• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.552-560
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• 2010

$GA_{4+7}$+BA, a plant growth regulator for induction of feathering in young apple tree and increasing fruit size, was applied by various methods on 'Gala'/M.9 apple trees in high density orchard for 4 years to investigate its effect on fruit and shoot growth. $GA_{4+7}$+BA($80-300mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) increased fruit length, fruit weight, and L/D ratio regardless of application methods, but it did not affect soluble solid content, acidity, leaf area, and chlorophyll. Seed number was not affected by $GA_{4+7}$+BA application, however, more immature seeds was observed in treated 'Gala' fruit. Shoot growth was increased when spraying $GA_{4+7}$+BA at tree crown but not affected when spraying at fruit directly. More significant fruit growth was observed when $GA_{4+7}$+BA was applied on the fruits between late of May and early of June when fruit cell division ended; however, high concentration of $GA_{4+7}$+BA resulted in lower fruit storability because of lower firmness. Hence, more attention should be paid when applying high concentration of $GA_{4+7}$+BA to small sized fruit cultivars like 'Gala'.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.528-536
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• 2016

This study was conducted to examine the effect of 0.4% of $CaCl_2$, $2H_2O$, $1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of Calmodulin (CaM)-SH, 250-folds of coating agent (WE-36), 1,000-folds of $GA_{4+7}+BA$ and 3 types of paper bagging treatments on russet incidence and fruit quality attributes of 'Gamhong' apple. The pattern of russet occurrence was slightly different for 4 years (from 2012 to 2015) in 'Gamhong' apple. The russet occurrence was lowest in $GA_{4+7}+BA$ treatment at 20 days after full bloom (DAFB), compared with other treatments. The $GA_{4+7}+BA$ treatment increased fruit weight at 20 DAFB, while the other fruit quality attributes were not influenced. The russet occurrence was lower not only in a single bag application than in untreated ones but also in yellow bagging and discolored bagging applications than in a white bagging application. The russet occurrence in a bagging application was lower at 20 DAFB than at 30 and 40 DAFB, while fruit quality attributes were not affected by bagging applications. The russet incidence was lower in $GA_{4+7}+BA$ twice treatments at 20 and 30 DAFB, and calcium coated bag at 30 DAFB after $GA_{4+7}+BA$ treatment at 20 DAFB than in untreated fruit. The rate of russet incidence was lowest at equator region in $GA_{4+7}+BA$ treatment, compared with the other fruit regions. Overall, the results suggest that one and/or two applications of $GA_{4+7}+BA$ (1,000-folds) treatment at 20 DAFB should reduce the risk of russet incidence in 'Gamhong' fruit.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.13-16
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• 2006

II-$III_{2}-(S,Se)_{4}$ structured of phosphor have been used at various fields because they have high luminescent efficiency and broad emission band. Among these phosphors, europium doped $BaGa_{2}S_{4}$ was prepared by solid-state method. We investigated the possibility of applying [ ] due to emissive property of UV region. Also, general sulfide phosphors were synthesized by using injurious $H_{2}S$ $CS_{2}$ gas. However, this study prepared $BaGa_{2}S_{4}:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor is addition to excess sulfur under 5% $H_{2}$/95% $N_{2}$ reduction atmosphere. So, this process could involved large scale synthesis because of non-harmfulness and simple process. The photo-luminescence efficiency of the prepared $BaGa_{2}S_{4}:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor increased by 20% compared with commercial $BaGa_{2}S_{4}:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor. From this, we could conclude that the prepared $BaGa_{2}S_{4}:Eu^{2+}$ could be applied to green phosphor for white LED of three wavelengths.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1056-1061
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• 1999

Phase formation and oxygen ion conduction of La(Ba)Ga(Mg)O3-$\delta$ system was studied, BaLaGa3O7 and BaLaGaO4 formed as a secondary phase above the solubility limit of Ba2+ in La3+ sites. The oxygen ionic conductivity of La(Ba)Ga(Mg)O3-$\delta$ was 0.1 S/cm 80$0^{\circ}C$ The activation energy of the oxygen ion conduction was dependent on temperature. This value was higher at low temperature than at high temperature.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 1986

