• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.141-149
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• 2020

This study was undertaken to analyze the intervening effect of nursing simulation among nursing students. This was a critical review study, and data obtained were reviewed using various data bases, including RISS, KISS, NDSL, DBpia, and KRI. The terminologies entered in the data base were nursing and simulation. Selected studies were assessed for methodological quality; and narrative, descriptive or one group post-test studies were excluded from the analysis. Ed. Notes: Please review for accuracy. I have suggested the edit to the best of my understanding. Finally, 234 studies were included for investigation. Results included studies of nursing simulation intervention in Korea, commencing from 2008. One group pre-post test and two group post test were more designed in journals comparing to master thesis or doctoral dissertation. Clinical practice was the most frequently studied aspect by both the assessor and student in the two groups' pre-post test design. Nursing competences associated with dependent variables during simulation were integrated skills, critical thinking, communication, cooperation, professional recognition and leadership. The two groups pre-post design explored more varied competences as compared to other designs. Considering the results obtained, we conclude that simulation intervention is an effective teaching method for nursing students to help improve their clinical practice. However, further studies are required to assess the impact of critical thinking and problem solving.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.7229-7235
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• 2013

Background: To determine whether the Health Partner Program is effective in training long-term cancer survivors to be health coaches. Materials and Methods: We randomly assigned cancer survivors who were selected through a rigorous screening process to either the Health Partner Program or the waiting-list control group. The program consisted of 8 weeks of training in health management, leadership, and coaching. At baseline, 8, and 16 weeks, we measured primary outcomes using the Seven Habit Profile (SHP), the Korean Leadership Coaching Competency Inventory (KCCI), Ed Diner's Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Posttraumatic Growth inventory (PTGI) and secondary outcomes using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) short form 36-item questionnaire (SF-36). Results: We recruited 70 subjects and randomly assigned 34 to the intervention group. The Sharpen the Saw habit of the SHP increased significantly more in intervention group than in the control group (p=0.049), as did most PTGI factors. The intervention group also showed a significantly greater enhancement of vitality (p=0.015) and mental health (p=0.049) SF-36 scores but no improvement in KCCI, SWLS, HADS, or IES-R scores. The intervention group also showed a greater clinically meaningful improvement in the "Think Win-Win" of SHP (p=0.043) and in the personal strength score (p=0.025) and total score (p=0.015) of the PTGI. Conclusions: Long-term cancer survivors can benefit from the Health Partner Program to become health coaches.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2011

Red ginseng is one of the most popular traditional medicines in Korea. In this study, we developed a new technique in which ethanol extract of $\underline{r}$ed $\underline{g}$inseng (HRG) was exposed to the $Co^{60}$ gamma radiation ranging from 1~5 kGy. The irradiated HRG (IHRG) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine any compositional changes of ginsenosides due to irradiation. No appreciable difference was observed in the HPLC pattern of ginsenosides of HRG. Using MTT assay, the cytotoxicity effect was significantly increased by IHRG compared to HRG. The $LD_{50}$ concentration was $30{\mu}g/mL$ for IHRG-1 (1 kGy), and $15{\mu}g/mL$ for IHRG-5 (5 kGy). The evidences of apoptosis, such as nuclei cleavage and Annexin V staining, were observed in the human prostate cancer PC-3 cells treated with the IHRG. Additionally, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was apparently elevated by IHRG. We also studied the inhibitory effect of IHRG on the growth rate of tumor xenografts in BALB/c male mice. The tumor growth rates were inhibited by 56.9 and 76.1% in mice treated with 10 mg/kg of IHRG-1 and IHRG-5, respectively, compared with control group (21.1%). These results suggest that some biologically active and soluble components in HRG can be more effectively enhancement of anti-tumor effects using irradiation.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.13-19
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• 2014

