• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.917-924
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• 2015

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Orostachys malacophyllus (OM) and fermented O. malacophyllus (FOM) in Sprague-Dawley rats who had been intoxicated with 1% (w/w) orotic acid (OA) for 10 days. The activities of several hepatic enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cholinesterase, were increased when OA was given, but these parameters were significantly decreased by FOM treatment. In addition, OA treatment resulted in an increased lipid peroxidative index (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, TBARS). A worsened antioxidant status (reduced glutathione) in the liver and serum was also observed. FOM treatment improved the antioxidant status of OA-induced fatty-liver rats, which was evaluated by decreased levels of the lipid peroxidative index and improved antioxidant status in the liver and serum. The contents of liver non-heme iron were increased with OA treatment and significantly decreased with FOM treatment, which suggested that the lipid peroxidation contents were inversely correlated with liver non-heme iron content. Based on these results, FOM is considered a material with significant potential for development into a functional health food that can improve fatty-liver conditions.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 2017

Agricultural water management has gained enormous attention in the developing world to alleviate poverty, reduce hunger and conserve ecosystems in small-scale production systems of resource-poor farmers. The story of food security in the $21^{st}$ century in India is likely t o be closely linked to the story of water security. Today, the water resource is under severe threat. The past experiences in India in general and in Andhra Pradesh in particular, indicated inappropriate management of irrigation has led to severe problems like excessive water depletion, reduction in water quality, water logging, salinization, marked reduction in the annual discharge of some of the rivers, lowering of ground water tables due to pumping at unsustainable rates, intrusion of salt water in some coastal areas etc. Considering the importance of irrigation water resource efficiency, Krishna Western Delta (KWD) of Andhra Pradesh was purposively selected for this in depth study, as the farming community in this area are severely affected due to severe soil salinity and water logging problems and hence, adoption of different water saving crop production technologies deserve special mention. It is quite disappointing that, canals, tube wells and filter points and other wells could not contribute much to the irrigated area in KWD. Due to less contribution from these sources, the net area irrigated also showed declining growth at a rate of -6.15 per cent. Regarding paddy production, both SRI and semi-dry cultivation technologies involves less irrigation cost (Rs. 2475.21/ha and Rs. 3248.15/ha respectively) when compared to transplanted technology (Rs. 4321.58/ha). The share of irrigation cost in Total Operational Cost (TOC) was highest for transplanted technology of paddy (11.06%) followed by semi-dry technology (10.85%) and SRI technology (6.21%). The increased yield and declined cost of cultivation of paddy in SRI and semi-dry production technologies respectively were mainly responsible for the low cost of production of paddy in SRI (Rs. 495.22/qtl) and semi-dry (Rs. 532.81/qtl) technologies over transplanted technology (Rs. 574.93/qtl). This clearly indicates that, by less water usage, paddy returns can be boosted by adopting SRI and semi-dry production technologies. Both the system-level and field-level interventions should be addressed to solve the issues/problems of water management. The enabling environment, institutional roles and functions and management instruments are posing favourable picture for executing the water management interventions in the State of Andhra Pradesh in general and in KWD in particular. This facilitates the farming community to harvest good crop per unit of water resource used in the production programme. To achieve better results, the Farmers' Organizations, Water Users Associations, Department of Irrigation etc., will have to aim at improving productivity per unit of water drop used and this must be supported through system-wide enhancement of water delivery systems and decision support tools to assist farmers in optimizing the allocation of limited water among crops, selection of crops based on farming situations, and adoption of appropriate alternative crops in drought years.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.24
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• pp.1-44
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• 1996

