• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.61-66
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• 2009

Purpose: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered as the best overall index for the level of renal function, diagnosis of doubtful kidney disease, progress observation from chronic kidney disease and is measured with the various methods. In this study, We measured standard GFR by Gates method and attempted to compare the result with serum creatinin-based, Cockcroft-Gault(C-G) formula and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula. Materials and methods: 217 patients (127 men, 90 women, mean age $51.3{\pm}16.9$) with various renal function were examined. we compared the GFR using $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates), C-G formula and MDRD formula. Results: Significant correlations were noted between 2 different GFR estimates (from C-G formula: r=0.864, p<0.0001, MDRD formula: r=0.831, p<0.0001) and $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR. Average of serum creatinine (Scr) was measured with $3.0{\pm}3.1\;mg/dL$, In patients with normal renal function (Scr<1.5 mg/dL), $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR was statistically significant to C-G formula (p<0.0001) and MDRD formula (p<0.0001). In patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency (1.5$^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR was not statistically significant to C-G formula (p=0.181) and MDRD formula (p=0.127). In patients with severe renal insufficiency (Scr>4.0mg/dL), $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR was statistically significant to C-G formula and MDRD formula (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Glomerular filtration rate using Gates method was closly correlated to C-G formula and MDRD formula. In patients with normal renal function, $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR was significantly lower than C-G formula and MDRD formula. In patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency, $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR was simmilar with C-G formula and MDRD formula. In patients with severe renal insufficiency, $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR was significantly higher than C-G formula and MDRD formula. None of the three different methods was clearly superior to the others.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.998-1007
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) extract on the inflammation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and blood lipid improvement in hypercholesterolemic mice fed a high cholesterol diet. The lettuce extract (100% ethanol extract) inhibited the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in HUVEC treated with tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$). The lettuce extract suppressed the adhesion of THP-1 to TNF-${\alpha}$-treated HUVEC. The lettuce extract decreased the TNF-${\alpha}$-stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein 1. In hypercholesterolemic mice, the lettuce extract reduced serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, while the lettuce extract elevated high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, resulting in the decrease of atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor level. These results suggested that lettuce extract can be an useful resource to show an anti-inflammatory effect and improve lipid metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.341-348
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• 2014

We investigated the anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of extracts of two roasted coffee beans (Vietnam robusta and Ethiopia mocha sidamo G2) and fermented coffee beans with Monascus rubber mycelium (MR) by solid-state culture. C57B/L6 mice were divided into seven groups: normal diet (ND) group, high fat diet (HFD) group, and HFD groups with hot water extracts from Vietnam robusta coffee beans (HFD-VR), MR-fermented Vietnam robusta coffee beans (HFD-VR-MR), MR-fermented Vietnam robusta coffee beans with 10% brown rice (HFD-VR-MR-BR10), Ethiopia mocha sidamo G2 coffee beans (HFD-ES), and MR-fermented Ethiopia mocha sidamo G2 coffee beans (HFD-ES-MR). After 6 weeks, body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were higher in the HFD group, but significantly reduced in the coffee extracts-fed groups. The HFD-ES-MR group showed greater body weight reduction than the HFD-ES group. The serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels as well as the atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor all tended to decrease in groups fed Vietnam robusta coffee extracts compared to the HFD group. These results suggest that Vietnam robusta and Ethiopia mocha sidamo G2 may be used to make functional coffee beverages with anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic activities.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.987-995
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• 2009

