• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1988.07a
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• pp.315-318
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• 1988

THE STUDY ABOUT CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTO RESIST ITSELF (MINIMUM RESOLUTION, DEPTH OF FOCUS MARGIN AND CRITICAL DIMENSION CONTROL LATITUDE) WAS DONE AND REPORTED. THREE TYPES OF PHOTO RESISTS WERE TESTED. THE FIRST IS THE LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT PHOTO-RESIST SHOWING THE NARROW DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT (LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT CONTROL TYPE), THE SECOND IS A PHOTO-RESIST CONTAINING THE INNER CONTRAST ENCHANCEMENT MATERIAL (INNER CEM TYPE) AND THE THIRD IS A NORMAL PHOTO-RESIST (HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT TYPE). THE INNER CEM TYPE AND THE LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT CONTROL TYPE PHOTO-RESIST ARE MORE IMPROVED PHOTO-RESISTS. IT PROVED THAT THE MINIMUM RESOLUTION WAS IMPROVED BY 0.2 - 0.3 um, THE DEPTH OF FOCUS MARGIN WAS IMPROVED BY 0.8 - 1.2 um AND THE C.D. CONTROL LATITUIDE WAS IMPROVED.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 2019

Recently, Korea has been affected by extreme weather events including extended summers and increased temperatures caused by global warming and climate change. Environmental temperature is especially important to the livestock industry because it is closely related to livestock productivity. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different environmental temperatures on respiration rate, rectal temperature and body-surface temperature in finishing pigs. Pigs ($98.3{\pm}6.6kg$) were housed in individual cages inside an experimental chamber and exposed continuously to one of five environmental treatments ($22^{\circ}C$, $24^{\circ}C$, $26^{\circ}C$, $28^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$) for 10 days without providing additional rest time. Feed and water intake, respiration rate, rectal temperature and body-surface (head, ear, neck, back, side) temperature were measured two times daily during the experimental period. A significant increase in respiration rate from $26^{\circ}C$ and in body-surface temperature from $24^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05) was observed. At $30^{\circ}C$, the respiration rate had almost doubled and the body-surface temperature increased by about $5^{\circ}C-7^{\circ}C$. Moreover, ear skin temperature was very sensitive to environmental temperature. However, feed intake, water intake and rectal temperature did not change significantly during the experiment.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.217-229
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• 2017

This study focuses on the improvement of the working environment in domestic collieries where temperature is increasing due to heat of the earth that is caused by the long-term mining. In order to improve the working environment of the mine, a ventilation evaluation was carried out for Hwasoon Mining Industry. In order to increase the ventilation efficiency of the mine, numerical analysis of the effect on temperature was carried out by using climsim, a temperature prediction program. The analysis shows that A coal mine needs $6,152m^3/min$ for in-flow ventilation rate but the total input air flowrate is $4,710m^3/min$, $1,442m^3/min$ of in-flow ventilation rate shortage. The 93 m hypothetical ventilation shaft from -395 ML to -488 ML could result about $3^{\circ}C$ temperature drop in the coal mine of -488 ML far. As a result of predicting the $CO_2$ concentration at -523 ML development using artificial neural network, the emission of $CO_2$ increased as the amount of coal and coal bed thickness increased. The factors that have the greatest effect on the amount of $CO_2$ emissions were coal layer thickness and coal mining. And, as the air quantity increases, it has a great effect on the decrease of carbon dioxide concentration.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.03a
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• pp.205-205
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• 2003

우리나라에서는 많은 양의 폐분진이 발생하며 경남지역에서는 연간 3만톤의 폐분진이 발생한다. 매년 폐기물의 발생량은 증가하고 있으며 폐분진류의 주성분은 실리카와 알루미나가 주성분을 이룬다. 특히 주조, 제강 등 금속공업에서 발생하는 분진은 입자가 미세한 다량의 실리카와 알루미나로 이루어져 있어 탄화규소(SiC) 및 알루미나-탄화규소-탄소(A1$_2$O$_3$-SiC-C)계 내화물 제조에 분쇄공정 없이 세라믹스의 원료로 활용할 수 있다. 현재 알루미나-탄화규소-탄소(Al$_2$O$_3$-SiC-C)계 내화물 제조를 위해 제조공정이 간단한 연소합성법을 이용하지만 분말제조 공정 중 분위기 조절에 많은 비용이 요구되고 있어 시급한 대안이 필요한 상태이다.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.186-190
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• 2013

