• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.248-254
• /
• 2003

Objective : This study was conducted in order to investigate predictors of smoking cessation in outpatients. Method : Subjects were 40f adult smoking patients who saw their doctors in the outpatient setting at a university hospital, regardless of their willingness of otherwise in smoking cessation. Physicians delivered a brief, stop smoking prompt to all patients who smoked one or more cigarettes a day. Then they referred to on-site counselors who provided a brief, nurse assisted intervention with a survey to a randomly assigned intervention group (200 smoking patients), whom the counselors telephoned later to prevent relapse or promote the motivation to quit, or gave only a survey to a control group (201 smoking patients). After at least 5 months, self-reported current smoking cessation was confirmed later using cut-off values of 7 ppm or less in expired alveolar air after breath holding portable CO analyzer. Results : After 5 months, subjects in the intervention group were 1.56 times (95% C.I. 0.89-2.73) more likely to quit smoking than those in the non-intervention group (14.0% vs. 9.0%). Willingness to quit smoking in a month, scheduled admission in a month, self efficacy score and FTND (Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence) score were all significantly related with smoking cessation. In stepwise multiple logistic regression, previous attempts to quit smoking were significant instead of self efficacy score. In the intervention group who had willingness to quit smoking in a month (132 smoking patients), FTND score, whether quit date was today, and whether quit promise paper was submitting were all significantly related with smoking cessation. In stepwise multiple logistic regression, scheduled admission in a month and whether quit date was today were significant predictor variables, Smoking cessation treatment should be tailored to individual smoking patients considering these predictors.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.206-214
• /
• 2011

SCB액비, 저장액비, 화학비료, 지하수 및 무처리에 따른 포플러 및 버드나무 클론, 백합나무의 생존율은 전체 평균 94.4%로 나타나 양호하였으며, 잎과 줄기의 비율은 각각 63.5%, 36.5%로 매년수확구의 식재당년 지상부 biomass는 잎의 비율이 높았다. 처리구별 줄기발생 수는 SCB액비, 저장액비, 화학비료, 지하수 및 무처리구가 평균 4.2, 4.6, 4.5, 4.7, 4.9개로 크게 차이가 나타나지 않았으며 버드나무 클론들의 줄기 수가 포플러 클론 및 백합나무 보다 많았다. 줄기직경과 지상부 biomass에 대하여 개체당 유도된 회귀모델을 통해 추정된 biomass 생산량은 화학비료>저장액비>지하수>SCB액비>무처리구 순으로 나타났다. 수종 및 클론별 지상부 biomass 생산량은 모든 처리구에서 현사시 클론들이 우수하게 나타났으며, SCB액비 처리에 따른 잎과 줄기의 질소함량을 분석한 결과 무처리구 보다 질소함 량이 높게 나타나 SCB액비에 함유된 질소를 체내에 흡수하는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서, SCB액비를 biomass 매년수확구에 처리한 결과 화학비료, 저장액비, 지하수 처리구보다 생산량이 적게 나타났지만 무처리구 보다는 생산량이 증가하여 향후 처리방법이나 적정 처리량 등을 구명하여 적용한다면 화학비료와 비슷한 효과를 얻을 수 있고 가축분뇨 처리비용도 절감할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 본 연구는 biomass 매년수확구의 식재당년의 결과이며, 식재한 묘목의 수령이 증가하고 입지환경에 적응되면 바이오매스 생산량도 대폭 증가할 것이므로 이와 같은 연구가 반복적으로 수행되어야 보다 확실한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.32-45
• /
• 2000