This study is to analyze correlations between 10 factors related to university libraries and the number of professional staff, nonprofessional staff, and total library staff of university libraries in Korea and United States of America. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. In the case of Korea, there are high positive correlations between the number of total library staff and 7 of 10 variables (coefficient : 0.76-0.99) ; between the number of professional staff and 7 of 10 variables, same as the above (coefficient : 0.76-0.99) ; between the number of nonprofessional staff and 4 of 10 variables (coefficient 0.73-0.93). In the case of America, there are high positive correlations between the number of total library staff and 6 of 10 variables (coefficient : 0.74-0.97) ; between the number of professional staff and 5 of 10 variables (coefficient : 0.78-0.87): between the number of nonprofessional staff and 6 of 10 variables (coefficient : 0.73-0., 96). 2. All the. rank orders of correlation coefficients of two countries show little significant difference, by the results of the Spearman's Rank Order Correlation analysis (coefficient : total staff, 0.9152: professional staff, 0.8667 ; nonprofessional staff, 0.9030) 3. In the case of Korea, among the above factors, correlations of the total university expenditure and the library expenditure show a significant difference more than ones of the other factors. On the other hand, in the case of American professional staff, the correlations of the library expenditure, the library materials expenditure and the volumes in library show a significant difference more than ones of the other factors, while in the case of American nonprofessional staff, only the library expenditure shows a significant difference more than the others. 4. In the results of the correlation analysis between the professional staff and nonprofessional staff in Korea, the number of graduate enrollments, volumes in library, library expenditure and total university expenditure show higher positive correlation to the professional staff than the nonprofessional staff. However, in the case of America, the library expenditure and the library materials expenditure show higher positive correlation to the nonprofessional staff than the professional staff, while the university expenditure per student shows higher positive correlation to the professional staff. 5. In the results of the correlation analysis between Korea and America, in the case of the total library staff, the undergraduate enrollments, the total university expenditure and the library expenditure show higher positive correlation to Korea than America, and in the case of the professional staff, the graduate, enrollments, the volumes in library and the above 3 factors also show higher positive correlation to Korea than America. But in the case of the nonprofessional staff, the graduate enrollments, the volumes in library and library materials expenditure show higher correlation to America than Korea, while the total university expenditure shows the o n.0, pposit phenomenon of the above. And the other factors by the type of staff are little significant difference between two countries.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.35-50
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• 2007

In order to investigate water pollution of spring, we carried out the experiments on mineral water, rainwater and surrounding soil of several springs collected in Incheon area from February to August in 2007. The results were as follows. 1. Soil : This study investigated the pH and organic matter contents in the soil which effect on microorganisms. The pH value was from 4.5 to 5.3 on average and organic matter contents ranged from 1.09% to 5.6% and E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. faecalis and other microorganisms were isolated. 2. Natural mineral water : As the rainfall increased, the concentration of $No_3-N$, consumption of $KMnO_4$ and the number of microorganisms was increased while the other physicochemical items were not affected. The microorganism isolated in the natural mineral water were as follows: E. coli, K. oxytoca S. faecalis, S. facium, and so on from evacuation; E. agglomerans, E. amnigenus, E. cloacae, E. sakazakii and so on from the environments and evacuation. Detection of these microorganisms shows that the environment around the spring had been exposed to excrements of the warm blood animal. 3. Rain : The coliforms in the rain were the identical one detected from the mineral water and the soil. In conclusion the quality of natural mineral water is influenced by rain, resident bacteria of soil and surrounding environment. This study will be the basic data of characteristics of spring in Incheon area and also this result will give useful aids for the efficient control of spring.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.189-200
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• 2005

Biological nitrogen fixation is an important process for academic and industrial aspects. This review will briefly compare industrial and biological nitrogen fixation and cover the characteristics of biological nitrogen fixation studied in Azotobacter vinelandii. Various organisms can carry out biological nitrogen fixation and recently the researches on the reaction mechanism were concentrated on the free-living microorganism, A. vinelandii. Nitrogen fixation, which transforms atmospheric $N_2$ into ammonia, is chemically a reduction reaction requiring electron donation. Nitrogenase, the biological nitrgen fixer, accepts electrons from biological electron donors, and transfers them to the active site, FeMo-cofactor, through $Fe_4S_4$ cluster in Fe protein and P-cluster in MoFe protein. The electron transport and the proton transport are very important processes in the nitrogenase catalysis to understand its reaction mechanism, and the interactions between FeMo-cofactor and nitrogen molecule are at the center of biological nitrogen fixation mechanism. Spectroscopic studies including protein X-ray crystallography, EPR and $M{\ddot{o}}ssbauer$, biochemical approaches including substrate and inhibitor interactions as well as site-directed mutation study, and chemical approach to synthesize the FeMo-cofactor model compounds were used for biological nitrogen fixation study. Recent research results from these area were presented, and finally, a new nitrogenase reaction mechanism will be proposed based on the various research results.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.274-277
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• 1998

