Dustfall episodes were observed to contain more of Fe, Al and Ca originating from continental soils and those of air pollution were observed to contain more of Zn, Mn, Cu and Pb. By difference in contents of absolute elemental constituents, episodes of anthropogenic air pollution showed a high PE/AE rate, and dustfall episodes a high SE/AE rate.

미세입자(PM2.5)의 배출원 구성물질 성분비 개발에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Development of Source Profiles for Fine Particles (PM2.5))

  • 이학성;강충민;강병욱;이상권
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제20권3호
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    • pp.317-330
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    • 2004
  • The Purpose of this study was to develop the P $M_{2.5}$ source Profiles, which are mass abundances (fraction of total mass) of a chemical species in P $M_{2.5}$ source emissions. The source categories studied were soil, road dust, gasoline and diesel vehicles, industrial source, municipal incinerator, coal-fired power plant, biomass burning, and marine. The chemicals analyzed were ions. elements. and carbons. From this study, soil source had the crustal components such as Si, hi, and Fe. In the case of road dust. Si, OC, Ca, Fe had large abundances. The abundant species were S $O_4$$^{2-}$, C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $H_4$$^{+}$, and EC in the gasoline vehicle and EC, OC, C $l^{[-10]}$ , and S $O_4$$^{2-}$ in the diesel vehicle. The main components were S $O_4$$^{2-}$, S N $H_4$$^{+}$, and EC in the industrial source using bunker C oil as fuel, C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $H_4$$^{+}$, Fe, and OC in the municipal incinerator source, and Si, Al, S $O_4$$^{2-}$, and OC in the coal -fired power plant source. In the case of biomass burning, OC, EC, and C $l^{[-10]}$ were mainly emitted. The main components in marine were C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $a^{+}$, and S $O_4$$^{2-}$.EX> 2-/.

서울 성동구 지역 미세먼지의 화학적 조성에 관한 연구 (A Study on Chemical Composition of Fine Particles in the Sungdong Area, Seoul, Korea)

  • 조용성;이홍석;김윤신;이종태;박진수
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제12권6호
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    • pp.665-676
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    • 2003
  • 본 연구는 서울지역의 PM$_{2.5}$의 화학적 조성을 조사하기 위하여 2000년 10월 1일부터 200l년 9월 26일까지 계절별(봄, 여름, 가을 겨울)로 PM$_{2.5}$ dichotomous air sampler를 이용하여 포집한 후, ICP-MS를 이용하여 검출한계 이상인 13가지의 중금속 성분(Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Si, V, Zn)과 IC를 이용하여 5가지의 수용성 이온성분($Na^{+}$, NH$_4$$^{+}$, Cl ̄, NO$_3$$^{-}$ , SO$_4$$^2$ ̄)을 측정/분석하였다. 분석결과에 얻어진 PM$_{2.5}$의 농도와 화학적 성분의 농도를 계절별로 비교하였으며, 중금속 성분의 정성적인 발생원의 기여도를 파악하기 위하여 주성분 분석을 실시하였다.1) 조사기간 중 PM$_{2.5}$의 계절별 농도는 겨울(33.91 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥) > 봄(28.79 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥) > 가을(18.62 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥) >여름(14.92 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥) 순으로 조사되어 주로 겨울철에 대기중 PM$_{2.5}$의 농도가 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. PM$_{10}$에 대한 PM$_{2.5}$의 기여도는 33.7~83.5 %로 나타났으며, PM$_{2.5}$PM$_{10}$의 평균비는 0.54로 조사되었고, 회귀분석에서 PM$_{10}$=4.20PM$_{2.5}$+.9.91, $R^2$=0.73 (p < 0.05)의 회귀관계식을 나타나 PM$_{2.5}$로 PM$_{10}$을 73% 수준에서 설명할 수 있었으며 통계적으로 유의한 값을 보였다. 2) PM$_{2.5}$의 중금속 성분은 Si > Fe > Al> Zn >Ca>Ba>V>Pb>As>Cu>Cr>Cd 순으로 높은 농도를 보였다. 중금속 성분의PM$_{2.5}$PM$_{10}$의 비는 인위적인 발생원에서 기인하는 Cd, Cr, Pb, V, Zn과 같은 중금속 성분의 비율이 높은 조사되었고, 자연적인 발생원에서 기인하는 Al, Ca, Fe, Mn, Si와 같은 중금속 성분의 비율이 낮게 조사되었다 특히 Al, Ca, Fe의 비율이 봄철에 높아 중국에서 발생한 황사의 영향을 받은 것으로 사료된다. 3) PM$_{2.5}$ 중 이온 성분의 농도는 NO$_3$ ̄ > SO$_4$$^2$ ̄ > Cl ̄ > NH$_4$$^{+}$ 순으로 조사되었으며, PM$_{2.5}$PM$_{10}$의 비를 조사한 결과, NO$_3$ ̄,SO$_4$$^2$ ̄, Cl ̄의 비율이 높아 PM$_{10}$에 포함되어 있는 PM$_{2.5}$가 산성오염물질에 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 조사되었다 4) PM$_{2.5}$의 정성적인 발생원을 추정하기 위해 중금속 성분에 대한 주성분 분석의 결과 3개의 주성분으로 나누어 졌으며, 주요 발생원은 자연발생원인 토양성분과 석유연료 연소에서 배출되는 성분으로 추정되어 이 발생원이 중금속 성분 농도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료되며, PM$_{2.5}$의 화학적 성분은 지역여건과 기상조건, 계절변동에 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 사료된다. 이상의 연구결과에서 PM$_{10}$에 비해 인체에 유해한 화학적 성분(중금속, 이온 성분)이 포함되어 있는 PM$_{2.5}$에 대한 철저한 관리 및 규제 설정이 요구되며, 측정지점의 특성상 자동차 배기가스와 금속제련 및 가공에 의한 영향을 주로 받는 것으로 추정되었다 또한 지역여건과 기상조건에 영향을 많이 받는 PM$_{2.5}$에 대한 지속적인 연구와 자료축적이 요구되고 발생원에 대한 정량적인 기여도를 평가하기 위한 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다. 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.기 위한 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다. 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