본 논문에서는 CDMA 기지국에 선형 어레이 안테나를 적용하고자 할 경우, beamforming(BF) 성능과 관련된 두 가지 주요지표인 주 빔 폭의 좁은 정도를 지칭하는 direction selectivity와 사용자 신호의 방향추정 정확도가 BF의 SINR(Signal to interference and noise ratio) 성능에 미치는 영향과 이들 상호간의 관련성을 해석적으로 유도하였으며, 이를 수신 동작 시뮬레이션을 통하여 확인하였다. BF에 내포된 사용자 방향추정 기능과 간섭 사용자 신호 억제기능에 대하여 이들의 오차가 SINR에 미치는 영향을 구분하여 알아보기 위한 목적으로 방향추정 기능만을 포함한 steering BF 알고리즘과 간섭 사용자 전력을 최소화시키는 기능이 포함된 MVDR(Minimum variance distortionless response) BF 알고리즘을 대상으로 해석 및 동작 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 이 과정에 BF 알고리즘의 방향추정 기능에 직접적으로 오차를 유발하는 전파의 공간적 scattering 현상에 대한 모델을 새로이 제시하여 적용하도록 하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 종래의 군사적 목적의 BF와는 달리 셀룰러 CDMA 기지국에 array 안테나를 적용하고자 할 경우는 direction selectivity 및 사용자 방향추정 정확도를 향상시키고자 하는 것이 구현의 경제성 및 오차요인들에 대한 robustness 측면에서는 적합하지 않다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 특성은 BF 성능열화에는 크게 영향을 주지 않으면서 복잡도를 최소화하고 오차요인에 대한 robustness 특성을 갖는 경제적인 BF 알고리즘의 구현을 가능케 하여주는 중요한 사실이다. 이에 본 연구에서 제시한 해석의 결과는 셀룰러 CDMA기지국에 대한 BF 알고리즘 개발 및 적용의 설계지표로서 의미가 크다하겠다.

• 접착 및 계면
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.107-112
• /
• 2020

원자층 두께의 전이금속 칼코겐화합물(transition-metal dichalcogenide, TMD) 기반 반도체 소재는 그래핀과 비슷한 구조의 이차원구조를 지니는 소재로서 조절 가능한 밴드갭 뿐만 아니라 우수한 유연성, 투명성 등 다양한 장점으로 인해 다양한 미래사회의 전자소자에 활용될 수 있는 소재로서 각광받고 있다. 하지만 이러한 TMD 소재들은 수분과 산소에 매우 취약하다는 단점 때문에 대기안정성을 해결할 수 있는 다양한 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 핫픽업 전사기술을 이용하여 TMD 반도체 소재 중 하나인 WSe₂ 와 이차원 절연체 h-BN와의 수직 헤테로 구조를 제작하여 WSe₂의 대기 안정성을 향상시키기 위한 연구를 수행하였으며, h-BN/WSe₂ 구조를 활용하여 WSe₂ 기반 고성능 전계효과 트랜지스터 제작에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 제작된 소자의 전기적 특성을 분석한 결과, h-BN에 의해 표면이 안정화된 WSe₂ 기반 소자는 대기안정성 뿐만 아니라 150 ㎠/Vs의 상온 정공 이동도, 3×10⁶의 온/오프 전류비, 192 mV/decade의 서브문턱스윙 등 우수한 전기적 특성을 갖는다는 것 또한 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한의용생체공학회 1997년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.245-248
• /
• 1997

Operative interventions for the management of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) include core drilling, with or without vascularized fibular bone grafting. Nevertheless, their clinical results have not been consistently satisfactory. Recently, a new surgical procedure that incorporates cementation with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) after core drilling has been tried clinically. In this study, a biomechanical analysis using a finite element method(FEM) was undertaken to evaluate surgical methods and their underlying surgical parameter. Our finite element models included five types. They were (1) normal model (Type I), (2) necrotic model (Type II), (3) core decompressed model (Type III). (4) fibular bone grafted model (Type IV), and (5) cemented with PMMA model (Type V). The geometric dimensions of the femur were based on digitized CT-scan data of a normal person. Various physiological loading conditions and surgical penetration depths by the core were used as mechanical variables to study their biomechanical contributions in stress transfer within the femoral head region. In addition. the peak von Mises stress(PVMS) within the necrotic cancellous bone of the femoral head was obtained. The fibular bone grafted method and cementation method provided optimal stress transfer behaviors. Here. substantial increase in the low stress level was observed when the penetration depth was extended to 0mm and 5mm from the subchondral region. Moreover, significant decrease in PVMS due to surgery was observed in the fibular bone grafted method and the cementation method when the penetration depths were extended up to 0 and 5mm from the subchondral region. The drop in PVMS was greater during toe-off than during heel-strike (57% vs. 28% in Type IV and 49% vs. 22% in Type V). Both the vascularized fibular bone grafting method (Type IV) and the new PMMA technique (Type V) appear to be very effective in providing good stress transfer and reducing the peak Von-Mises stress within the necrotic region. Overall results show that fibular bone grafting and cementation methods are quite similar. In light of above results, the new cementation method appears to be a promising surgical alternative or the treatment of ONFH. The use of PMMA for the core can be less prone to surgical complication as opposed to preparation of fibular bone graft and can achieve more immediate fixation between the core and the surrounding region.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.125-132
• /
• 1983

