• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.787-796
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• 1996

The biodegradation experiment, the TOD analysis and the element analysis for dispersant, Bunker-A oil and Bunker-B oil were conducted to study the biodegradation characteristics of a mixture of Bunker-A oil with dispersant and a mixture of Bunker-B oil with dispersant in the seawater. The results of biodegradation experiment showed 1mg of dispersant to be equivalent to 0.26 mg of $BOD_5$ and to 0.60 mg of $BOD_{20}$ in the natural seawater. The results of TOD analysis showed each 1 mg of dispersant, Bunker-A oil and Bunker-B oil to be equivalent to 2.37 mg, 2.94 mg and 2.74 mg of TOD, respectively. The results of element analysis showed carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of dispersant to be $82.1\%,\;13.8\%,\;1.8\%\;and\;2.2\%$, respectively. Carbon and hydrogen contents of Bunker-A oil were found to be $73.3\%\;and\;13.5\%$, respectively, and carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of Bunker-B oil to be $80.4\%,\;12.3\%\;and\;0.7\%$, respectively. Accordingly, the detection of nitrogen and phosphorus in dispersant shows that dispersants should be used with caution in coastal waters, with relation to eutrophication. The biodegradability of dispersant expressed as the ratio of $BOD_5/TOD$ was found to be $11.0\%$. As the mix ratios of dispersant to Bunker-A oil (3 mg/l) and a mixture of Bunker-B oil (3mg/l) were changed from 1 : 10 to 5 : 10, the biodegradabilities of a mixture of Bunker-A oil with dispersant and Bunker-B oil with dispersant increased from $2.1\%\;to\;7.2\%$ and from $1.0\%\;to\;4.4\%$, respectively. Accordingly, the dispersant belongs to the organic matter group of middle-biodegradability while mixtures in the mix ratio range of $1:10\~5:10$ belong to the organic matter group of low-biodegradability. The deoxygenation rate constant $(K_1)$ and ultimate biochemical oxygen demand $(L_0)$ obtained from the biodegradation experiment and Thomas slope method were found to be 0.125/day and 2.487 mg/l for dispersant (4 mg/l), respectively. $K_1\;and\;L_0$, were found to be $0.079\~0.131/day$ and $0.318\~2.052\;mg/l$ for a mixture of Bunker-A oil with dispersant and to be $0.106\~0.371/day$ and $0.262\~1.106\;mg/l$ for a mixture of Bunker-B oil with dispersant, respectively, having $1:10\~5:10$ mix ratios of dispersant to Bunker-A oil and Bunker-B oil. The ultimate biochemical oxygen demands of the mixtures increased as the mix ratio of dispersant to Bunker-A, B oils changed from 1 : 10 to 5 : 10. This suggests that the more dispersants are applied to the sea for the cleanup of Bunker-A oil or Bunker-B oil, the more decreases the dissolved oxygen level in the seawater.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.345-350
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• 1986

Crude saponins of soybean and Azuki bean (2.0 mg/plate)were most effective against Trp-p-2, and also all of legume saponins (2.0 mg/plate)were excellent effective against aflatoxin $B_1$. Crude saponins of taro, burdock and ginseng were remarkably effective at ranging from 1.0 mg to 2.0 mg per plate against MeIQ. Especially ginseng saponin was excellent effective and arrow root saponins was remarkably effective against MeIQ, respectively. Plant saponins of taro, lotus burdock, arrow root and ginseng except for dodok were most effective activities against aflatoxin $B_1$.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.535-540
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Propolis has a rich source of bioactive compounds and has renal and hepatic protective properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the beneficial effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of propolis against paracetamol-induced liver damage and impairment of kidney function, as well as hematological changes in rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: Six groups of rats were used; the first group was served as a control; the second and third groups were treated by propolis extract at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg.B.WT. respectively; the fourth group was treated by paracetamol (200 mg/kg.B.WT.); the fifth group was treated by propolis (50 mg/kg.B.WT.) for eight days and then received similar dose of propolis for following seven days with paracetamol at a dose of 200 mg/kg.B.WT. daily for the seven days; and the sixth group was treated with propolis (100 mg/kg.B.WT.) for eight days and then received similar dose of propolis for following seven days with paracetamol at a dose of 200 mg/kg.B.WT. daily for the seven days. All the animals were treated for a period of 15 days. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were collected for measurement of the liver enzymes, serum albumin, protein and creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, hematological parameters, and urine volume, protein and albumin. RESULTS: Paracetamol over dose significantly lowered hemoglobin, serum total protein, albumin, and uric acid, while it significantly increased blood creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities, white blood cells, and platelet count as compared to the control. However, these alterations were significantly attenuated by the use of propolis extract and the effect was dose dependent. Interestingly, propolis prevented paracetamol induced proteinuria, low hemoglobin and body weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: Propolis significantly prevented paracetamol induced renal, hepatic and hematological toxicity and might be useful in the management of liver and renal diseases particularly proteinuria.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2012