The study was focused to investigate the effect of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation due to nitrosamine (NA) precursor and/or inhibitor addition to Kimchi during the fermentation of Kimchi at room temperature ($16{\pm}2^{\circ}C$). The addition of nitrite and dimethylamine (DMA) to Kimchi showed the average 32-fold ($21.3{\sim}113.9\;\mu\textrm{g}/kg$) and 9-fold ($1.3{\sim}40.3\;\mu\textrm{g}/kg$) higher NDMA formation than control ($O{\sim}5.6\;\mu\textrm{g}/kg$), respectively. Also, the addition of both nitrite and DMA resulted in the increase of NDMA formation to average 42-fold ($39.4{\sim}155.7\;\mu\textrm{g}/kg$) higher than control. On the other hand, the addition of 4 ruM ascorbic acid to Kimchi with nitrite and DMA inhibited the formation of NDMA down to 71.3% of control. However, the addition of cysteine and erythorbic acid affected no inhibition to NDMA formation during the test. The addition of sodium sulfite increased NDMA formation. Accordingly, this showed that the amount of ascorbic acid generated during Kimchi fermentation played an important inhibition role for NA formation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1205-1214
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• 1999

Whole lupinus albus seeds were pressure toasted at temperatures of 100, 118 and $136^{\circ}C$ for 3, 7, 15 and 30 min to study rumen degradation and post-rumen digestion and to determine optimal heating conditions for the Dutch dairy feed industry. In sacco nylon bag and mobile bag techniques were employed for rumen and intestine incubations to determine ruminal degradation characteristics and intestinal digestion of crude protein (CP) in 4 lactation rumen cannulated and 4 lactating intestinal cannulated Dutch dairy cows fed 47% hay and 53% concentrate according to Dutch dairy requirements. Measured rumen degradation characteristics were soluble fraction (S), undegradable fraction (U), potentially degradable fraction (D), lag time (T0) and rate of degradation (Kd) of insoluble but degradable fraction. Percentage bypass feed protein (BCP), ruminal microbial protein synthesized based on available nitrogen (N_MP) and that based on available energy (E_MP), true protein supplied to the small intestine (TPSI), truly absorbed BCP (ABCP), absorbed microbial protein (AVP) in the small intestine, endogenous protein losses in the digestion (ENDP), true digested protein in the small intestine (TAP or DVE in Dutch) and degraded protein balance (PDB or OEB in Dutch) were totally evaluated using the new Dutch DVE/OEB System. Pressure toasting decreased (p<0.001) rumen degradability of CP. It reduced S (p<0.05) and Kd (p=0.06), increased D (p<0.05) and U (p<0.01) but did not alter T0 (p>0.05), thus resulting in dramatically increased BCP (p<0.001) with increasing time and temperature from 73.7 (raw) up to 182.5 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$). Although rumen microbial protein synthesized based on available energy (E_MP) was reduced, true protein (microbial and bypass feed protein) supplied to the small intestine (TPSI) was increased (p<0.001) from 153.1 (raw) to 247.6 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$). Due to digestibility of BCP in the intestine not changing (p>0.05) average 87.8%, the absorbed BCP increased (p<0.001) from 62.3 (raw) to 153.7 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$). Therefore DVE value of true digested protein in the small intestine was significantly increased (p<0.001) from 118.9 (raw) to 197.0 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$) and OEB value of degraded protein balance was significantly reduced (p<0.001) from 147.2 (raw) to 63.1 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$). It was concluded that pressure toasting was effective in shifting degradation of CP of lupinus albus from the rumen to small intestine without changing intestinal digestion. Further studies are required on the degradation and digestion of individual amino acids and on the damaging effects of processing on amino acids, especially the first limiting amino acids.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 2012

