• Title/Summary/Keyword: $C_3A$ content

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Physiological Response of Chinese Cabbage to Salt Stress (염 스트레스에 대한 배추의 생리학적 반응)

  • Kim, Ju-Sung;Shim, Ie-Sung;Kim, Myong-Jo
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.343-352
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    • 2010
  • In order to understand the plant responses to salt stress (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl), Chinese cabbage seedlings grown up to two leaf stages by hydroponic culture were used. Fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll (Chl), antioxidant materials, polyamine content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and inorganic ion level were evaluated. Fresh and dry weights of Chinese cabbage increased with the increase in salinity while the optimal growth occurred at 50 mM NaCl. The Chl a, total Chl, carotenoid content, and Chl a/b ratio increased by the 6 days after treatment with 100 mM NaCI; however, the Chl b content decreased. Glutathione increased in the root of Chinese cabbage for 6 days. Dehydroascorbate increased remarkably by day 6 caused by the salt stress in both leaf and the root. While ascorbate peroxidase increased, the activity of catalase and glutathione reductase decreased gradually in the first leaf for 6 days. The $Na^+$ content increased by 12.5-fold in the 3 days after treatment with 100 mM NaCI in the shoot, whereas the $Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, and $Mg^{2+}$ content measured in the same treatment decreased by 43 to 57%. Spermidine content decreased as salinity increased, but spermine content increased. The growth promotion, glutathione and ascorbic acid content in Chinese cabbage were increased by low salt stress, and shortening of the cultivation period for growth increase of Chinese cabbage is expected.

Hydrolysis Mechanisms of Fish Oil by Lipolase-100T

  • HUR, BYUNG-KI;DONG-JIN WOO;CHONG-BO KIM
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.9 no.5
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    • pp.624-630
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    • 1999
  • In order to investigate the position of various fatty acids attached to glycerol and the specificity of Lipolase-100T, hydrolysis of fish oil was carried out with Lipolase-100T derived from Aspergillus oryzae. The amounts of free fatty acids produced from triglyceride, 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride, 1,3-diglyceride, and 2-monoglyceride and conversion rates of 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride to 1,3-diglyceride and 2-monoglyceride to 1(3)-monoglyceride were also calculated. The ratio of 1,2-diglyceride content to 1,3-diglyceride was higher than 70 in the early period of hydrolysis. The fatty acid content of the glyceride mixture after 72 h of hydrolysis was compared with that of fish oil, and it was found that polyunsaturated fatty acids such as C16:4, C20:4 n-3, C20:5 n-3, C21:5 n-3, C22:5 n-3 and C22:6 n-3 were located in the 2-position of glycerol. Material balance of each component in the hydrolysis system was written to obtain a set of simultaneous linear equations. The theoretical quantity of free fatty acids produced from triglyceride, 1,2-diglyceride, 1,3-diglyceride, and monoglyceride, respectively, were calculated by solving the linear equation system. The conversion rate of 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride to 1,3-diglyceride and that of 2-monoglyceride to 1(3)-monoglyceride were also obtained. The results showed that the migration rate of 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride to 1,3-diglyceride was higher than the hydrolysis rate of 1,2(2,3)-diglyceride to 2-monoglyceride and the conversion rate of 2-monoglyceride to 1(3)-monoglyceride was extremely low.

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Determination of the Authenticity of Dairy Products on the Basis of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols Content using GC Analysis

  • Park, Jung-Min;Kim, Na-Kyeong;Yang, Cheul-Young;Moon, Kyong-Whan;Kim, Jin-Man
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.316-324
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    • 2014
  • Milk fat is an important food component, and plays a significant role in the economics, functional nutrition, and chemical properties of dairy products. Dairy products also contain nutritional resources and essential fatty acids (FAs). Because of the increasing demand for dairy products, milk fat is a common target in economic fraud. Specifically, milk fat is often replaced with cheaper or readily available vegetable oils or animal fats. In this study, a method for the discrimination of milk fat was developed, using FAs profiles, and triacylglycerols (TGs) profiles. A total of 11 samples were evaluated: four milk fats (MK), four vegetable oils (VG), two pork lards (PL), and one beef tallow (BT). Gas chromathgraphy analysis were performed, to monitor the FAs content and TGs composition in MK, VG, PL, and BT. The result showed that qualitative determination of the MK of samples adulterated with different vegetable oils and animal fats was possible by a visual comparision of FAs, using C14:0, C16:0, C18:1n9c, C18:0, and C18:2n6c, and of TGs, using C36, C38, C40, C50, C52, and C54 profiles. Overall, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of the use of FAs and TGs in the detection of adulterated milk fat, and accordingly characterize the samples by the adulterant oil source, and level of adulteration. Also, based on this preliminary investigation, the usefulness of this approach could be tested for other oils in the future.

