• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.433-438
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• 2011

Purpose: To investigate the proper distance from patient to target when measuring refractive error using open view target type auto-refractor(OVTAR), it was compared refractive errors between by OVTAR using N-vision-K5001 auto-refractor and internal fixation target type auto-refractor(IFTAR) using Canon auto-refractor. Methods: 21 subjects(42 eyes) aged 22.2(${\pm}$3.4) years old who had over 1.0 of corrected visual acuity and no ocular disease were participated for this study. Noncycloplegic measurements of refractive error were performed using a IFTAR(RK-F1, Canon, Japan) and an OVTAR(N-vision-K5001, Shin-nippon, Japan). The distances from subjects to targets in using the open the view target type auto-refractor were 1 m, 3 m, 4 m and 6 m. The refractive errors were compared between by IFTAR and by 1 m, 3 m, 4 m and 6 m target distances respectively using OVTAR. Results: At 1 m fixation distance the mean of refractive errors for total subjects was not significantly different between by OVTAR(-2.75${\pm}$1.84 D) and by IFTAR(-2.95${\pm}$2.04 D)(p=0.06). However at 3, 4 and 6 m fixation distance refractive errors by OVTAR were significantly lower myopic refractive errors than by IFTAR(p<0.05). Conclusions: The distance from subject to fixation target is needed over 3 m for the measurement of refractive error using OVTAR even not to 5~6 m distance.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.180-186
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• 2003

In order to prediction of lethal effects on target microorganisms, this study was developed the program in the basis of Excel that was systemized with Visual Basic. This program was automatically calculated the lethal effects (L and Fo value) by using thermal characteristics (D and z value), kinetic model and mathematic model. For the selection of target microorganisms, we are selected two microorganisms because of spoilage increasing by acid production and decreasing quality of food, and heat resistance microorganisms. The target microorganisms were Bacillus cereus (D$_{121.1}$=0.0065 min, z=7.8$^{\circ}C$) and Bacillus subtilis (D$_{121.1}$=0.5 min, z =12$^{\circ}C$). The program was developed for the target microorganisms, and that was very useful for various microorganisms that direct introducing known D and z value.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.432-439
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• 2013

This study was performed to assess the current stock condition of elkhorn sculpin along the Uljin area in the East Sea of Korea. To assess the state of the stock, yield-per-recruit (YPR) and spawning biomass-perrecruit (SBPR) analyses were performed. Estimates of $F_{max}$ and $F_{0.1}$ were 2.10/year and 0.48/year, respectively, and those of $F_{35%}$ and $F_{40%}$ were 0.66/year and 0.54/year, respectively. Current fishing mortality was estimated at 0.63/year and the current age at first capture was 2.41years. $F_{40%}$ was set as the target reference point of the stock. SBPR at $F_{40%}$ and current SBPR were estimated to be 41.85g and 37.77g, respectively. Estimated FOTY which is the fishing mortality for the overfished threshold yield was 0.49/year. The ratio of SBPR/$SBPR_{MSY}$ was calculated as 0.90 and that of $F/F_{OTY}$ was 1.05. The ratio of $t_c/t_{c\;opt}$ was calculated as 1.15 and that of $F/F_{OTY}$ was 1.17. Therefore, the current stock condition of elkhorn sculpin along the Uljin area of Korea has not been overfished, however, it indicates that a light overfishing is going on this stock.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1994.07b
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• pp.1236-1238
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• 1994

TiAlN thin films were prepared by a multi target r.f magnetron sputtering system under different conditions. We have investigated the resistivity and T.C.R. (Temperature Coefficient of Resistance) characteristics of TiAlN films deposited on $Al_2O_3$ and glass substrates by sputtering in an $Ar:N_2$ gas mixture. We used Al and Ti metal as Target Material and $Ar:N_2$ gas as working gas. We varied the partial pressure ratio of $N_2/Ar$ from 0.2/7 to 1.0/6.2 (SCCM). And the R.F power of Ti and Al Target also were varied as 160/240, 200/200 and 240/160(W). In this experiment, we can get the precision thin film resistor with a very low T.C.R. (Temperature Coefficient of Resistance) below 25 ppm ${\Omega}/^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.509-514
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• 2011

In this study, optical emission spectroscopy was used to monitor the plasma produced during the RF magnetron sputtering of a $BaTiO_3$ target. The intensities of chemical species were measured by real time monitoring with various discharge parameters such as RF power, pressure, and discharge gas. The emission lines of elemental and ionized species from $BaTiO_3$ and Ti targets were analyzed to evaluate the film composition and the optimized growth conditions for $BaTiO_3$ films. The emissions from Ar(I, II), Ba(I, II) and Ti(I) were found during sputtering of the $BaTiO_3$ target in Ar atmosphere. With increasing RF power, all the line intensities increased because the electron density increased with increasing RF power. When the Ar pressure increased, the Ba(II) and Ti(I) line intensity increased, but the $Ar^+$ line intensity decreased with increasing pressure. This result shows that high pressure is of greater benefit for the ionization of Ba than for that of Ar. Oxygen depressed the intensity of the plasma more than Ar did. When the Ar/$O_2$ ratio decreased, the intensity of Ba decreased more sharply than that of Ti. This result indicates that the plasma composition strongly depends on the discharge gas atmosphere. When the oxygen increased, the Ba/Ti ratio and the thickness of the films decreased. The emission spectra showed consistent variation with applied power to the Ti target during co-sputtering of the $BaTiO_3$ and Ti targets. The co-sputtered films showed a Ba/Ti ratio of 1.05 to 0.73 with applied power to the Ti target. The films with different Ba/Ti ratios showed changes in grain size. Ti excess films annealed at $600^{\circ}C$ did not show the second phase such as $BaTi_2O_5$ and $TiO_2$.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.319-323
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• 2012