철성분 미세먼지 포집을 위한 자성 필터 연구 (Fine Iron Dust Collection by Magnetized Mesh Filters)

  • 박해우;황산;정상귀;김상범;조영민
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제31권2호
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    • pp.118-130
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    • 2015
  • Fine dust containing iron compounds is of current interests in metro subway as well as large scale industries including iron manufacturing and smelting works. This work attempts to find a new design of magnetic filter module for iron dust capture. It simulated the vertical rectangular duct with metal mesh which might promote electric fields in the duct space. A lab test using coal fly ash composed of 8.66% Fe with the most form of $Fe_3O_4$ and $Fe_2O_3$ showed capability of magnetic collection. It showed the capture efficiency with 80~93% for $PM_{2.5}$ depending on magnetic intensity. Ferromagnetic wire mesh contributed up to 50% of collection increment.

Summarize Water-soluble Ions of $PM_{2.5}$ in Northeastern Asia

  • Z. He;Seong Y. Ryu;Kim, Jeong E.;K. O. Ogunjobi;Kim, Young J.
    • 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국대기환경학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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    • pp.400-401
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    • 2003
  • Atmospheric fine aerosol particles play an important role in controlling a number of atmospheric processes, such as the deposition of different compounds, the optical properties etc. (Molnar et al., 1999). In this report, water-soluble species of PM$_{2.5}$ obtained from simultaneous measurements at four Asia sites (Beijng (39.56$^{\circ}$N, 116.17$^{\circ}$E), China; Gwangju (35.10$^{\circ}$N, 126.53$^{\circ}$E), South Korea; Kyoto (35.01$^{\circ}$N, 135.44$^{\circ}$E), Japan; and Ulan-Bator (47.55$^{\circ}$N, 106.52$^{\circ}$E), Mongolia) during the periods of 14-22 August, 30 October-06 November 2000, 14-21 January 2001, 23 July-02 August and 05-16 November 2002, within the framework of an APN (The Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research) project are reported. Ion components in 23 July-02 August 2002 were not obtained because of the technical problem of equipments.s.