Dielectric properties of sardine-starch paste with moisture content of 4 to $13\%$ were investigated as functions of moisture and frequency. And the effects of the levels of fat and starch of the mixtures upon dielectric permittivity, critical moisture, were also mentioned. In addition, a theoretical prediction of frequency dependence of dielectric constant which was computed by the lumped circuit of two layer condenser model was evaluated. For the preparation of sardine-starch paste, comminuted sardine meat was washed thoroughly several times in chilled water by soaking and decanting, and finally centrifuged. This procedure was extended longer to provide a low fat sample. The centrifuged meat was mixed with adequate amounts of starch and salt, and ground for 25 minutes in a stone mortar, moulded in the form of disk with 7cm diameter and 1.2cm thickness and then freeze dried. Dried meat disks were cut off for the size of 5.5cm diameter and 1.0cm thickness and their moisture contents were controlled in humidified desiccators with saturated solutions. Dielectric constants of sardine-starch paste tended to decrease frequency was increased showing a critical charge at the moisture called critical moisture content. In case of the sample with $20\%$ starch and $2\%$ salt an average complex permittivity($\epsilon^{\ast}$) at 7 to $8\%$ morsture as the critical moisture content was presented; $\epsilon^{\ast}$=3.37+j 0.39 at 0.1 MHz, $\epsilon^{\ast}$=2.54+j 0.19 at 15 MHz, and $\epsilon^{\ast}$=2.15+j 0.08 at 1.8 GHz, respectively. The theoretically obtained complex permittivity values from the two layer condoner model were in close agreement with these actual measurements under the same conditions, that appeared as $\epsilon^{\ast}$=2.53+i 0.09 at 0.1 MHz and $\epsilon^{\ast}$=2.28+j 0.06 at 15 MHz, respectively. The fast level of the mixture also revealed an influence on dielectric property that defatted neat with $1.0\%$ fat showed a higher hc and $\epsilon^{\ast}$ value than the meat with $4.8\%$ fat. Complex permittivity being related to the moisture level remained nearly unchanged or slightly changed at the moisture range of 4 to $8\%$ but was dispersed widely at higher moisture contents.

• 한국환경생태학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.257-277
• /
• 2007

Z-M방법으로 한국 전역의 소나무림에 대한 식물사회학적 연구를 수행하였다. 소나무림은 크게 1군집, 3군락, 7아군락으로 구분되었다. 한국 소나무림의 분류체계는 다음과 같다. Rhododendro-Quercetalia mongolicae Kim 1990 I : Lindero-Quercion mongolicae Kim 1990 em. Kim 1992 A : Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community A-1 : Typical subcommunity A-2 : Vaccinium koreanum subcommunity A-3 : Rhododendron micranthum subcommunity B : Quercus serrate-Pinus densiflora community B-1 : Typical subcommunity B-2 : Juniperus rigida subcommunity B-3 : Styrax japonica subcommunity B-4 : Eurya japonica subcommunity C: Saso-Pinetum densiflorae Yim et al. 1990 Camellietalia japonicae Oda et Sumata 1966 II : Ardisio-Castanopsion Miyawaki et al. 1971 D : Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community 소나무-신갈나무군락은 한반도 중북부지역의 산지에 주로 분포하였으며, 소나무-졸참나무군락은 한반도 중부와 남부의 저산지와 구릉지에 넓게 나타났다. 소나무-제주조릿대군집은 제주도의 소나무림에서 조사되었다. 그리고 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락은 남서해안과 도서를 포함하는 난 온대역에 분포하였다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.613-623
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the set up and running status of school gardening at elementary schools in Jeollabuk-do. Among 416 elementary schools in Jeollabuk-do, 164 schools (39.4%) had school gardens. Ninety-seven schools in cities and 67 in counties had school gardens. The total area and school garden size at schools in Jeollabuk-do were $45,490m^2$ and $277m^2$ per school, respectively, as well as $1.6m^2$ per students. School gardens varied in type, and percentages of outdoor and off-campus gardens were 67.2% and 17.2%, respectively. There were differences in the set up, type of garden, annual operating budget, and participants in school garden programs according to the location (city or county) of the school The installation and automation of facilities in the garden (such as greenhouse, tool shed, resource recycling facility, etc.) were poor. Most schools grew various kinds of plants, including vegetables, crops, ornamentals, and fruits. Teachers most often operated school gardens and taught students. Teachers had difficulty managing school gardens due to absence of knowledge about sustaining gardens. Most respondents reported the need for a school garden training program. Sixty-one percent of schools reported that the garden was used for academic instruction, especially during class. The majority of respondents agreed that school gardens have a positive effect and wanted to increase classes related to school gardens. Accordingly, in order to sustain school gardens and maximize their effects, systematic and customized support is needed that considers the characteristics and circumstances of the school. The facilities and features of the garden should be improved, and the school garden training program for teachers should attempt to reduce the effort required to manage the garden and increase utilization efficiency. In addition, participation of garden coordinators, parents, and community volunteers in managing gardens and implementing garden lessons is required.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제15권5호
• /
• pp.438-443
• /
• 2000

