• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1992년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.27-47
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• 1992

Engineers have developed new instruments that aid in diagnosis and therapy Ultrasonic imaging has provided a nondamaging method of imaging internal organs. A complex transducer emits ultrasonic waves at many angles and reconstructs a map of internal anatomy and also velocities of blood in vessels. Fast computed tomography permits reconstruction of the 3-dimensional anatomy and perfusion of the heart at 20-Hz rates. Positron emission tomography uses certain isotopes that produce positrons that react with electrons to simultaneously emit two gamma rays in opposite directions. It locates the region of origin by using a ring of discrete scintillation detectors, each in electronic coincidence with an opposing detector. In magnetic resonance imaging, the patient is placed in a very strong magnetic field. The precessing of the hydrogen atoms is perturbed by an interrogating field to yield two-dimensional images of soft tissue having exceptional clarity. As an alternative to radiology image processing, film archiving, and retrieval, picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are being implemented. Images from computed radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, and ultrasound are digitized, transmitted, and stored in computers for retrieval at distributed work stations. In electrical impedance tomography, electrodes are placed around the thorax. 50-kHz current is injected between two electrodes and voltages are measured on all other electrodes. A computer processes the data to yield an image of the resistivity of a 2-dimensional slice of the thorax. During fetal monitoring, a corkscrew electrode is screwed into the fetal scalp to measure the fetal electrocardiogram. Correlations with uterine contractions yield information on the status of the fetus during delivery To measure cardiac output by thermodilution, cold saline is injected into the right atrium. A thermistor in the right pulmonary artery yields temperature measurements, from which we can calculate cardiac output. In impedance cardiography, we measure the changes in electrical impedance as the heart ejects blood into the arteries. Motion artifacts are large, so signal averaging is useful during monitoring. An intraarterial blood gas monitoring system permits monitoring in real time. Light is sent down optical fibers inserted into the radial artery, where it is absorbed by dyes, which reemit the light at a different wavelength. The emitted light travels up optical fibers where an external instrument determines O2, CO2, and pH. Therapeutic devices include the electrosurgical unit. A high-frequency electric arc is drawn between the knife and the tissue. The arc cuts and the heat coagulates, thus preventing blood loss. Hyperthermia has demonstrated antitumor effects in patients in whom all conventional modes of therapy have failed. Methods of raising tumor temperature include focused ultrasound, radio-frequency power through needles, or microwaves. When the heart stops pumping, we use the defibrillator to restore normal pumping. A brief, high-current pulse through the heart synchronizes all cardiac fibers to restore normal rhythm. When the cardiac rhythm is too slow, we implant the cardiac pacemaker. An electrode within the heart stimulates the cardiac muscle to contract at the normal rate. When the cardiac valves are narrowed or leak, we implant an artificial valve. Silicone rubber and Teflon are used for biocompatibility. Artificial hearts powered by pneumatic hoses have been implanted in humans. However, the quality of life gradually degrades, and death ensues. When kidney stones develop, lithotripsy is used. A spark creates a pressure wave, which is focused on the stone and fragments it. The pieces pass out normally. When kidneys fail, the blood is cleansed during hemodialysis. Urea passes through a porous membrane to a dialysate bath to lower its concentration in the blood. The blind are able to read by scanning the Optacon with their fingertips. A camera scans letters and converts them to an array of vibrating pins. The deaf are able to hear using a cochlear implant. A microphone detects sound and divides it into frequency bands. 22 electrodes within the cochlea stimulate the acoustic the acoustic nerve to provide sound patterns. For those who have lost muscle function in the limbs, researchers are implanting electrodes to stimulate the muscle. Sensors in the legs and arms feed back signals to a computer that coordinates the stimulators to provide limb motion. For those with high spinal cord injury, a puff and sip switch can control a computer and permit the disabled person operate the computer and communicate with the outside world.

• 청정기술
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2022

현재 반도체 공정에서 다양한 by-product 및 미사용 가스가 배출되고 있다. 오염물질을 함유한 배기는 일반적으로 유기, 산, 알칼리, 열, 캐비넷 배기 등으로 분류하며, 각각의 배기 특성에 맞는 대기 방지설비에서 처리 후 배출된다. 유기 배기 물질로서 휘발성 유기 화합물(volatile organic compound, VOC)은 산소 함유 탄화수소, 유황 함유 계 탄화수소 및 휘발성 탄화수소를 총칭하는 물질이고, 알칼리 배기의 주요성분은 암모니아(NH₃), 수산화테트라메틸암모늄(Tetramethylammonium hydroxide, TMAH)등이 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 유기와 알칼리 배기가스를 동시에 처리하기 위해 직접 연소 및 로 내 온도를 일정하게 유지하여 연소 특성 파악하고 NO_X 저감률을 분석하고자 진행하였다. VOC는 Acetone, IPA(isopropyl alcohol), PGMEA(propylene glycol methyl ether acetate)을 사용하였으며, 알칼리 배기 대표 물질로는 암모니아를 사용하였다. 실험 변수로는 온도와 당량 비(equivalence ratio, ER)로 배기가스 특성을 살펴보았다. 물질별 단독 및 혼합 연소테스트를 진행하였다. VOC 단독 테스트 결과 당량 비 1.4 조건에서 완전 연소가 일어남을 확인하였다. 암모니아는 당량 비 감소에 따라 산소 및 질소산화물의 농도가 감소하였다. 혼합 연소 운전 결과 배기가스 조성 내 질소산화물의 대부분은 일산화질소였으며 이산화질소는 10 ppm 부근으로 검출되었다. 전체적으로 질소산화물의 농도는 반응온도가 증가하면서 산화반응이 활성화되어 감소하는 경향을 나타나지만 이산화탄소의 농도는 증가하는 경향을 확인하였다. 전기열원을 적용한 무 화염 연소 기술을 적용하였을 때 VOC 및 암모니아 연소가 원활하게 일어남으로써 현재 별도로 운전되는 유기 및 알칼리 배기 시스템보다 경제성 및 공간적인 측면에서 장점이 있다고 판단된다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.256-268
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• 2016