In this study, the 4-week oral toxicity and anti-cancer activity of the hexane layer of Melia azedarach L. var. japonica Makino's bark extract were investigated. We carried out a hollow fiber (HF) assay and 28-day repeated toxicity study to confirm the anti-cancer effect and safety of the hexane layer. The HF assay was carried out using an A549 human adenocarcinoma cell via intraperitoneal (IP) site with or without cisplatin. In the result, the 200 mg/kg b.w of hexane layer with 4 mg/kg b.w of cisplatin treated group, showed the highest cytotoxicity aginst A549 carcinoma cells. For the 28-day repeated toxicity study, 6 groups of 10 male and female mice were given by gavage 200, 100, or 50 mg/kg b.w hexane layer with or without 4 mg/kg b.w of cisplatin against body weight, and were then sacrificed for blood and tissue sampling. The subacute oral toxicity study in mice with doses of 200, 100, and 50 mg/kg b.w hexane layer showed no significant changes in body weight gain and general behavior. The cisplatin-treated group significantly decreased in body weight compared to the control group but regained weight with 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w of hexane layer. The biochemical analysis showed significant increase in several parameters (ALT, total billirubin, AST, creatinine, and BUN) in cisplatin-treated groups. However, in the group given a co-treatment of hexane layer (200 mg/kg b.w), levels of these parameters decreased. In hematological analysis, cisplatin induced the reduction of WBCs and neutrophils but co-treatment with hexane layer (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w) improved these toxicities caused by cisplatin. The histological profile of the livers showed eosinophilic cell foci in central vein and portal triad in cisplatin treated mice. These results show that hexane layer might have an anti-cancer activity and could improve the toxicity of cisplatin.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.319-327
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• 1989

In order to study the effects of neomycin sulfate on the kidney of Korean black goats after dosing at 36mg/kg(A group) or 18mg/kg of body weight (B group) twice a day, serum chemical values(BUN, SCr), urinary enzyme(GGT) excretion and urinary analysis were checked and renal lesions were observed by light microscope. The proteinuria and granular casts were observed on the 5-6th day and 7th day of treatment with neomycin respectively in the A group. While these changes were observed on the 4th day and the 6th day respectively in one goat of the B group. Urinary GGT excretion began to increase from the 9th day and reached to maximum concentration on the 15th day of treatment with neomycin in the A group. Thereafter, GGT excretion began to decrease and reach to normal level on the 21th day. But GGT excretion increased on the 9th day in only one goat of the B group. Concentrations of BUN and SCr increased on the 12th day in the A group and in one goat of B group. The kidneys were swollen gross pathologically and the renal tubular epithelial cell changes were noticed histologically in the A group and in one goat of the B group. These changes were included degeneration with hyaline droplet formation, flattened epithelial cells and necrotic epithelium. Granular casts were showed in many tubular lumens. Prfesent results indicated that nephrotoxicosis would not occured in Korean black goats dosing with neomycin sulfate less that 36mg/kg of body weight a day.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.251-262
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• 2011