This study was conducted to determine the possible role of growth regulators and the effect of foliar part cutting on the tuber formation of C. serotinus. Foliar application of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) increased tuber number and fresh weight of C. serotinus by an average of 24.7% and 32.4%, respectively, as compared with the untreated control. However, the tuberization of C. seratinus was inhibited by single treatment of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) as the concentrations increased. As compared with the untreated control, BA at $10^{-4}$M and combination of BA $10^{-5}$ + GA $10^{-5}$M increased 31.8% and 53.7% of tuber number, respectively, but GA at $10^{-5}$M decreased tuber number by 21.9%. 15㎏/10a of nitrogen under three levels of BA resulted in the highest number of tuber formation of C. serotinus, an increase of 24.7% as compared with the untreated control. GA treated increased flowering of C. serotinus by an average of 4.8% based on the untreated control. Tuber number and fresh weight of C. serotinus was markedly inhibited as the number of cutting times increased. Three times cutting inhibited tuber number and fresh weight of C. serotinus by 76.1% and 96.6%, respectively, under nitrogen of 15kg per 10a as compared with the untreated control.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 1986

Aqueous solutions of 2,4-D, BA or $GA_3(10^{-6},\;10^{-5},\;and\;10^{-4}M,\;respectively)$ were sprayed onto soybean (Glycine max) plants in the flowering stage, and proteins of immature (33days after flowering) and mature (77days after flowering) seeds were analyzed by electrophoresis to elucidate the effects of the growth reguators on protein synthesis or protein accumulation in the seeds. Accumulations of some proteins were altered by 2,4-D or BA at certain concentrations, but no proteins were affected by $GA_3$. The ${\alpha}\;and\;{\alpha}'$ subunits of 7S and acidic subunit of 11S disappeared in mature seeds after treatments at the flowering stage with 2,4-D or BA. The presence of ${\alpha}\;and\;{\alpha}'$ subunits of 7S and acidic subunit of 11S in immature seeds indicated that the absence of the above polypeptides in mature seeds did not result from inhibitions in syntheses of the polypeptides by the growth regulators. Disappearance of the above proteins in mature seeds seemed to be concerned with the action of specific proteolytic enzyme (s) (metalloendopeptidase?), and 2,4-D and BA might promote gene expression or activation of the enzyme.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.184-192
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of temperature ($15{\sim}40^{\circ}C$) and the spraying plant growth regulators ($GA_{4+7}+BA$ and prohexadione-calcium) during full blooming on pollen germination and pollen tube growth of the commercial apple cultivars ('Fuji' and 'Tsugaru') and apple cultivars bred in Korea ('Chukwang', 'Gamhong', 'Hongan', 'Honggeum', 'Hongro', 'Hwahong', 'Hongso', 'Summer dream' and 'Sunhong'). Pollen germination and pollen tube growth were increased with increasing temperature from 15 to $25^{\circ}C$, but high temperature over $30^{\circ}C$ inhibit those. The apple cultivar bred in Korea that shows the highest value on pollen germination and pollen tube growth at over $30^{\circ}C$ was 'Sunhong'. The spraying $GA_{4+7}+BA$ increased pollen germination and pollen tube growth than control, but that effect was not show at $40^{\circ}C$. The spraying prohexadione-calcium was not affect to pollen germination and pollen tube growth. In conclusion, if the air temperature during full bloom of apple tree rises about $30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$, the spraying $GA_{4+7}+BA$ after artificial pollination will be good to increasing fruit set.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1999.10b
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• pp.150.2-150
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• 1999

