• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.343-348
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of root peel and spear of mulberry (RME and SME, respectively) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Both extracts significantly inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). However, prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) levels decreased in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells treated with SME. Additionally, the extracts reduced inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in mRNA levels. Although ROS production was lower in the RME-treated cells than in the SME-treated cells, the levels of other inflammatory parameters, including IL-6 and $PGE_2$, and mRNA levels of iNOS and COX-2 reduced more in the SME-treated cells. These results indicate that SME showed higher anti-inflammatory activities than RME. Therefore, SME can be used as a functional food ingredient to enhance health.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1377-1383
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• 2015

Scopoletin is a component of several plant such as Erycibe obtusifolia, Aster tataricus, Foeniculum vulgare and Brunfelsia grandiflora. It was reported to have anti-angiogenesis and anti-allergy effects. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of scopoletin was investigated in Raw264.7 cells, mouse macrophages. The effects of scopoletin on phagocytosis and nitric oxide (NO) production were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses. It was observed that scopoletin exerted inhibitory effects on both phagocytosis and NO production. In addition, scopoletin decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) which were related to NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. In particular, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6 were remarkably decreased by treatment with scopoletin. Furthermore, the content of TNFα produced by macrophage was decreased in the presence of scopoletin at 8 hr. These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effect of scopoletin could exert by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Raw264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. The above results suggest scopoletin could be a new remedial agent for anti-inflammation through inhibition of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α expressions as well as supression of phagocytosis and NO production.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.39-47
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• 2011

Objective: The roots, leaves, flowers, stems and seeds of Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense are often used in treatment of human diseases such as hemorrhage, blood congestion and inflammation. Focusing our attention on natural and bioavailable sources of antioxidants and anti-inflammation, we undertook to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense used as a folk medicine in Korea. Methods: The extracts of the leaves, stems, flowers, seeds and roots from C. japonicum var. ussuriense were prepared by extracting with water or 80% ethanol. Total flavonoids and polyphenols were measured by a colorimetric assay. The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was analyzed by the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and Griess reagent assay. An oxidative product of nitric oxide (NO), was measured in the culture medium by the Griess reaction. The level of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were measured by Western blot analysis. Results: Total flavonoid and polyphenol amounts of the leaves (CLE) and flowers (CFE) showed higher than those of the seed extract (CSE), stem extract (CSTE) and roots (CRE). CLE and CFE also showed the high antioxidant activities such as DPPH, NO-like and ABTS radical scavenging activity. An antioxidant activities of these water extracts showed higher than those of 80% ethanol extracts. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of CLE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. CLE significantly suppressed the levels of the inflammatory mediators such as NO and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) in dose dependant. Furthermore, the levels of iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions were markedly suppressed by the treatment with CLE extract in a dose dependent manner. Conclusions: These results suggest that CLE water extract has a higher anoxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, these properties may contribute to the oxidative and inflammatory related disease care.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.368-377
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• 2021

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of radiation mutant Perilla frutescens var. crispa and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi complex extract(Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex extract) on the mediators related to degenerative arthritis in a monosodium iodoacetate-induced rat model of degenerative arthritis. Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex extract was administered orally at doses of 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks before direct injection of monosodium iodoacetate (3 mg/50 µl of 0.9% saline) into the intra-articular space of the rats' right knees. The rats subsequently received the same doses of oral Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex extract for another 4 weeks. It was evaluated that the treatment effects based on serum bio-markers, and morphological and histopathological analysis of the knee joints. Compared with those in negative control rats, the Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex extract treatments significantly reduced the serum levels of inflammation, bone metabolism markers (i.e., TNF-α, MMP-3, COX-2, PGE₂, COMP, and Aggrecan). Otherwise, it was significantly increased the production of CTX-2 in cartilage absorption mediators. In addition, the Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex extract treatments effectively preserved the knee cartilage and synovial membrane. As a result, it indicates that the Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex extract improved degenerative arthritis symptoms. Thus, the Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex can be used in food material for the management of degenerative arthritis.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.1-24
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• 2023

Objectives: Boeum-jeon (BEJ) is a herbal formula composed 8 Korean medicinal herbs and is traditionally used to treat inflammatory diseases. In this study, the authors tried to confirm the antioxidant efficacy of BEJ and its anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Methods: In this experiment, results of BEJ on the following two were measured as follows: (1) Antioxidant effects was measured by DPPH Radical scavenging Activity, ABTS Radical scavenging Activity. (2) Anti-Inflammatory effects were evaluated by the production amount of ROS, NO, Cytokine (PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, HO-1, NQO1 (the previous seven are "mRNA Expression"), COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, HO-1, NQO1, NRF2 (the previous eight are "Protein Expression") ERK, JNK, p38 (the previous three are "Protein Phosphorylation") in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Results: The experimental measurement results are as follows: (1) DPPH Radical scavenging Activity, ABTS Radical scavenging Activity increased in a concentration -dependent manner in the BEJ-treated group. (2) As a result of measuring anti-inflammatory efficacy, the production of ROS, NO, and Cytokine (PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) in the BEJ-administered group was significantly reduced compared to the control group. (3) Among mRNA Expression levels, COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner than in the control group, and HO-1 and NQO1 were significantly increased in a concentration -dependent manner than in the control group. (4) Among the Protein Expression levels, COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was significantly decreased in a concentration -dependent manner compared to the control group, and HO-1, NQO1 and NRF2 was significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner compared to the control group. (5) As a result of Protein Phosphorylation, ERK, p38 and JNK was significantly decreased compared to the control group in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusions: Boeum-jeon has been experimentally confirmed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and if the evidence for efficacy is reinforced through further studies such as in vivo studies and clinical trials in the future, it can be effectively used to treat various inflammatory diseases such as bladder inflammation and chronic pelvic inflammation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2011