The effects of Kwamaegi on serum lipid profiles and ROS(reactive oxygen spices) generating and scavenging enzyme activities were investigated in rats. The three experimental groups were divided as follows: normal control diet group (NC), 5% naturally prepared and freeze-dried Kwamaegi supplemented diet group (NPK) and 5% chitosan-ascorbate treated and artificially dried (CWDD: Chilly Wind & Dehumidification Drier) Kwamaegi supplemented diets group (CAK). There were no significant differences in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio or organs weights per body weight including liver, kidney, heart and spleen among the group. In addition, there were no significant differences in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol contents. The HDL-cholesterol contents of the NC, CAK and NPK groups were 62.00, 36.48 and 78.44 mg/dL while LDL-cholesterol contents were 62.00, 36.48 and 78.44 mg/dL, respectively, which were significantly different. The atherogenic indeces in the experimental groups were 0.62, 1.20 and 0.13, respectively. There were no significant differences in total XOD (xanthine oxidoreductase) activities; however XOD type O activity was higher in the NPK group than un the NC group and in the CAK group XOD type O activity was 21~45% lower compared to NC and NPK groups. SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity was significantly higher in the CAK group than in the NC and NPK groups, while there were no significantly differences in GST (glutathione S-transferrase) activity among the groups. Furthermore, serum ALT activity was higher in the NPK group versus the NC and CAK groups. GSH (glutathione) content was higher and LPO (lipid peroxide) content lower in the CAK group compared to the NC and NPK groups. Forem the above results, we suggest that CA treated and artificially dried Kwamaegi is not only a hygienic product but also has lowering effects on LDL-cholesterol and the atherogenic index together with the lowering of ROS-generating and increasing of ROS-scavenging enzyme activities compared to other natural products.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A variety of immunomodulators can improve the efficacy of low-dose chemotherapeutics. Active hexose correlated compound (AHCC), a mushroom mycelia extract, has been shown to be a strong immunomodulator. Whether AHCC could enhance the antitumor effect of low-dose 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) via regulation of host immunity is unknown. MATERIALS/METHODS: In the current study Hepatoma 22 (H22) tumor-bearing mice were treated with PBS, 5-FU ($10mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, i.p), or AHCC ($360mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, i.g) plus 5-FU, respectively, for 5 d. $CD^{3+}$, $CD^{4+}$, $CD^{8+}$, and NK in peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry. ALT, AST, BUN, and Cr levels were measured by biochemical assay. IL-2 and $TNF{\alpha}$ in serum were measured using the RIA kit and apoptosis of tumor was detected by TUNEL staining. Bax, Bcl-2, and TS protein levels were measured by immunohistochemical staining and mRNA level was evaluated by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Diet consumption and body weight showed that AHCC had no apparent toxicity. AHCC could reverse liver injury and myelosuppression induced by 5-FU (P < 0.05). Compared to mice treated with 5-FU, mice treated with AHCC plus 5-FU had higher thymus index, percentages of $CD^{3+}$, $CD^{4+}$, and NK cells (P < 0.01), and ratio of $CD^{4+}$/$CD^{8+}$ (P < 0.01) in peripheral blood. Radioimmunoassay showed that mice treated with AHCC plus 5-FU had the highest serum levels of IL-2 and $TNF{\alpha}$ compared with the vehicle group and 5-FU group. More importantly, the combination of AHCC and 5-FU produced a more potent antitumor effect (P < 0.05) and caused more severe apoptosis in tumor tissue (P < 0.05) compared with the 5-FU group. In addition, the combination of AHCC and 5-FU further up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) (P < 0.01), while it down-regulated the expression of B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results support the claim that AHCC might be beneficial for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2011

This study determined the effects of the dietary moisture level and feeding rate on the growth and gastric evacuation of young olive flounder. Four experimental diets with different moisture levels (9%, 21%, 30%, and 40%) were prepared through the addition of water to the commercial extruded pellet. Three replicate groups of fish (initial weight: $106{\pm}1.4\;g$) were fed diets containing 9%, 21%, 30%, and 40% moisture to satiation or a moisture level of 9% and 30% at a restricted feeding rate (95% of satiation) for 15 weeks. The mean water temperature was $22{\pm}1.6^{\circ}C$ during the feeding trial. Gastric evacuation rates were determined post-feeding. The dietary moisture levels did not significantly affect weight gain, but the weight of the fish receiving 9% and 30% moisture diets to 95% satiation were significantly lower than those of the fish fed 9-40% moisture diets to 100% satiation (P<0.05). The feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, viscerosomatic index, and survival were not significantly affected by the dietary moisture levels and feeding rates. The daily feed intake of the fish fed to 100% satiation did not significantly differ among the treatment groups. The stomach contents that peaked within 3 h of feeding gradually decreased, and the stomachs of fish were completely evacuated within 18 h. The contents of the intestine peaked at 3-12 h post-feeding, and then declined with the intestine being mostly evacuated at 30 h. The moisture of the stomach contents reached approximately 70% within 3 h post-feeding and gradually increased to approximately 75% within 12 h. No considerable differences were observed in the gastric evacuation and moisture levels of the stomach contents in the fish fed the different diets. The results of this study suggest that the gastric evacuation of olive flounder was not affected by the dietary moisture level and that the addition of water into the diet displayed no beneficial effects on the growth of young olive flounder.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.253-262
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• 2008