The Changes in the Chemical Composition of Lipid in Hair-tail Muscle on Sun-Drying (갈치육(肉)의 일광건조중(日光乾燥中) 지질(脂質)의 화학적(化學的) 변화(變化)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Namkung, Sok;Lee, Young-Ja;Ahn, Myoung-Soo
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.65-69
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    • 1980
  • When the Hair-tail was dried in the direct sunlight, the changes of acid value, TBA value, peroxide value and fatty acid composition of its muscle were observed. The results of the observation were as follows: 1) Total content of the lipid in the fresh Hair-tai1 was 9.91%, that of saturated fatty acid was 43.3%, and that of unsaturated fatty acid was 56.7%. The TBA value, the peroxide value and acid value were slowly increased until the 4th week, then were somewhat quickly increased in the 5th week. 2) The analysis of the fatty acid composition of the fresh Hair-tail lipid by meas of G.L.C method showed the order of the content quantities such as $C_{18}\;:\;1(44.3%),$ $C_{16}(29.22%),$ $C_{16}\;:\;1(11.3%),$ $C_{14}(6.6%),$ $C_{18}(5.4%),$ $C_{17}(2%),$ $C_{17}\;:\;1(1.1%),$ $C_{18}(2%),$ were found to be a trace. 3) The content of the unsaturated fatty acid was shown to be decreased while the level of the saturated fatty acid was increased during the sun drying.

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Client Profile Framework for Providing Adapted Content to Context (상황에 적응화된 콘텐츠 제공을 위한 클라이언트 프로파일 프레임워크)

  • Kim, Kyung-Sik;Lee, Jae-Dong
    • The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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    • v.14C no.3 s.113
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    • pp.293-304
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    • 2007
  • In this paper, a client-side framework for processing of the profile that is necessary for providing adapted content to user's context in the client is designed and implemented. The profile must be constituted context information and various user's information for providing the adapted content to user's context. The client device also provides functionalities such as the creation, the management, and the transmission of the profile. The profile which is used in the proposed profile framework consists of various related information of a user for content adaptation. The technology such as creation, transmission and manage of the profile for effective processing is proposed and apply this technologies to client profile framework during the design are applied. As the result of evaluation, techniques of the proposed framework for processing profiles is more effective than previous techniques.

Properties of Modified Belite Cement with the Content of Clinker Minerals (클링커 광물 함량 변화시 Modified belite Cement의 특성)

  • 최연묵;이양수;김남호;최상홀
    • Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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    • v.35 no.5
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    • pp.479-485
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    • 1998
  • Raw mateials such as limestone quartzite bauxite and anhydrite were used in the production of mod-ified beloite cement. Two kinds of clinker were synthesized with relatively higher content of $C_2S$ than that of $C_4A_3{\={S}}$ Concerning $C_2S$ the main mineral component borax ($Na_2O\;2B_2O_3\;10H_2O$) was added to stimu-late hydraulic reactivity and this would be possible by stabilizing ${\alpha}'-C_2S$ at room temperature. We had in-tended to compare burning and hydraulic characteristics of clinkers with one another by varying the amount of borax addition and to study the appropriate amount of anhydrite addition needed in the strengthening of cement during hydration. It was concluded that the effective amount of borax addition ne-eded for stabilization of ${\alpha}'-C_2S$ was 5 wt% in 60wt% $C_2S$ inclusive clinker and adding anhydrite in the ra-tio of 1.3 of $SO_3/Al_3O_3$ was appropriate in the production of cement by this clinker. Only ettringite was seen to contribute to the strength without additives but C-S-H was found to form along with ettringite with the addition of borax in the initial stage of hydration.

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The effects of lead poisoning on the accumulation of lead, zinc, copper, iron and calcium in tissues of rats (Rat에 있어서 실험적 납중독이 체조직내 납 및 무기질함량에 미치는 영향)

  • Kwon, Oh-deog;Lee, Joo-mook;Lee, Seung-ok;Park, Jin-ho;Lee, Hyun-beom;Jang, Jong-sik;Chae, Joon-seok
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.36 no.3
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    • pp.709-718
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    • 1996
  • This experiment was carried out to clarify the effect of lead poisoning on the lead and essential trace elements homeostasis of tissues in rats. Fifty female Wistar rats, 7 weeks old, were divided into four experimental groups(B, C, D, and E) and a control(A). The four experimental groups received diets contaminated artificially with 10 (B group), 100 (C group), 1,000 (D group) and 5,000 (E group) ${\mu}g/g$ of lead as lead acetate, respectively. The control group received normal diet. Rats were necropsied on the 4th or 8th week of experimental periods and heart, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, lung and hair were taken. The tissues were analysed for lead, copper, zinc, iron and calcium content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. From these experiments following results ware obtained ; In C group, lead content of the heart, liver, kidney and hair were significantly increased both on the 4th and 8th week of experiment. In D and E group, lead content of all tissues including heart, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, hair and lung were significantly increased in accordance with the lead contamination both on the 4th and 8th week of experiment. In C group, copper content of tissues were significantly increased in the heart, liver, kidney and lung on the 4th week and all tissues on the 8th week of experimental periods. In D and E group, copper content of the liver were significantly increased both on the 4th and 8th week of experiment. But the copper content of tissues were gradually decreased compared with C group in accordance with the lead contamination. Especially the content in spleen, heart or kidney were significantly decreased compared with the control group. The zinc content of kidney, heart, or spleen were decreased in D and E groups whereas the iron and calcium content showed no significant change.