Purpose: In general, X-ray examinations are not recommended for radial head subluxation (pulled elbow) patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of X-ray examinations and to investigate the factors associated with the decision to perform an X-ray examination on a patient with a pulled elbow. Methods: Patients who visited the pediatric emergency department (ED) of one tertiary hospital from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2012, with a diagnosis of radial head subluxation at discharge were enrolled in this study. Through retrospective chart reviews, factors that could have influenced the decision to perform an X-ray examination and their statistical relevance were analyzed. Results: A total 308 patients were enrolled, and 101 patients (32.8%) underwent X-ray examinations. Among the 252 patients with a typical pulled elbow, 65 underwent X-ray examination. This result showed statistical significance compared to atypical pull-elbow group (25.8% vs. 64.3%, p<0.001). Factors associated with the decision to perform an X-ray examination were analyzed using the Chi-square test and the Fisher's exact test. The mechanism of injury and consultation with an orthopedic surgeon (p=0.001) showed statistical significance. In the multivariable logistic regression, the odds ratio (OR) for the injury mechanism was 4.7 (95% CI: 1.8~8.8, p<0.001) and that for consultation with an orthopedic surgeon was 8.0 (95% CI: 1.6~40.7, p=0.004). Conclusion: One third of patients with a pulled elbow underwent X-ray examination, and patients with an atypical mechanism of injury underwent more frequent X-ray examinations than did patients with a typical mechanism of injury. The factors that could have influenced the decision to perform an X-ray examination were mechanism of injury and consultation with an orthopedic surgeon.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.117-132
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and mouse knee joints, perfom1ed several experimental items: those are MIF mRNA, MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, iNOS mRNA, iNOS, NO, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Methods : In order to observe mRAN expression of MIF and iNOS in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, RT-PCR was used. NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was measured by nitrite assay. All the female BALB/c mice were bred and maintained in pathogen-free mouse colonies and were 6 weeks of age on beginning of the experiment. The experimental model of RA was induced by injection of $50{\mu}g/kg$ LPS. Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution was injected into either S 35 (犢鼻) or EX-LE 202 (內膝眼) of mice in turn daily for 19 days. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out to assess $TNF-{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 and iNOS expression in synovial membrane. Synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in synovial membrane was observed with a microscope. Results : 1. Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution inhibited mRNA expression of MIF and iNOS in dependence on a density of it in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. 2. Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution decreased synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in LPS-stimulated mouse knee joints. 3. Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution curtailed production of MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, iNOS in LPS-stimulated mouse knee joints. Conclusion : On the basis of these results, It was shown that Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution is significantly able to inhibit the production of MIF as a top in cytokines related to inflammatory or irrlll1une responses. Our results may provide that Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution has beneficial effect in not only RA but other inflammatory or immune deases.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.266-276
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to compare the remineralization effect of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish on artificially induced enamel caries. The present study standardized the physiochemical characteristics of the tooth structure using bovine teeth, realized the wash-off action of agents using a saliva, reproduced an environment similar to mouth through pH-cycling, and comparatively assessed the remineralization effect of 38% SDF and 5% NaF varnish in a non-destructive method using micro-CT. And the remineralized enamel surface structure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS). In both SDF and NaF varnish, mineral density (△Hounsfield unit value) and the volume of enamel restored to normal mineral density through remineralization gradually increased with time. And the SDF showed a much higher level of increase in mineral density at all depths and remineralized volume than NaF varnish. According to SEM analysis, the surface roughness decreased in the order of artificial saliva, NaF varnish and SDF. In addition, EDS analysis showed that silver ion was precipitated on the enamel surface in SDF group. In conclusion, SDF had a greater remineralization effect than NaF varnish on demineralized enamel.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.471-475
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• 2013

This study is about photosensitive microspheres prepared by coating alginate microspheres with gelatin-cinnamic acid conjugate. Firstly, alginate microspheres was prepared in water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion and then they were coated with gelatin- cinnamic acid conjugate. Herein, gelatin-cinnamic acid conjugate is obtained by the amidation between an amine group of gelatin and a carboxy group of cinnamic acid. Cinnamic acid is widely used as a photo-responsive material easy to dimerize and dedimeriz under UV irradiation at ${\lambda}$ = 254 nm and ${\lambda}$ = 365 nm, respectively. As shown in SEM-EDS, alginate was successfully coated with gelatin-ciannmic acid. By determining the absorbance of coated microspheres at 270nm, the amount of cinnamic acid per microspheres was 0.13/1. The SEM photos showed the size of coated microspheres is around $10{\mu}m$. And the degrees of dimerization and dedimerization were calculated to be 49% and 23% respectively. Then the release of FITC-dextran from the coated micrspheres was studied and release the degree was 42%. As a result, the coated microspheres have potential to be used as a photo-responsive drug carrier to delivery drugs.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.355-359
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• 2017

Zeolite X with Si/Al molar ratio = 1.08~1.20 was produced using a hydrothermal synthesis method. Ion-exchanged zeolite X samples were then prepared by using metal nitrate solutions containing $Mg^{2+}$ or $Cu^{2+}$. For all zeolite X samples, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were used to identify the change in crystal structure. The analysis of ammonia adsorption capability of zeolite X samples was conducted through the ammonia temperature-programmed desorption ($NH_3$-TPD) method. From XRD results, the prepared zeolite X samples maintained the Faujasite (FAU) structure regardless of cation contents in zeolite X, but the crystallinity of zeolite X containing $Mg^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ cations decreased. The distribution of cation contents in zeolite X was identified via EDS analysis. $NH_3$-TPD analysis showed that the $NH_3$ adsorption capacity of $Mg^{2+}$- and $Cu^{2+}$-zeolite X were 1.76 mmol/g and 2.35 mmol/g, respectively while the $Na^+$-zeolite X was 3.52 mmol/g ($NH_3/catalyst$). $Na^+$-zeolite X can thus be utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of ammonia in future.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2012

Herein, life time prediction based on the deterioration of physical properties of chloroprene rubber (CR)aged by heat and seawater was performed. CR samples were experienced an accelerated test at $80^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$ for heat aging, and $40^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$ for seawater aging for 20,000 hrs. The change in tensile strength, maximum elongation,hardness was measured. As a result, the decrease in elongation was a major factor causing failure. The life time estimated using an Arrhenius model was 125 years at $23^{\circ}C$ for thermal aging and 9 years at $23^{\circ}C$ for seawater aging. SEM and elemental analysis reveal that cracks were generated and the content of oxygen was increased for CR agined by seawater. FT-IR spectrum shows the new C-O and C = O bonds were generated by the chemical reaction with seawater. Also, the glass transtion temperature was increased and the thermal decomposition was decreased by seawater aging.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.232-232
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• 1999

교류형 플라즈마 방전 표시기(AC Plasma Display Panel, AC PDP)에 사용되는 플라즈마는 그 부피가 너무 작아서 플라즈마에 변화를 일으키지 않고 그 물성을 관측하기란 쉬운일이 아니다. 그래서 주로 PDP 내의 물성을 관측하는 데 시뮬레이션에 의존하게 된다. 그 물성중에 PDP내의 전계 분포에 대한 정보는 방전의 형성 및 소멸에 대한 많은 단서를 제공하고 있다. 특히 AC PDP의 경우, 유전체에 형성되는 벽적하(wall charge)가 방전의 형성 및 PDP 구동에 중요한 역할을 하는데, 이는 PDP 내의 전계 분포를 살펴봄으로써 대략 예측할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 시뮬레이션에 의존하지 않고, 직접 레이저 유도 형광법을 이용하여 AC PDP 내의 전계를 측정하였다. 방전 가스인 헬륨(He)의 에너지 준위는 전계의 크기에 따라 에너지 준위가 변화하여, Rydberg(n$\geq$8) 준위가 여러 개의 준위로 나누어지는 현상이 일어나는데, 이를 Stack 효과라고 한다. 따라서 전계의 세기가 커짐에 따라서 각 준위와 준위 사이 값(splitting)이 커지는데, 이를 이용하면 전계를 측정할 수 있다. 즉, 헬륨 원자를 여기시키는 레이저 파장을 변화시키면서 관측되는 레이저 유도 형광 신호를 관측하면, 준위의 splitting을 관측할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 PDP 내의 전계의 시간적 변화를 관측하였다. 50%, 40kHz의 구형파를 PDP의 두 전극에 가하였을 때, 플라즈마가 켜진 상태뿐만 아니라 플라즈마가 꺼진 후에도 전계에 의한 Splitting 신호가 관측이 되었는데, 전계로 환산하였을 때, 그 값은 대략 수 kV/cm의 값을 갖았는데, 이는 wall charge에 의한 값으로 사료된다.결과로 생각되어진다.플라즈마의 강도값을 입력하여 플라즈마의 radiation을 검출하고, 스퍼터링 공정중 실질적인 in-situ 정보로 이용하였다. PEM을 통하여 In/Sn의 플라즈마 강도변화를 조사하였다. 초기 In/Sn의 플라즈마 강도(intensity)는 강도를 100하여, 산소를 주입한 결과, plasma intensity가 35 줄어들었고, 이때 우수한 ITO 박막을 얻을 수 있었다. Pulsed DC power를 사용하여 아크 현상을 방지하였다. PET 상에 coating 된 ITO 박막의 표면저항과 광투과도는 4-point prove와 spectrophotometer를 이용하여 분석하였고, AES로 박막의 두께에 따른 성분비를 확인하였다. ITO 박막의 광투과도는 산소의 유량과 sputter 된 In/Sn ion의 plasma emission peak에 따라 72%-92%까지 변화하였으며, 저항은 37$\Omega$/$\square$ 이상을 나타내었다. 박막의 Sn/In atomic ratio는 0.12, O/In의 비율은 In2O3의 화학양론적 비율인 1.5보다 작은 1.3을 나타내었다.로 보인다.하면 수평축과 수직축의 분산 장벽의 비에 따라 cluster의 두께비가 달라지는 성장을 볼 수 있었고, 한 축 방향으로의 팔 넓이는 fcc(100) 표면의 경우 동일한 Ed+Ep값에 대응하는 팔 넓이와 거의 동일한 결과가 나타나는 것을 볼 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 비대칭적인 모양을 가지는 성장의 경우도 cluster 밀도, cluster 모양, cluster의 양 축 방향 길이 비, 양 축 방향의 평균 팔 넓이로부터 각 축 방향의 분산 장벽을 얻어낼 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 기대할 수 있는 여러