Objective: To explore the feasibility of shrinking field technique after 40 Gy radiation through 18F-FDG PET/CT during treatment for patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: In 66 consecutive patients with local-advanced NSCLC, 18F-FDG PET/CT scanning was performed prior to treatment and repeated after 40 Gy. Conventionally fractionated IMRT or CRT plans to a median total dose of 66Gy (range, 60-78Gy) were generated. The target volumes were delineated in composite images of CT and PET. Plan 1 was designed for 40 Gy to the initial planning target volume (PTV) with a subsequent 20-28 Gy-boost to the shrunken PTV. Plan 2 was delivering the same dose to the initial PTV without shrinking field. Accumulated doses of normal tissues were calculated using deformable image registration during the treatment course. Results: The median GTV and PTV reduction were 35% and 30% after 40 Gy treatment. Target volume reduction was correlated with chemotherapy and sex. In plan 2, delivering the same dose to the initial PTV could have only been achieved in 10 (15.2%) patients. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed regarding doses to the lung, spinal cord, esophagus and heart. Conclusions: Radiotherapy adaptive to tumor shrinkage determined by repeated 18F-FDG PET/CT after 40 Gy during treatment course might be feasible to spare more normal tissues, and has the potential to allow dose escalation and increased local control.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.413-423
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• 2016

In this paper, we consider the functional equation f(x + 2y) - 3f(x + y) + 3f(x) - f(x - y) - 3f(y) + 3f(-y) = 0 and prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability for it when the target space is a fuzzy Banach space. The usual method to obtain the stability for mixed type functional equation is to split the cases according to whether the involving mappings are odd or even. In this paper, we show that the stability of a quadratic-cubic mapping can be obtained without distinguishing the two cases.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.197-202
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• 2013

Large gains in speech intelligibility can be obtained using the SNR-based binary mask approach. This approach retains the time-frequency (T-F) units of the mixture signal, where the target signal is stronger than the interference noise (masker) (e.g., SNR > 0 dB), and removes the T-F units, where the interfering noise is dominant. This paper introduces two alternative binary masks based on the distortion constraints to improve the speech intelligibility. The distortion constraints are induced by a gain function for estimating the short-time spectral amplitude. One binary mask is designed to retain the speech underestimated (T-F) units while removing the speech overestimated (T-F)units. The other binary mask is designed to retain the noise overestimated (T-F) units while removing noise underestimated (T-F) units. Listening tests with oracle binary masks were conducted to assess the potential of the two binary masks in improving the intelligibility. The results suggested that the two binary masks based on distortion constraints can provide large gains in intelligibility when applied to noise-corrupted speech.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.62-70
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• 1978

Chlorine was used for inactivation of bacteriophage f2 at pH 5.5, 7.5, and 10.0 at $10^{\circ}C$. The inactivation rate phage with chlorine varied depending on the pH value and reaction time. Hypochlorous acid appeared to be the major species of free chlorine for the inactivation. Suevival of the phage treated with chlorine and infectivity of the RNA extracted from the chlorinated phage were examined. The RNA extracted from untreatd phage was chlorinated and its infectivity was assayed. All three samples showed similar rates of inactivation at pH 5.5 and 7.5, but the naked RNA was more susceptible to chlorine at pH 10.0. The rate of inactivation was compared naked RNA was more susceptible to chlorine at pH 10.0. The rate of inactivation was compared with specific and non-specific attachment of the phasge f2. The specific attachment of the phage increased after the phage had been inactivated by extended chlorination. Chlorine may penetrate to the becteriophage f2 by altering the structural integrity of the protein coat, but the main target of free chlorine for inactivation of the phage appeared to be the phage RNA.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of community intervention on reducing salt intake among college students on their knowledge, attitude and practice of low-salt diet. Methods: A community intervention planned to increase college students' knowledge, attitude and practice of low-salt diet. The intervention comprised of 1 lecture on salt and health, 4 campaigns on low-salt diet, and 2 taste testing was carried out from March 24 to May 19, 2015. All the intervention was open to entire university while data was collected from a panel of convenient sample. We used the baseline data of 251 students, 226 students completed post-test. Post-test data on knowledge, attitude, and practice, blood pressure measurement, and urine salt test were collected on May 25 and 26 by trained nursing students and graduates. Baseline data were collected on March 17 and 18. Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS 21.0 for t-test and ANCOVA. Results: Regarding a general characteristic and health behavior, there was statistically significant difference in living arrangement(p<0.001), amount of monthly allowance(p=0.005) and frequency of eating-out(p<0.001) between the two regions in this study. However, there was no statistically significant difference in gender, major, smoking, drinking and frequency of breakfast. Regarding a characteristic related to low-salt diet, there was statistically significant difference in diastolic blood pressure level(p=0.002), urine test(p=0.001). But there was no statistically significant difference in knowledge, attitude, practice of low-salt diet and systolic blood pressure. There was no statistically significant difference in their knowledge of low-salt diet(F=1.588, p=0.209), attitude(F=2.182, p=0.141), practice(F=3.507, p=0.062) and systolic blood pressure(F=1.723, p=0.191), diastolic blood pressure(F=1.552, p=0.214), urine test after a community intervention. Conclusions: Community intervention that does not have concrete target group doesn't seem to be effective on increasing knowledge, attitude and practice of the entire community, not even in university-a somewhat closed community. It is suggested to apply a target specific intervention in order to have efficient and effective outcome from a intervention.