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Macronutrient Analysis of Human Milk according to Storage and Processing in Korean Mother

  • Kim, Min Hyung;Shim, Kyu Seok;Yi, Dae Yong;Lim, In Seok;Chae, Soo Ahn;Yun, Sin Weon;Lee, Na Mi;Kim, Su Yeong;Kim, Seung
    • Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.262-269
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    • 2019
  • Purpose: As the importance of breastfeeding has been reinforced, human milk is often stored for practical reasons. Therefore, we evaluated optimal storage and processing methods for human milk from a nutritional standpoint. Methods: Human milk samples were collected between June 2017 and February 2018. Also, data about maternal information were collected. Human milk was analyzed for macronutrients and caloric content. The samples were subdivided into groups for nutrient analysis. The control group (fresh milk) was not stored or processed. The other groups (9 groups) consisted of samples analyzed based on different storage temperatures (room temperature, refrigerated, frozen), defrosting methods (bottle warmer, room temperature thawing, microwave oven), and storage period (1 week, 1 month, 2 months) and compared with the control group. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the nutrient content of human milk among the collected samples. A significant change in the content of macronutrients in milk samples was observed under storage condition at different temperatures for 1 week with subsequent thawing with bottle warmer compared to fresh milk. Under storage at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 1 week with subsequent thawing with different defrosting methods, a significant change in the content of macronutrients in milk samples was observed compared to fresh milk. After storage at $-20^{\circ}C$ for different periods and thawing with a bottle warmer, a significant change in macronutrient content in milk samples was observed compared to fresh milk regardless of the storage period. Conclusion: Unlike previous guidelines, changes in macronutrient content in milk samples were observed regardless of the method of storing and thawing. Apparently, it is proposed that mothers should feed fresh human milk to their babies without storing.

Mechanical Properties of ZTA Composites Fabricated by Reaction Bonding (반응결합에 의해 제조된 ZTA복합체의 기계적 특성)

  • 장복기;백용혁;문종하;이종호
    • Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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    • v.34 no.6
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    • pp.577-582
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    • 1997
  • The mechanical properties of Al2O3-ZrO2 composites fabricated by RBAO(reaction bonded aluminium oxide) process were investigated. As the amount of ZrO2 increased the sinstered density of Al2O3-ZrO2 composites decreased slightly, but wear resistance was enhanced. Bending strength of Al2O3-ZrO2 composites increased in proportion to the amount of al in case of a fixed ZrO2 content. When the amount of Al was fixed bending strength reached its maximum value at 25 wt% ZrO2. The fracture toughness(K1c) increased with increasing content of ZrO2, but decreased with increasing Al amount. On the other hand, the fracture mode of Al2O3-ZrO2 composites was the mixed mode of inter-and transgranular fracture.

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Identification of C3G(cyanidin-3-glucoside) from Mulberry Fruits and Quantification with Different Varieties (오디에서 C3G(cyanidin-3-glucoside)의 분리, 동정 및 계통별 함량분석)

  • 김현복;김선림
    • Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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    • v.45 no.2
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    • pp.90-95
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    • 2003
  • This study was carried out to identify of C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside) from mulberry fruits and quantify with different varieties. C3G of mulberry fruits was extracted with 1% HCl-MeOH and purified with open column (5${\times}$90cm) which filled with Amberlite IRC-50 ion exchange resin. The $\lambda$max ranges of the purified C3G on UV/vis spectrum were 516nm and 280nm. Also, molecular weight of C3G from mulberry fruits by LC-Mass was determined as 449. From above results, we concluded that anthocyanin pigment of mulberry fruits was C3G only. The cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) was separated and quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system using a Nova-Pack C$\_$18/ column. Mean content of the 35 tested accessions was 0.89%. Also fruity characteristics as well as C3G content to select the desirable mulberry varieties for the production of fruit were researched and analyzed. We selected three suitable varieties such as 'Susungppong', 'Kangsun', and 'Jeolgokchosaeng(Chungpuk)'.