To investigate the weathering soil buffering capacities of the artificial acidic precipitation, the weathering soils and their leachate solutions were sampled from the host rocks(granite;GR, rhyolite;RH, gabbro;GA, basalt;BA, two serpentinite;SE1, SE2 and limestone;LI) and analyzed for pH and chemical properties. 1n the soil pH of the GR and RH ,the acidic rocks, were 5.02 and 5.95, respectively. And the GA and BA, basic rocks, were 6.52 and 7.57. The SE1 and SE2 were 8.90 and 8.89. While the LI was 7.84. These results means the typical soil pH properties by host rocks. After the artificial acidic precipitation input 5OOml, the average changes of soil leachate solutions treated by pH levels(pH 5.0, 4.0 and 3.0), were pH 5.73, 5.00 and 4.40. in GR soil, and pH 6.19, 5.99 and 5.57 in RH. GA were pH 6.31, 6.04 and 5.86, BA were pH 7.05, 6.85 and 6.56 and SE1 were pH 8.31, 8.26 and 7.71. SE2 were pH 8.29, 8.24 and 7.96. LI were pH 7.55, 7.46 and 6.79. The soil leachate pHs from volcanic rocks were higher than those from the plutonic rocks and GR soils showed greater response than other soils. With increasing 100ml input-solution, the soil leachate pHs were mainly decreased. Cation concentrations, CEC, EC and total nitrogen concentrations of RH and BA soils, the volcanic rocks, were higher than those of GR and GA soil, the plutonic rocks. On the contrary, Al concentrations of the GR and GA soils were higher than those of RH and BA soils, partly because of high quartz content in GR and Al content in the biotite and plagioclase in GA.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.187-195
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• 1985

Electrophoretic studies of protein extracts from carrot calluses suspension-cultured on the media containing kinetin, BA, IAA, NAA or $GA_3$ at the levels of $10^{-6},\;10^{-5},\;10^{-4}M$, respectively, were performed to identify polypeptides and proteins regulated by auxin, cytokinin or GA. Fifteen bands of polypeptide(s) were observed in the callus cultured in the control medium devoid of growth regulators, and their molecular weights were $18._4,\;20._2,\;20._0,\;34._9,\;35._7,\;37._4,\;40._3,\;42._2,\;44._1,\;44._4,\;49._3,\;55._0,\;56._6,\;58._1,\;and\;59._9\;KD$, respectively. The synthesis of polypeptide appeared to be promoted in two bands by kinetin, in six bands by BA, in one band by IAA, in two bands by NAA, and in four bands by $GA_3$, while inhibited in five bands by kinetin, in three bands by BA, in four bands by IAA, in three bands by NAA and in three bands by $GA_3$. The polypeptides of $40._3\;KD\;42._2\;KD$ seemed to be regulated by cytokinins, and those of $44._1\;KD,37._4\;KD,\;and\;56._6\;KD$ by auxins. The proteins of three bands with relative mobilities of 0.56, 0.84, and 0.92, respectively, increased in the calluses cultured on the media containing kinetin, IAA, $GA_3$, NAA or BA, compared to the control, but it was difficult to identify the proteins specific for each growth regulator.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.297-308
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• 1997

Role of plant hormones on the leaf senescence of Phaseolus vulgaris were investigated by measuring the disassembly of chlorophyll-protein complexes in detached leaves treated with NAA, GA$_{3}$ , or BA. The loss of chlorophyll that was characteristic of leaf senescence induced disassembly of chlorophyll-protein complexed. During dark-induced senescence, PSI complex was rapidly degraded after the early stage, whereas RC-Core3 was slightly increased until the middle stage and slowly decreased thereafter. And gradual degradation of trimeric LCHII progressed after the late stage of senescence. Exogenous application of NAA and GA$_{3}$ had little or no effect in protecting disassembly of chlorophyll-protein complexes during leaf senescence compared to control. However exogenous BA application strongly leaves. In the simultaneous treatment of plant hormones and light, BA application under illumination of light was most effective in the stability of chlorophyll-protein complexes, particularly PSI, LHCII, RC-Core2, RC-Core3 and SC-1. these results suggest, therefore, that simultaneous application of BA and light induced synergistic effect on the stability off chlorophyll-protein complexes during leaf senescence.