맥주의 숙성기간을 단축시키기 위해 네 종류의 고정화용 담체를 활용한 고정화 효모 반응기를 시험하였다. 전발효가 끝난 Green Beer (GB)를 효모를 제거하고 열처리할 경우 처 리온도가 높을수록 전구체인 $\alpha$-acetolactate의 diacety 1로의 전 환율이 낮고 전환속도도 빨라 $70^{\circ}C$이상의 온도에서는 4분이면 충분하였다 GB 중의 산소농도는 전구체에서 DA로의 변환율에 매우 큰 영향을 끼쳤는데 그 농도가 낮을수록 전환율이 낮았으며 0.1 ppm 이하의 농도에서는 거의 대부분의 전 구체가 DA이외의 물칠로 전환되었다. 열처리한 전발효 맥주 를 HAN, G-2, FLO, GDC 담체 column에 $\alpha$, 체류시간 80-150분으로 통과시킬 경우 diacety I 농도를 상품 맥주의 품질로 적합한 0.1 ppm이하로 떨어뜨릴 수 있어서 시험한 담체 모두 맥주 숙성용 효모고정화용 답체로의 실용화 가능 성이 있었다. 이 때 세라믹 담체 column의 경우 GDC 담체 column에 비해 미발효된 잔당의 발효에 의한 새로운 DA 전 구체의 생성이 많았다. 위와 같은 방법으로 생산한 맥주를 공장에서 기존의 방법으로 생산한 맥주와 맛을 비교한 결과 미세한 차이가 있으나 불쾌한 느낌을 주는 이취등은 발견되지 않아 고정화 효모 반응기에 의한 고속 숙성공정의 현장적 용 가능성이 높음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 비교문화연구
• /
• 제39권
• /
• pp.219-240
• /
• 2015

The following summarized argument is the comparative research of the characteristics of automatic techniques demonstrated in the mixed expression of foreign language and Korean language in Lee Sang's poetry. Our research examines the use of foreign languages such as French and English shown in Lee Sang's poems, and then, recognized the characteristics of the automatic techniques demonstrated by the parallel marks and signs of Korean language. The automatical technique's element that Lee Sang made use of is a language of loanblend, consisting of free use of French, English, Japanese and Korean. The mathematical and geometric figures such as numbers and shapes can be seen as an important poetic language. In Lee Sang's poetry, the French words "AMOUREUSES" and "ESQUISSE" and English words "I WED A TOY BRIDE" are considered as parts of Korean language. The use of foreign language is seen by the readers as encodes of a unacquainted language and it provides rhetorical characteritstics that gives off profanatory feeling about the poetry. The poet is seen to have created a new poetic language that excess the standards of the limitations that Korean and Chinese marks have through the application of polysems and poliphonyic effects that foreign languages have. The mathematical and geometric signs are Lee Sang's special experimental elements that can't be seen in other literary poetries. They are conversational and the requirements for the expression of abstract artistry and esthetics. The language used in his poetry are external to those traditional poetic languages and they mix freely with other poetic elements to become an automatic technique used in the writing. Lee Sang's techniques can be considered as the pursuit of defiance and departure, freedom about literature and artistry. Moreover, the avant-garde expressionism is the literary form that demonstrated the sense of inferiority, nervousness and loneliness risen from physical pain and the abnormal relationship with women in the poet's personal life. The technique shows the longingness of the the Western culture and literature that lay dormant in the poet's consciousness and it is also the expression of ingenious that created the new guide in the Korean poetic literature, exceeding the European surrealism. Lastly, the automatic technique images that are demonstrated by the mixture of the foreign languages and Korean language are the creations of an innate poetic language and poetic literature that can't be imitated by anyone in Korean literature.