The preference for maesengee sauce was investigated by developing 3 types of maesengee sauces. Through the comparative analysis of the developed maesangee sauces, the study aimed to develop maesangee sauce as a health functional food and to activate the local economy by the development of maesangee sauce as the processed food in the future. For the composition analysis of maesangee, the maesangee that was purchased from Gangjin-gun in July, 2009 was used as a base material. Based on the investigation results of preference for maesangee sauces, the following 3 types of maesangee sauces including maesangee red vinegar sauce, maesangee plain yogurt sauce and maesangee wrapping sauce were developed. By performing the comparative analysis of preference for the developed maesangee sauce types, this study aimed to put perfection in the research. The sample product of the developed maesangee sauce was used for the questionnaire survey for 42 students attending culinary colleges located in Gwangju from November 9, 2009 to November 16, 2009. For the statistical analysis, frequency analysis was used. The composition analysis result of maesangee revealed the presence of p(227.98mg/100g), Ca(58.32mg/100g) and Fe(7.8mg/100g), No detection of Vitamin A($0{\mu}gRE$/100g), Vitamin $B_1$(0.0837mg/100g), Vitamin $B_2$(0.0641mg/100g), Vitamin B6(0.0261mg/100g), Vitamin C(19.9877mg/100g), Vitamin E(0.3677mgaTF/100g), Vitamin K($7.2079{\mu}g$/100g), and Niacin(1.5057mgaNF/100g). Based upon the questionnaire survey results, the sample product development of maesangee red vinegar sauce, maesangee plain yogurt sauce and maesangee wrapping sauce was achieved along with their preparation methods.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2008

Pepper plants (Capsicum annuum, cv. Manitta) were subjected to different intensities of UV-B radiation to understand alterations of primary- and secondary-metabolism such as carbohydrates, phenolic compounds and polyamines. UV-B doses with a UV-B lamp ($1.2W\;m^{-2}$) were adjusted between 0 to 9 hr. The soluble sugars and starch contents in pepper leaves were highly influenced by UV-B treatment. The soluble sugars altered from $6.7mg\;g^{-1}\;fw$ to $5.2mg\;g^{-1}\;fw$ after 9 hrs of UV-B exposure. The starch contents after 3 hrs of UV-B exposure changed from $17.7mg\;g^{-1}\;fw$ to $12.3mg\;g^{-1}\;fw$ and then remained unchanged. The absorbance of UV-absorbing compounds reached initially maximum at all wavelengths read. On the basis of this result, we analyzed total phenolics, anthocyanin and simple free phenolic acids. Anthocyanin and free phenolic acids responded sensitively with a steady increase during UV-B treatment, although anthocyanin contents declined highly after 3 hrs of treatment. Whereas, there is no alteration of total phenolics (as gallic acid equivalent) caused by UV-B. Free polyamine levels in leaves increased rapidly and highly when UV-B was treated. The most prominent changes in polyamine induction were putrescine and spermidine (+ 70 %) after 3 hrs and spermine (+ 150 %) after 6 hrs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.827-835
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation among mineral intakes, blood pressure, and blood lipids for health management of Korean adults over 20 years old. Subjects were recruited from the district where they lived, which included rural (Yoju, n = 137) , coastal (Taean, n = 100) , and urban district (Suwon, n : 117) . hnthropornekical measurement, blood pressure measurement, dietary intake assessment using 24-hour recall method, and blood collection and analysis of blood lipids were conducted. The average age, height, weight, and BMI were 54.1 years, 168.5 cm, 67.3 kg, and 24.5 kg/$m^{2}$ for men and 53.9 years,153.8 cm,59.2 kg, and 25.0 kg/$m^{2}$ for women, respectively. The mean daily intakes of total food and energy were 1219.1 g and 1740.9 kcal for men and 1071.3 g and 1432.6 kcal for women. The mineral intakes of men and women were 448.5 mg and 400.4 mg for calcium,955.3 mg and 803.7 mg for phosphorus, 13.3 mg and 11.1 mg for iron, 4302.8 mg and 3393.3 mg for sodium,2588.0 mg and 2264.9 mg for potassium, and 8.9 mg and 7.3 mg for zinc. The daily intakes of energy, calcium, zinc, vitamin $B_{2}$, and vitamin I were $76.1\%$, $60.1\%$, $73.1\%$, $68.6\%$, and $80.4\%$ of RDAs, respectively. The intakes of energy, calcium, zinc, vitamin $B_{2}$ and I were not meet Korean RDAs. Especially, calcium, zinc, and vitamin $B_{2}$ were less than $75\%$ of RDAs. Blood pressure of the subjects was 128.3/75.5 mmHg for men and 124.1/73.7 mmHg for women. Serum lipids of men and women were 180.2 mg/dL and 184.9 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 160.8 mg/dL and 137.6 mg/dL for triglyceride,41.5 mg/dL and 44.7 mg/dL for HDL-cholesterol,106.6 mg/dL and 112.7 mg/dL for LDL-cholesterol, and 3.5 and 3.3 for atherogenic index. While serum triglyceride and AI of men was significantly higher, HDL-cholesterol was lower than those of women. In the relation among mineral intakes, blood pressure, and serum lipids, we found a significantly negative correlation of intakes of calcium, calcium/phosphorus, calcium density with systolic blood pressure. There were significantly negative correlation between intake of calcium/phosphorus and serum cholesterol, calcium density and serum cholesterol, sodium intake and serum HDL-cholesterol. Based on these results, we concluded that high intakes of calcium, calcium/phosphorus and low sodium intake were associated with favorable blood pressure and serum lipid profiles in adult men and women. (Korean J Nutrition 38(10): 827$\sim$835,2005)