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도시개발사업의 토지부담률에 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인분석 (Analysis of Environmental Factors Affecting on the Reduction Rate of Land Compensation in Urban Development Project)

  • 구자건;선종근;정민정;홍지연
    • KIEAE Journal
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.3-8
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    • 2011
  • This study was carried out for analysing the relationship of environmental factors and the reduction rate of land compensation of six urban development projects near waste landfill sites located in the Seoul metropolitan area. For a close investigation, 24 variables were selected but only 4 environmental variables were identified to have high correlation to the reduction rate of compensation. These are fine particles(PM10), bad smell, the ratio of a greening zone of land and park, and the distance in straight line from the landfill site. Two variables-PM10 and bad smell-were found to have an effect on the average reduction rate of land compensation by correlation analysis. On the other hand, the ratio of a greening zone and the distance in straight line from the landfill site have been rejected for the significance test. The result of regression analysis of six models for the search of affecting variables on the reduction rate of compensation is that PM10 and bad smell have the impact ratio of more than 0.5. But the ratio of greening zone and the distance from the landfill are not significant factors, having the impact ratio of 0.025~0.045 except one model.

2004년 부산지역 미세먼지(PM10, PM2.5) 중의 금속 농도 특성 (Characteristics of Metallic Elements Concentration of Fine Particles(PM10, PM2.5) at Busan in 2004)

  • 전병일;황용식;이혁우;양아름;김현정;설재환;강영진;김택훈;장현석
    • 한국지구과학회지
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    • 제26권6호
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    • pp.573-583
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    • 2005
  • 부산지역에서 $PM_{10}$$PM_{2.5}$중의 금속 성분 농도를 파악하기 위하여 2004년 3월부터 2004년 12월까지 조사하였다. $PM_{10}$의 평균농도는 $58.2{\mu}g/m^3$ 농도범위는 $8.3\~161.1{\mu}g/m^3$이었으며, $PM_{2.5}$의 평균농도는 $29.3{\mu}g/m^3$, 농도범위는 $2.8~\65.3{\mu}g/m^3$였다. $PM_{10}$의 평균 질량농도는 황사시 $121.5{\mu}g/m^3$, 비황사시 $56.0{\mu}g/m^3$로 나타났다. 10 이상의 지각농축계수를 보인 성분은 Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb 및 Zn로서 인위적기원을 받은 것으로 추정된다. $PM_{10}$$PM_{2.5}$ 중 미량금속 성분의 지각농축계수는 황사시보다 비황사시에 높게 나타났으며, 인근의 공단지역으로부터 인위적 오염물질이 수송된 것으로 추정된다. $PM_{10}$$PM_{2.5}$의 토양입자의 평균 기여율은 각각 $15.2\%$$17.5\%$였다. 토양기여율의 황사/비황사비는 $PM_{10}$$PM_{2.5}$에서 각각 1.9와 2.1로 나타났다.

부산지역 시정악화의 원인 분석 (The Analyses of Causes of Visibility Impairment in Pusan)

  • 김유근;문윤섭;배주현;곽진
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제8권6호
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    • pp.639-643
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    • 1999
  • After analyzing the correlation between air pollution and visibility, TSP and $NO_2$ is responsible for poor visibility in Pusan. After analyzing the correlation between meteorological factors and visibility, general pattern of humidity has clear negative correlation. The variation of wind speed has a positive correlation. In order to investigate the cause of poor visibility in Pusan area, the Andersen sampler and PM-2.5 are used to collect and analyze aerosol. This study was carried out to monitor the visibility using Forward scattering meter and to find out the characteristics and the cause of good visibility case and poor visibility case by measuring and analyzing a variety of parameters, such as particle size distributions, chemical compositions, and meteorological conditions in Pusan. According to the analysis of intensive sampling, $NO_3^-,NH_4^+$ ion concentration increased together with the mass concentration around $0.5\~2.5{\mu}m$ approximately during the case of poor visibility. $NH_4NO_3,\;NH_4Cl,\;and\;NaCl$ were thought to be the major components of fine particles.

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