• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.154-161
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• 2001

We have treated polyester fabric with $CF_4,\;C_2F_6,\;SF_6\;and\;C_3F_6$ glow discharge plasmas to develop functional fabrics which preserve moisture transportation and water proofing nature. Modified properties were evaluated by water vapor permeation rate and breakthrough water pressure. The change of surface morphology was observed by SEM. Fiber interstice of the plasma treated fabric was calculated as $0.32{\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and this value was sufficiently ideal as water repellent material. The moisture transportation of ${CF_4}-treated$ fabric was good as much as untreated fabric, and those of $C_2$F(sub)6-treated, SF(sub)6-treated fabrics were reduced by 1~3%, and that of ${C_3F_6}-treated$ fabric was reduced by 15%. The best treatment condition were 0.06 torr 120 seconds in $CF_4$, 0.05 torr 30 seconds in $SF_6$, 0.08~0.15 torr 90 seconds in $SF_6$ and 0.1 torr 45 seconds in $C_3F_6$ respectively. The grade of moisture transportation effect was $CF_4>C_2F_6>SF_6>>C_3F_6$, and water proofing effect was $C_2F_6{\approx}CF_4>C_3F_6>SF_6$. It was observed by SEM that the thin film was formed on the surface of the treated substrate by the fluorocarbon plasma treatment.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.275-283
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• 1999

Korean R. plancyi occupies a restricted area in western South Korea and shows a relatively low level of genic variability (%P＝15.2, Ho=0.052, He＝0.048). In contrast, R. nigromaculata is broadly distributed in South Korea. The observed low level of variability of R. nigromaculata (%P＝14.3, Ho＝0.042, He＝0.043) is probably due to its recent colonization. Populations of R. nigromaculata exhibited considerable genetic differentiation (F$_{sT}$=0.149) and low level of gene flow (Nm＝1.427) among populations, compared to those of R. Plancyi (F$_{sTF$_{sT}$}$=0.096, Nm＝2.354), which occupies a restricted area. The observed levels of gene flow among populations of R. nigromaculata (Nm＝1.427) over a broad geographic range is relatively higher than other amphibian species. The high level of gene flow is probably the result of the high dispersal abilities of R. nigromaculata. A survey of temporal genic variation of R. nigromaculata showed that there was no significant change on the overall average genetic diversity from 1978 (average He＝0.044) to 1997 (average He＝0.040). Wright's F-statistics also indicated no significant genetic differentiation from 1978 (F$_{sT}$＝0.118) to 1997 (F$_{sT}$＝0.108). This suggests that the environmental change appears to have had little influence on the genetic composition of R. nigromaculata in the study areas during the past 20 years. The low level of temporal variation might be due to the result of high dispersal abilities and wide migration range of this species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.669-675
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• 2018

This study aimed to investigate the difference of X-ray exposure by comparing and analyzing entrance surface dose and absorbed dose according to the frame change in coronary angiography using an X-ray machine. Moreover, appropriate frame selection measures for examination, including the effect of frame change on the image quality, were sought by measuring and analyzing the SNR and CNR of the image through image J. The study was conducted on 30 patients (19 males and 11 females) who underwent CAG at this hospital from June 2017 to October 2017. In regard to the patients, their age range was 49-82 years (mean of $65{\pm}9$ years), body weight was 45-91 kg (mean of $67{\pm}8.9kg$), height was 150-179cm (mean of $165.1{\pm}8.9kg$), and BMI was 19.5-30.5(mean of $24.5{\pm}2.9$). For the entrance surface dose and absorbed dose, air kerma value and DAP were obtained and analyzed retrospectively. The SNR and CNR were measured and analyzed through imageJ, and the result values were derived by applying the values to the formula. As for the statistical analyses, the correlations between the entrance surface dose and absorbed dose, and between the SNR and CNR were analyzed by using the SPSS statistical program. The relationship between the entrance surface dose and absorbed dose was not statistically significant for both 10 f/s and 15 f/s (p>0.05). In terms of the relationship between the SNR and CNR, the SNR ($3.374{\pm}2.1297$) and CNR ($0.234{\pm}0.2249$) in 10 f/s were $1.43{\pm}0.4861$ and $0.132{\pm}0.0555$ lower, respectively, than the SNR ($4.929{\pm}2.8532$) and CNR ($0.391{\pm}0.3025$) in 15 f/s, which were not statistically significant (p>0.05). In the correlation analysis, statistically significant results were obtained among the BMI, air kerma, and DAP; between air kerma and DAP; and between SNR and CNR (p<0.001, p<0.001). In conclusion, there was no significant difference between the entrance surface dose and absorbed dose even when the images were taken by changing the frame from 10 f/s to 15 f/s at the time of the coronary angiography. SNR and CNR increased at 15 f/s than at 10 f/s, but they were not statistically significant. Therefore, this study suggests that the concern of the patient and practitioner regarding image quality degradation, as well as the problem of X-ray exposure caused by imaging at 10 f/s and 15 f/s, may be reduced.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.123-130
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• 2015