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2007

We fabricated the in-situ $MgB_2$ wires using the powder-in-tube method and investigated the effects of sintering temperature and SiC contents on the microstructure and superconducting properties. Pure $MgB_2$ wires and 5, 10, 20 wt.% SiC doped $MgB_2$ wires were sintered at $600-1000^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes in Ar atmosphere. We found that $MgB_2$ phase was mostly formed at the sintering temperature of $700^{\circ}C$ and above, and the critical temperature ($T_c$) increased with increasing sintering temperature. For the $MgB_2$ sintered at $850^{\circ}C$, the highest critical current density ($J_c$) was obtained to be $3.7{\times}10^5\;A/cm^2$ at 5 K and 1.6 T by a magnetic properties measurement system (MPMS). The addition of SiC to the $MgB_2$ wires changed microstructure and critical properties. SEM observation showed that the $MgB_2$ core had considerable micro-cracks in undoped wire and the density of micro-cracks decreased with increasing SiC contents. The critical temperature decreased as the SiC contents increased, on the other hand, the critical current density of SiC doped $MgB_2$ wires in high magnetic field was enhanced compared to that of undoped $MgB_2$ wires.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1113-1118
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• 1997

Chemical components of domestic Angelica gigas Nakai and Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa were analyzed. Proximate analysis of each species showed crude protein 18.1% and 13.4%, crude lipid 8.9% and 4.3%, crude fiber 8.6% and 9.4%, crude ash 7.4% and 8.2%, and carbohydrate 57.0% and 64.7%, respectively. Contents of potassium which was found to be the most abundant mineral in both species were 2,740.0 mg% and 2,582.8 mg%, and those of sucrose were 0.4 % and 0.3% respectively while neither fructose nor glucose were detected in each species. Major fatty acids in Angelica gigas Nakai and Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa were linoleic acid (60.8% and 59.5%), palmitic acid (17.4% and 15.3%), oleic acid (8.8% and 7.7%) (respectively) but there was no significant difference between two species. Arginine was revealed as the most abundant amino acid in both species with 2,599.8 mg% in Angelica gigas Nakai and 1,543.4 mg% in Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa. Angelica gigas Nakai and Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa also were shown to contained 10.5 mg% and 12.2 mg% $vitamin\;B_1$, 0.1 mg% and 0.04 mg%, $vitamin\;B_2$, 4.3% and 0.8% decursin, and 988.0 mg% and 900.0 mg% tannin, respectively.