This study examined the effect of formulated diets (composed of condensed freshwater $Chlorella$ or $Schizochytrium$ sp., $Crypthecodinium$ sp., and EPA oil sources derived from baker's yeast) on the population growth and fatty acid composition of the brackish water flea ($Diaphanosoma$ $celebensis$) to determine diet effectiveness for mass production. Results indicated that the highest maximum density, fecundity, and population specific growth rate (SGR) of the flea were observed using a diet of $Tetraselmis$ $suecica$ (control). However, results using condensed freshwater $Chlorella$ and the mixed treatment of $Schizochytrium$ sp.+$Crypthecodinium$ sp.+EPA oil did not significantly differ from the control treatment ($P$>0.05). Thus, $T.$ $suecica$ could be replaced with a combination diet of $Schizochytrium$ sp., $Crypthecodinium$ sp., and EPA oil in condensed freshwater $Chlorella$ without growth interruption of $D.$ $celebensis$. As the percentage of combination diet (mix of $Schizochytrium$ sp., $Crypthecodinium$ sp., and EPA oil) in condensed freshwater $Chlorella$ increased, the level of ARA, EPA, DHA, and n-3 HUFA in $D.$ $celebensis$ also increased. However, the population density of $D.$ $celebensis$ sharply decreased with the use of treated supplements C5M5 (CHL [50%] and $Crypthecodinium$ sp.+ $Schizochytrium$ sp. + EPA oil [MIX 50%]). The optimum proportions of CHL and MIX for $D.$ $celebensis$ within the mixture were 70% and 30%, respectively. Based on the results, the combination of $Schizochytrium$ sp., $Crypthecodinium$ sp., and EPA oil in condensed freshwater $Chlorella$ appears to be a stable and effective food source for mass production of $D.$ $celebensis$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.152-159
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate optimum application rate with mixed organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer alternative where the paddy rice (Chucheong) was cultivated in clay loam of paddy field. The mixed organic fertilizer were applied at 0, 50, 100 and 150% levels of recommended nitrogen by soil testing plot compared with plot of chemical fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphate and potash), respectively. The ammonium nitrogen content in paddy soil and surface water of mixed organic fertilizer 100% plot were higher than chemical fertilizer plot. The absorbed amount of nitrogen and nitrogen use efficiency by rice plant in mixed organic fertilizer 100% plot were higher than chemical fertilizer plot. The number of tillers on rice at 30 days and 60 days after transplanting mixed organic fertilizer 100% plot were many more than chemical fertilizer plot. The milled rice yield of mixed organic fertilizer 100% plot was increased by 4% than chemical fertilizer plot. The optimum application rate of mixed organic fertilizer was as follows ; $OAR_{MOF}(Mg\;ha^{-1})=[(NAR_{ST}{\div}NC_{MOF}/1,000{\times}0.93)/1,000]$ ($OAR_{MOF}$ : Optimum application rate of mixed organic fertilizer, NARST : Nitrogen application rate($kg\;ha^{-1}$) by soil testing, $NC_{MOF}$ : Nitrogen content($g\;kg^{-1}$) of mixed organic fertilizer, and $0.93:124.3kg\;ha^{-1}/133.0kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively).

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.24 no.9B
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• pp.1742-1754
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• 1999

In this paper, we propose a rate control scheme, using histogram based rate-distortion (R-D) estimation, which produces a consistent picture quality between consecutive frames. The histogram based R-D estimation used in our rate control scheme offers a closed-form mathematical model that enable us to predict the bits and the distortion generated from an encoded frame at a given quantization parameter (QP) and vice versa. The most attractive feature of the R-D estimation is low complexity of computing the R-D data because its major operation is just to obtain a histogram or weighted histogram of DCT coefficients from an input picture. Furthermore, it is accurate enough to be applied to the practical video coding. Therefore, the proposed rate control scheme using this R-D estimation model is appropriate for the applications requiring low delay and low complexity, and controls the output bit-rate ad quality accurately. Our rate control scheme ensures that the video buffer do not underflow and overflow by satisfying the buffer constraint and, additionally, prevents quality difference between consecutive frames from exceeding certain level by adopting the distortion constraint. In addition, a consistent considering the maximum tolerance BER of the voice service. Also in Rician fading channel of K=6 and K=10, considering CLP=$10^{-3}$ as a criterion, it is observed that the performance improment of about 3.5 dB and 1.5 dB is obtained, respectively, in terms of $E_b$/$N_o$ by employing the concatenated FEC code with pilot symbols.