Given a recent finding showing that female speakers of South Kyungsang Korean is undergoing a sound change of the lexical pitch accent, this study tested whether the change is also reflected for male speech. This study compared F0 scaling and timing properties of accent words produced by younger female and male speakers of South Kyungsang Korean. The results indicated clear gender-related differences, showing more distinct acoustic properties across the accent words for male production compared to females. Despite the better distinction, however, younger male speakers showed peak delay where the F0 peaks are located further to the right compared to conservative speakers' production. Therefore, it might be suggested that younger male speakers' accent productions are in between conservative and innovative phonetic forms.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.50-59
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among health behavior, wellness condition, and stage of change in health behavior by risk of cardiocerebrovascular diseases (CVD) in male office workers. Methods: A total of 205 male office workers participated in the 2017 National Health Examination at a manufacturing/ R&D business in Seongnam and completed self-reported questionnaires. Results: There were significant differences in health behavior scores by risk of CVD (F=4.78, p=.009) and statistically significant differences in no smoking (F=5.86, p=.003), exercise (F=5.49, p=.005), and health checkup (F=4.39, p=.014). There were statistically significant differences in health behavior (t=-4.14, p<.001) and wellness condition (t=-2.61, p=.010) by the stage of change in health behavior. Health behavior had a weak positive correlation with wellness condition (r=.36, p<.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that, when adjusted for age and employment period, the probability of becoming attention or risk group was 11% lower for quitting smoking (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81~0.97, p=.006) and 18% lower for regular exercise (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70~0.95, p=.009). Conclusion: The direction of health management at the workplace should be changed to promote the wellness of all workers, not the management of the disease, and a health promotion program should be continued to emphasize health behaviors such as smoking cessation and regular exercise.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2014

In the past, Korea agro-climatic zone except Jeju-do was classified into nineteen based on rice culture by using air temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration etc. during rice growing periods. It has been used for selecting safety zone of rice cultivation and countermeasures to meteorological disasters. In this study, the climatic variables such as air temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration of twenty agro-climatic zones including Jeju-do were compared decennially (1970's, 1980's, 1990's, and 2000's). The meteorological data were obtained in Meteorological Information Portal Service System-Disaster Prevention, Korea Meteorological Administration. The temperature of 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s were $12.0{\pm}0.14^{\circ}C$, $11.9{\pm}0.13^{\circ}C$, $12.2{\pm}0.14^{\circ}C$, and $12.6{\pm}0.13^{\circ}C$, respectively. The precipitation of 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s were $1,270.3{\pm}20.05mm$, $1,343.0{\pm}26.01mm$, $1,350.6{\pm}27.13mm$, and $1,416.8{\pm}24.87mm$, respectively. And the sunshine duration of 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s were $421.7{\pm}18.37hours$, $2,352.4{\pm}15.01hours$, $2,196.3{\pm}12.32hours$, and $2,146.8{\pm}15.37hours$, respectively. The temperature in Middle-Inland zone ($+1.2^{\circ}C$) and Eastern-Southern zone ($+1.1^{\circ}C$) remarkably increased. The temperature increased most in Taebak highly Cold zone ($+364mm$) and Taebak moderately Cold Zone ($+326mm$). The sunshine duration decreased most in Middle-Inland Zone (-995 hours). The temperature (F=2.708, df=3, p= 0.046) and precipitation (F=5.037, df=3, p=0.002) increased significantly among seasons while the sunshine duration decreased significantly(F=26.181, df=3, p<0.0001) among seasons. In further study, it will need to reclassify agro-climatic zone of rice and it will need to conduct studies on safe cropping season, growth and developing of rice, and cultivation management system etc. based on reclassified agro-climatic zone.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.103-115
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• 2005