Previous studies have indicated that incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is partly related to the damage of antioxidant systems, but etiology of RA is not fully identified. This study was performed to evaluate nutrient intakes including antioxidants, health related behaviors and food habits of RA patients and controls. RA patient group (n = 68) and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 68) were joined in this study. Nutrient intake was estimated using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. As mean age of RA ($52.9{\pm}13.8$ years) was significantly higher than those of controls ($48.7{\mp}5.9$ years), data were analyzed by using Student's t-test, adjusted for age. There was no significant difference between two groups in body mass index. Compared with those of controls, frequencies of drinking (p < 0.001) and coffee consumption (p < 0.05) of RA groups were lower. RA groups had lower frequencies of fruit (p < 0.01), vegetable (p < 0.05) and fatty meat (p < 0.05) consumptions and balanced diet (p < 0.01), and higher frequencies of fried dishes (p < 0.01), and salty dishes (p < 0.01), compared to controls. The most nutrient intakes including energy intake of RA were tended to be lower than those of controls. Vitamin A, ${\beta}$-carotene and vitamin C intakes were significantly lower in RA than controls (p < 0.001). Daily vitamin A, ${\beta}$-carotene and vitamin C intakes of RA were lower than those of control (vitamin A: RA $360.6{\pm}252.23{\mu}g$ RE, control $844.5{\pm}426.2{\mu}g$ RE, p < 0.001; ${\beta}$-carotene: RA $1450.9{\pm}1019.0{\mu}g$, control $3968.8{\pm}2248.21{\mu}g$, p < 0.001; vitamin C; RA $40.6{\pm}21.48mg$, control $84.7{\pm}40.29$, p < 0.001) These results suggest sufficient consumption of antioxidant nutrients may prevent and improve RA status.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.77-87
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the nutrient intakes of subjects by quartile of percent energy intake from cooked rice, consumption of cooked rice mixed with multi-grains and to evaluate rice consumption in relation to the risk of metabolic syndrome. The subjects were 5,830 males and females aged between 20~64 years based on 2007-2008 KNHNES data. Levels of percent energy intake from cooked rice were classified into 4 groups (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 groups: 25% of each) using data of 24-hour recall method from KNHNES. Using medical examination and questionnaire, subjects were classified according to diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome. The subjects with higher age, being married, lower education, lower economic level were more likely to take higher percent energy intake from cooked rice. Quartile Q3 of percent energy intake from cooked rice tended to show higher Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) for fiber, calcium, iron, potassium and vitamin A. INQ of protein, dietary fiber, calcium, thiamin, phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C by consumption of cooked rice mixed with multi-grains was higher than that by consumption of cooked white rice when adjusted for age. No association with a risk for metabolic syndrome was found for quartile of percent energy intake from cooked rice or cooked rice mixed with multi-grains compared to cooked white rice after adjusting for energy, gender, age, BMI, alcohol, smoking, income and physical activity. In conclusion, consumption of over 54% energy intake from cooked rice or only cooked white rice showed relatively low INQs, but was not associated with a higher risk for metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.432-444
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) on anthropometric measurements, quality of diets, and blood parameters through the weight loss program in over weight or obese women. The subjects (n=76, $age\;31.1{\pm}8.4y,\;weight\;70.3{\pm}7.9kg,\;BMI\;27.2{\pm}2.4kg/m^2$) without medical disease were treated with MNT 5 times for 12 weeks by dietitian. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, fat mass, lean body mass, triceps and thigh skin-fold thickness, mid-arm, waist, hip and thigh circumference. Dietary assessments were accomplished using 3-days food records, diet quality index (DQI), and dietary pattern. The dietary pattern was assessed by daily energy intakes from breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks of calorie density, and numbers of eating. Blood levels of leptin, lipid profiles (total lipids, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol), and insulin were analyzed. Anthropometric measurements decreased significantly after MNT (p<0.001). Waist circumference was reduced most rapidly and tricep skin-fold thickness was reduced most effectively after 12 weeks of MNT. Daily energy intake, calorie density and numbers of eating incidence decreased significantly $0796.4{\pm}395.5\;vs\;1402.9{\pm}217.8\;kcal/day,\;162.3{\pm}56.5\;vs\;113.4{\pm}30.1,\;5.0{\pm}1.4\;vs\;3.8{\pm}0.4$, respectively, p<0.05). The daily energy intake from breakfast and snacks significantly decreased (p<0.001). Calories from snack, calorie density of snack and numbers of snacking also decreased (p<0.05). The mean scores of DQI significantly increased ($7.6{\pm}2.1\;vs\;6.5{\pm}1.6$, p<0.05). The plasma levels of total lipid, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and leptin decreased significantly after MNT ($489.8{\pm}100.4\;vs\;447.0{\pm}87.3mg/dL,\;187.7{\pm}34.0\;vs\;175.9{\pm}31.5mg/dL,\;115.2{\pm}29.2\;vs\;109.2{\pm}26.7mg/dL,\;15.7{\pm}7.6\;vs\;12.4{\pm}5.9ng/mL$, respectively, p<0.05). These results indicate that MNT efficiently reduced the body weight through the changes in dietary intake, dietary patterns and dietary quality. MNT also changed body composition and reduced the levels of plasma lipid, cholesterol and leptin.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.225-230
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of extruded pellets and raw fish-based pellet on olive flounder Paralichthys. olivaceus. Six diets were prepared for this study: two formulated extruded pellets (FEP1 & FEP2), three commercially available extruded pellets (CEP1, CEP2 & CEP3) and moist pellet (MP). Weight gain offish fed FEP1 and CEP3 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed FEP2, CEP1, CEP2 and MP, while that of fish fed MP was not significantly different (f<0.05) from those of fish fed the FEP2, CEP1 and CEP2. Feed efficiency of fish fed CEP2 was significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of fish fed FEP1, FEP2, CEP1, CEP3 and MP. There was no significant difference in protein efficiency ratio and hepatosomatic index between fish fed FEP1 and CEP3, and among fish fed FEP2, CEP1 and CEP2. There was no significant difference in condition factor among fish fed the FEP1 and CEP3, and between fish fed FEP2, CTP1 and MP. However, fish fed MP had a lower survival rate than fish fed the other five EP These results suggest that diet FEPl could be developed to replace MP for the owing stage of flounder without adverse effects on growth performance.