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2015. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering were carried out in the areas of flow, heat and mass transfer, cooling and heating, and air-conditioning, the renewable energy system and the flow inside building rooms. Research issues dealing with air-conditioning machines and fire and exhausting smoke were reduced. CFD seems to be spreading to more research areas. (2) Research works on heat transfer area were carried out in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the economic analysis of GHG emission, micro channel heat exchanger, effect of rib angle on thermal performance, the airside performance of fin-and-tube heat exchangers, theoretical analysis of a rotary heat exchanger, heat exchanger in a cryogenic environment, the performance of a cross-flow-type, indirect evaporative cooler made of paper/plastic film. In the area of pool boiling and condensing, the bubble jet loop heat pipe was studied. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches were performed on fin-tube heat exchanger, KSTAR PFC and vacuum vessel at baking phase, the performance of small-sized dehumidification rotor, design of gas-injection port of an asymmetric scroll compressor, effect of slot discharge-angle change on exhaust efficiency of range hood system with air curtain. (3) In the field of refrigeration, various studies were carried in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration/energy system, system control. In the refrigeration cycle category, a cold-climate heat pump system, $CO_2$ cascade systems, ejector cycles and a PCM-based continuous heating system were investigated. In the alternative refrigeration/energy system category, a polymer adsorption heat pump, an alcohol absorption heat pump and a desiccant-based hybrid refrigeration system were investigated. In the system control category, turbo-refrigerator capacity controls and an absorption chiller fault diagnostics were investigated. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, eighteen studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, and renewable energies, piping in the buildings. Proposed designs, performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which can improve the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment was mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment were related to the user and location awareness technology applied dimming lighting control system, the lighting performance evaluation for light-shelves, the improvement evaluation of air quality through analysis of ventilation efficiency and the evaluation of airtightness of sliding and LS window systems. The subjects of building energy were worked on the energy saving estimation of existing buildings, the developing model to predict heating energy usage in domestic city area and the performance evaluation of cooling applied with economizer control. The studies were also performed related to the experimental measurement of weight variation and thermal conductivity in polyurethane foam, the development of flame spread prevention system for sandwich panels, the utilization of heat from waste-incineration facility in large-scale horticultural facilities.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.133-155
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• 2007

최근 새로운 도시개발의 패러다임으로 지속가능 한 개발에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있다. 지속가능 한 도시개발을 위해 통행량과 통행거리를 줄이는 교통정책과 혼합 고밀의 토지이용을 유도할 수 있는 정책을 수립해야 한다는 점에 대해서는 공감대가 형성되어 있다. 그러나 실증적 차원에서 과연 어떤 정책들이 에너지 소비와 대기가스 방출량을 저감시킴으로서 지속가능 한 도시개발을 도모하는데 효과적인가에 대한 경험적 연구는 매우 부족한 편이다. 본 연구는 지속가능 한 도시개발을 위해 수립한 정책들의 효과나 영향력을 평가할 수 있는 계획지원시스템의 구축과 활용성을 모색하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 정책대안에 따른 시나리오를 구축하고 이를 시뮬레이션 하여 그 결과를 비교 평가하는 전 과정을 처리할 수 있는 시스템을 개념적으로 설계하였다. 이 시스템은 크게 투입-모델링-산출의 세 구성요소로 되어 있으며, 가장 핵심적 요소는 토지이용과 교통체계, 환경모델을 통합화하는 모델링이다. 토지이용-교통-환경모델을 통합화하는 접근방법에 대한 장점은 잘 알려져 있으나, 실제로 통합모델을 운용할 수 있도록 개발된 소프트웨어는 매우 적다. 본 연구에서는 지속가능 한 도시개발을 위해 토지이용-교통 통합모델로 알려진 TRANUS의 활용 가능성을 검토하였다. 용인시를 사례로 하여 초기화시점에서 TRANUS를 작동시킨 결과 토지소비량, 총 통행량과 통행거리 및 비용, 에너지 소비량, 대중교통수단 분담율 등 지속가능성 수준을 측정, 평가할 수 있는 결과물들이 산출되었다. 따라서 TRANUS는 우리나라에서도 지속가능 한 도시개발을 위해 효과적인 정책대안을 선정하는데 활용 가능성이 높은 시스템이라고 볼 수 있다.