The Purpose of this study was to identify the process of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy corresponding to the stages of change in exercise behavior based on the Transtheoretical Model(TTM) in obese adolescents. A random sample of 517 obese adolescents was recruited in Pusan. The data were collected from June 15 to 30, 2004. The research instruments were Stages of Change for Exercise Behavior, Process of Change, Decisional Balance, and Self-Efficacy. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and ANOVA using SPSS WIN 10.0 program. The results of this study were as follows 1. The subjects were distributed in each stage of exercise behavior: There were 255 subjects($49.3\%$) in the contemplation stage, 131 subjects($25.3\%$) in the preparation stage, 52 subjects($10.1\%$) in the maintenance stage, 41 subjects($7.9\%$) in the action stage, and 38 subjects($7.4\%$) in the precontemplation stage. 2. Analysis of variance showed that cognitive process (F=13.57, p=.000), behavioral process(F=17.23, p=.000), decisional balance pros(F=11.95, p=.000), and self efficacy(F=12.52, p=.000) were significantly associated with the stages of exercise behavior change, but decisional balance cons(F=2.87, p=.023) was not significantly associated with the stages of exercise behavior change. This study can provide useful information for developing effective exercise behavior program considering obese adolescents' stages of change according t'.t the TTM.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.226-232
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• 1982

The measurements of the jerking force and the tail beat by hooked carp were carried out using a strain gauge at a fish pond from July to August 1981. The maximum jerking force was sustained for a while in the initial state after a carp was hooked, but the jerking force was gradually decreased as a function of the time elapsed until the fish was utterly exhausted, and it converged to the body weight at last. The results are as follows : 1. The maximum jerking force $F_m(g)$ can be expressed with empirical formula : $$F_m=3.23W+105$$ where W (g) is the body weight. 2. Dynamic change of the maximum jerking force $F_n(g)$ by one tail beat with time $t_{n}(-10T/2{\leq}\;t_n{\leq}10T/2)$ can he induced with the equation as follows : $$F_n=(0.27W-6.52)(|t_n|+C)^{-2.10}$$ where the period T (sec) is given by the following equation with the body weight : T=0.000385W+0.193 3. The jerking force at each of the peak points $F_p$ (g) varies with the time elapsed t (sec) as following equation : $$F_{p}=(2.23W+105)e^{-{\beta}t}+W$$. The value of durability index $\beta$ was nearly zero in the initial state and about 1.7 in the exhausted state at last. 4. It was clearly shown that the change of jerking force by hooked carp was closely related to the tail beat from a paired difference T-test.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.761-778
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• 2024

A separable minimal surface is represented by the form of f(x) + g(y) + h(z) = 0, where f, g and h are real-valued functions of x, y and z, respectively. We provide exact equations for separable minimal surfaces with elliptic functions that are singly, doubly and triply periodic minimal surfaces and completely classify all them. In particular, parameters in the separable minimal surfaces change the shape of the surfaces, such as fundamental periods and its limit behavior, within the form f(x) + g(y) + h(z) = 0.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 1998

It has been reported that Tonsillectomy ＆ Adenoidectomy(T & A) resulted in the change of voice by structural changes directly to the vocal track. We studied the effect of T & A on the voice of patients comparing the pre-operative to the post-operative voice. It was performed using a Computerized Speech Lab(CSL50) which is currently used as a method for voice analysis. Forty-five patients who had T＆A, aging from 3 to 42 years old, took part in studies and wert evaluated for voice changes and the degree of formant changes of four basic vowels, /a/, /i/, /o/, and /u/. They were evaluated pre-operatively and post-operatively one month later using MDVP, CSL program of CSL50. The results obtained were as follows ; In using MDVP, there were some differences between pre-operative and post-operative shimmer measures within the normal range but other acoustic measures(Fo, jitter, NHR) show no significant differences(p>0.05). F3 of /a/ and /o/ were significantly decreased(p<0.05) and F2, F3 of /i/ were increased(p>0.05) in patients who only had Tonsillectomy in doing CSL spectrogram. For the patients who had T & A, Fl and F3 of /a/, F3 of /i/, Fl, F2 and F3 of /o/ were decreased with significant increase in F1 and F2 of /i/(p<0.05).