Eupatorium japonicum belongs to a family of Asteraceae plants and flowers of E. japonicum have been consumed as a tea. In this study, we investigated whether E. japonicum extract inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in Raw264.7 macrophages. The cells were treated with various concentrations (0, 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/L) of 70% ethanol extract from E. japonicum flowers (EJE) in Raw264.7 cells. LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production were inhibited by EJE up to 67% and 49% of these productions, respectively without any reduction of viable cell numbers. EJE reduced LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 proteins and their corresponding mRNA levels. Additionally, EJE decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1${\beta}$, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ mRNA. EJE was further fractionated with water, butanol, ethylacetate (EA), hexane, or methylene chloride (MC). Among the resulting five fractions, EA and MC, respectively from EJE significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production (each inhibition rate was 85.3% of 10 mg/L EA fraction and 97.2% of 10 mg/L MC fraction) without significant cytotoxicity in Raw264.7 cells. These results indicate that EJE exhibits powerful effects of anti-inflammation and can be developed as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.183-198
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• 2005

This experimental study was performed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Phellodendri Cortex(PC), Indigo Naturalis(IN). Alumen(AM), and Chinensis Galla(CG). These four prescriptions most frequently have been used in of oriental medicine for the external the theraphy of Gu-Chang. This study was done to evaluate the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and the inhibitory effects of the formation of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha}),\;interlenkin-1{\beta}(IL-1{\beta})$, prostaglandin-E2(PGE2) on the monocyte and neutrophil. The results were summerized as follows. 1. IN has no cytotoxicity but PC, AM, CG have a little cytotoxicity by the increase of concentrations. 2. PC, IN, AM and CG all inhibited the formation of COX-2 in the human neutrophil. 3. $1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of PC increased the formation of SOD in the human monocyte. 4. $1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of PC, $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of IN, $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of CG inhibited the formation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the human monocyte. 5. $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of PC, $1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of IN inhibited the formation of $IL-1\;{\beta}$ in the human monocyte. 6. PC, IN, AM and CG all did not inhibit the production of PGE2 in the human monocyte In addition, the results show that PC, IN, AM and CG all have anti-inflammatory effects and can be used fer the external theraphy of Cu-Chang.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 2007

The long term success of periodontal treatment is dependent upon the effectiveness of the main-tenance care program after active treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether nutraceutical containing PRF-K2 as natural product from plant and seaweed has beneficial effects on clinical parameters, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume and GCF cytokine levels during main- tenance phase after periodontal treatment. Among the generally healthy and non-smoking. moderate to severe chronic periodontitis patients during maintenance phase in Department of Periodontics, Chonnam National University Hospital, twenty eight patients took nutraceutical containing PRF-K2 (Oscotec Inc. Cheonan, Korea) for 3 months as experimental group and sixteen patients received only maintenance care as control group. Clinical examination and GCF collection were performed at baseline, 1, 2 and 3 months of experiment. Total amounts and concentrations of GCF IL-1{\beta}, IL-1ra and $PGE_2$ were evaluated using ELISA kit. In probing pocket depth, experimental group showed the tendency of more reduction than control group after 3 months of experiment. Sulcus bleeding index (SBI) and GCF volume were significantly decreased in experimental group(p<0.05), whereas they were increased in control group. GCF IL-1{\beta} level tended to decrease in both experimental and control group and IL-1ra concentration tended to increase in experimental group and to decrease in control group. IL-1ra/IL-1{\beta} ratio tended to increase in experimental group and to decrease in control group during experimental period. GCF $PGE_2$ amount did not show any change in experimental group and tended to increase in control group. These results suggest that nutraceutical supplement which contain PRF-K2 could improve perio-dontal condition during maintenance phase after periodontal therapy.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.112-120
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• 2020

This study was conducted to verify the physiological activity of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 probiotics in fermented milk. The anti-inflammatory effects of fermented milk supplemented with different concentrations (0, 100, and 500 ㎍/mL) of E. faecalis EF-2001 were determined using MTT assay and nitric oxide inhibition assay. The MTT assay was performed using RAW 264.7 cells. Results revealed that the rates of cytotoxicity and cell survival decreased significantly with increase in the concentration of heat-killed probiotics (p<0.05). Moreover, fermented milk supplemented with 100 ㎍/mL EF-2001 (EFM1) and the fermented milk supplemented with 500 ㎍/mL EF-2001 (EFM2) exhibited higher nitric oxide inhibition than normal fermented milk (NFM). Additionally, EFM2 significantly reduced the ratio of prostaglandin E₂ compared to NFM (p<0.05). In conclusion, the treatment sample showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than NFM. The findings of this study could be used as a basic guideline for manufacturing of NFM supplemented with heat-killed probiotics.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.103-114
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• 2017

Gnaphalium affine D. DON (GA) has been used as a vegetable as well as a folk medicine in East Asia. The antioxidant and anti-complementary activity of GA extract (GAE) has also been reported. However, little is known about its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effect and mechanism of action. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of GAE on the production of inflammatory mediators such as NO, $PGE_2$, TLR4, eotaxin-1 and histamine. Our results suggest that GAE inhibits the production of NO and $PGE_2$ by inhibiting transcriptional activation via the involvement of iNOS and COX-2. The LPS-induced expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was also attenuated. In addition, GAE inhibited A23187-induced histamine release from MC/9 mast cells. It also inhibited the production of eotaxin-1 induced by IL-4. Collectively, these results suggest that GAE may have considerable potential as a cosmetic ingredient with anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties.