• 한국결정성장학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국결정성장학회 1996년도 The 9th KACG Technical Annual Meeting and the 3rd Korea-Japan EMGS (Electronic Materials Growth Symposium)
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• pp.258-292
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• 1996

In the last year great interest appears to YBCO thin films preparation on different substrate materials. Preparation of epitaxial film is a very difficult problem. There are many requirements to substrate materials that must be fullfilled. Main problems are lattice mismatch (misfit) and similarity of structure. From paper [1] or follows that difference in interatomic distances and angles of substrate and film is mire important problem than similarity of structure. In this work we present interatomic distances and angle relations between substrate materials belonging to ABCO4 group (where A-Sr or Ca, B-rare earth element, C-Al or Ga) of different orientations and YBCO thin films. There are many materials used as substrates for HTsC thin films. ABCO4 group of compounds is characterized by small dielectric constants (it is necessary for microwave applications of HTsC films), absence of twins and small misfit [2]. There most interesting compounds CaNdAlO4, SrLaAlO4 and SrLaGaO4 were investigated. All these compounds are of pseudo-perovskite structure with space group 14/mmm. This structure is very similar to structure of YBCO. SLG substrate has the lowest misfit (0.3%) and dielectric constant. For preparation of then films of substrates of this group of compound plane of <100> orientation are mainly used. Good quality films of <001> orientations are obtained [3]. In this case not only a-a misfit play role, but c-3b misfit is very important too. Sometimes, for preparation of thin films substrates of <001> and <110> orientations were manufactured [3]. Different misfits for different YBCO faces have been analyzed. It has been found that the mismatching factor for (100) face is very similar to that for (001) face so there is possibility of preparation of thin films on both orientations. SrLaAlO4(SLA) and SrLaGaO4(SLG) crystals of general formula ABCO4 have been grown by the Czochralski method. The quality of SLA and SLG crystals strongly depends on axial gradient of temperature and growth and rotation rates. High quality crystals were obtained at axial gradient of temperature near crystal-melt interface lower than 50℃/cm, growth rate 1-3 mm/h and the rotation rate changing from 10-20pm[4]. Strong anisotropy in morphology of SLA and SLG single crystals grown by the Czochralski method is clearly visible. On the basics of our considerations for ABCO4 type of the tetragonal crystals there can appear {001}, {101}, and {110} faces for ionic type model [5]. Morphology of these crystals depend on ionic-covalent character of bonding and crystal growth parameters. Point defects are observed in crystals and they are reflected in color changes (colorless, yellow, green). Point defects are detected in directions perpendicular to oxide planes and are connected with instability of oxygen position in lattice. To investigate facets formations crystals were doped with Cr3+, Er3+, Pr3+, Ba2+. Chromium greater size ion which is substituted for Al3+ clearly induces faceting. There appear easy {110} faces and SLA crystals crack even then the amount of Cr is below 0.3at.% SLG single crystals are not so sensitive to the content of chromium ions. It was also found that if {110} face appears at the beginning of growth process the crystal changes its color on the plane {110} but it happens only on the shoulder part. The projection of {110} face has a great amount of oxygen positions which can be easy defected. Pure and doped SLA and SLG crystals measured by EPR in the<110> direction show more intensive lines than in other directions which allows to suggest that the amount of oxygen defects on the {110} plane is higher. In order to find the origin of colors and their relation with the crystal stability, a set of SLA and SLG crystals were investigated using optical spectroscopy. The colored samples exhibit an absorption band stretching from the UV absorption edge of the crystal, from about 240 nm to about 550 m. In the case of colorless sample, the absorption spectrum consists of a relatively weak band in the UV region. The spectral position and intensities of absorption bands of SLA are typical for imperfection similar to color centers which may be created in most of oxide crystals by UV and X-radiation. It is pointed out that crystal growth process of polycomponent oxide crystals by Czochralski method depends on the preparation of melt and its stoichiometry, orientation of seed, gradient of temperature at crystal-melt interface, parameters of growth (rotation and pulling rate) and control of red-ox atmosphere during seeding and growth (rotation and pulling rate) and control of red-ox atmosphere during seeding and growth. Growth parameters have an influence on the morphology of crystal-melt interface, type and concentration of defects.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.310-315
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• 1992

수용액으로부터 $Pb^{2+}$ 의 흡수와 분리를 Staphylococcus epidermidis 를 이용하여 조사하였다. 흡수된 $Pb^{2+}$의 양을 초기 $Pb^{2+}$ 의 양에 대한 비율로 나타낸 것을 흡수율이라고 정의할 경우, 세균체의 농도가 높을수록 흡수율은 증가하였으며 세균체 단위 중량당 흡수율은 감소하였다. $Pb^{2+}$ 의 흡수율은 수용액의 pH 가 상승함에 따라 점차 증가하다가 최고치를 나타낸 후 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 $Pb^{2+}$ 의 농도가 증가할수록 흡수율의 최고치는 더 낮은 pH 에서 나타났다. HCI 과 EDTA 는 효과적인 탈락체로 작용하였으며 흡수와 탈착 cycle 의 횟수에 따른 세균체의 $Pb^{2+}$에 대한 흡수 능력에는 거의 변화가 없었다.$Pb^{2+}$ 이 다른 중금속 이온과 함께 혼재할 경우 세균내의 결합위치에 대한 경쟁적인 흡수로 인하여 $Pb^{2+}$ 의 흡수율이 변화하였으며, 공존하는 중금속 이온의 이온 반경이 작을수록$Pb^{2+}$ 의 흡수율이 더 크게 감소하였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.606-615
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• 2010

This study aims to identify the characteristics of soil in Mongolia, one of the major Asian dust sources that influence the Korean Peninsula. Soil particle size was analyzed and the result shows that sand (57.5~97.3%) was identified prominently in most regions, followed by silt (2.5~34.7%) and clay (0.0~7.8%). Soil pH of the covered regions were in the range 7.1~10.1, either weak alkaline or strong alkaline. Analysis of ion species in the soil samples exhibited that $Na^+$ ($91.9\;mg\;kg^{-1}$), $Cl^-$ ($65.9\;mg\;kg^{-1}$), and $Ca^{2+}$ ($53.5\;mg\;kg^{-1}$) were detected more in the soil than other species such as ${SO_4}^{2-}$ ($19.2\;mg\;kg^{-1}$), ${NO_3}^-$ ($46.6\;mg\;kg^{-1}$), ${NH_4}^+$ ($3.9\;mg\;kg^{-1}$), $K^+$ ($22.0\;mg\;kg^{-1}$), and $Mg^{2+}$ ($10.2\;mg\;kg^{-1}$). As for heavy metal content in the soil, concentrations of soil-borne metals including Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, and K tended to be high, while metals that come from manmade sources Pb, Cd, Cr, V, and Ni were remarkably low. The concentration of organic carbon (OC) was relatively high at $15.9\;{\mu}g\;mg^{-1}$, while elemental carbon (EC), directly released in the process of fossil fuel combustion, was not detected at all or found in very small amounts. The result indicates that pollution from manmade sources scarcely occurred. The analysis results from this study may contribute to improving modeling accuracy by providing input data for Asian dust prediction models, and be used as base data for determining the process of physiochemical transformation of Asian dust during long-range transport.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.711-722
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• 2011

This study is aimed to estimate the $PM_{2.5}$ source apportionment at Seoul intensive monitoring site located in Seoul metropolitan area. Time-resolved chemical compositions of $PM_{2.5}$ are measured in real time using ambient ion monitor, semi-continuous carbon monitor, and on-line XRF at Seoul intensive monitoring site in 2010. The mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was simultaneously monitored with eight ionic species (${SO_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $Cl^-$, $NH_4{^+}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$), two carbonaceous species (OC and EC), and fourteen elements (Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Pb) in 1-hr interval. The data sets were then analyzed using EPA PMF version 3 to identify sources and contributions to $PM_{2.5}$ mass. EPA PMF modeling identified eight PM2.5 sources, including soil dust, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, motor vehicle, coal combustion, oil combustion, biomass burning, and municipal incineration. This study found that the average $PM_{2.5}$ mass was apportioned to anthropogenic sources such as motor vehicle, fuel combustion, and biomass burning (61%) and secondary aerosols, including sulfate and nitrate (38%).

• 자원환경지질
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.97-109
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• 2022

화력발전소 연소부산물로 형성된 바닥재와 바이오차는 건식 매립 시 강수와 혼합되어 토양 하부로 침투할 가능성이 있다. 이 연구에서는 강수와 혼합된 바닥재 성분이 토양 및 지하수 환경에 미칠 수 있는 물리화학적 영향을 예측하고자 하였다. 아이스 칼럼 및 침투실험을 통해 미립자인 바닥재는 대부분 증류수에 용해되어 토출구로 배수되나, 바이오차(숯가루)는 매질에 여과되는 것을 시각적으로 관찰하였다. 칼럼 실험 용출액의 이온 분석(Al, As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, Mn, Ca, K, Si, F, NO₃, SO₄) 결과, 숯가루 충진 칼럼은 K가 상당히 높은 농도(0.5 cm 충진 시 19.8 mg·L^-1, 1 cm 충진 시 126 mg·L^-1)로 검출되었으나 시간에 따라 점차 농도가 감소하였다. Al과 Ca는 미량으로 검출되었으나 시간에 따라 농도가 상승하는 것이 관찰되었다. 바닥재 충진 칼럼은 실험 초기부터 Ca와 SO₄가 고농도로 검출되었으며 24시간 동안 각각 30 mg·L^-1, 67 mg·L^-1가 감소하였다. 연구 결과에 근거하여, 투수성이 좋고 포화대가 지표에 가까운 토양의 경우 오랜 시간 강수가 지속된다면, 상당량의 바닥재는 강수와 혼합되어 지하수면 아래로 침투할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. 그러나 바이오차는 불포화대에서 걸러지며, 포화대에 도달하여도 지하수에 녹지 않아 직접적인 오염을 일으킬 가능성은 낮다고 여겨진다. 바닥재와 바이오차의 침투에 의한 토양 및 지하수 환경의 교란은 자연적 완충작용에 의해 보완되나, 실제 매립지는 대용량 고농도의 매질과 반응이 이뤄지므로 일반화를 위해서는 더욱 큰 규모의 연구가 필요할 것이다.