Soil respiration in forest ecosystems play an important role in global carbon cycle. This study was carried out to determine the annual variation of soil $CO_2$ efflux for 4 years in a broadleaved deciduous forest of the Geumsan (Mt.) Long-Term Ecological Research (GLTER) site in Southern Korea. The soil $CO_2$ efflux in the GLTER site showed annual variations with the fluctuations of annual mean soil temperature, but not with those of soil water content. The annual mean soil $CO_2$ efflux except for winter season was 0.32 g $CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ for 2008, 0.40 g $CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ for 2009, 0.41 g $CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ for 2007, and 0.54 g $CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ for 2010. The lowest soil $CO_2$ effluxin 2008 was associated with the lowest soil temperature ($2.0^{\circ}C$) in comparison with those of other years ($13.0-13.5^{\circ}C$). The exponential relationships between monthly soil $CO_2$ efflux and the corresponding soil temperature at the soil depth of 20 cm were significant ($R^2$ = 0.31-0.75, P < 0.05). The results indicate that the annual variation of soil $CO_2$ efflux was attributed to the variations of soil temperature rather than soil water content in the GLTER site.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.244-249
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• 2023

In this study, various experimental parameters were investigated for high-purity C₃A synthesis. As a results of experiment, it was verified that the calcined temperature was the most important parameter for the synthesis of high-purity C₃A. In addition, more synthesis time was needed when large amount of C₃A synthesis to achieve high-purity. Meanwhile, the C₃A blended with CaCO₃ showed different reaction products compared to normal cement because C15 and C30 had monocarbocaluminate as a reaction product at early stage of hydration. Furthermore, the production amount and formation rate of monocarboaluminate formation was different varying with the CaCO₃ a mounts.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.263-268
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• 2004

Two field cooling tests were conducted to evaluate the cooling characteristic of paddy with a prototype grain cooler. The first test was carried out during summer season in a steel bin with 180.3ton of paddy at Sunchon. And the second test was carried out during harvesting season in a steel bin with 272.2ton of paddy at Ulsan. At the first test, initial paddy temperature of 23.6$^{\circ}C$ was dropped to 14$^{\circ}C$, and initial moisture content of 19.9% was dropped to 19.3% after 52.5 hours of cooling. At the second test, initial paddy temperature of 16.1$^{\circ}C$ dropped to 5.5$^{\circ}C$ after 78.0 hours of cooling. And, at the first test, the average air flow rates of chilled air leaving the grain cooler and penetrating the grain layer were 77.5 ㎥/min and 42.5 ㎥/min, respectively. To prevent leakage of chilled air from plenum chamber of steel bin, which was about 45% of the average air flow rates of chilled air leaving the grain cooler, a proper method was required. The average total power consumption at the first test during summer was 22.1 ㎾ with control of fan damper. At the second test, it was 17.4 ㎾ due to controlling the capacity of compressor with unloading solenoid valve and changing the flow rates of hot refrigerant gas flowing into evaporator and reheater from compressor, resulting in 27% reduction of energy consumption.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2007

The relationships between pine mushroom emergence and meteorological factors were analyzed with three years (from 2003 to 2005) of measurement data at Yangyang site, in order to evaluate the effect of micrometeorological environment on pine mushroom production. fine mushroom was daily monitored and collected in the survey area during the its producing period (approximately one month). Pine mushroom production was highest in 2005 with the meteorological conditions of high temperature and frequent rainfalls in October. The production was lowest in 2004 due to dry conditions from mid September to late October, The meterological factors related to humidity (i.e., relative humidity, soil water content, and precipitation) were better correlated than those related to temperature (i.e., air and soil temperature, soil heat flux and solar radiation) with pine mushroom production. However, all of the correlation coefficients were statistically insignificant with values ranging from 0.15 to 0.46. Such poor correlations may be attributed to various other environmental conditions (e.g., topography, soil, vegetation, other fungi, the relationship between pine mushroom and pine forest) affecting pine mushroom production. We found that a mycelium requires a stimulation of low temperature (of three-day moving average) below $19.5^{\circ}C$, in order to farm a mushroom primordium which grows to pine mushroom after 16 days from the stimulation. We also found that the pine mushroom production ended when the soil temperature (of three-day moving average) fell below $14.0^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.415-422
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• 2003

BaZr $O_3$-based proton conductors in which B-site cations are partially substituted by Ce and Yb were fabricated by a solid state reaction method. The electrical properties of the specimens were measured by using impedance analyzer in dry air and wet air atmospheres. The electrical conductivity showed higher value in wet air than in dry air at below $600^{\circ}C$. As the Ce content increased, the electrical conductivity increased. Among four compositions, BaZ $r_{0.8}$C $e_{0.15}$Y $b_{0.05}$ $O_3$$_{-{\delta}}$ specimen showed the highest electrical conductivity,1.72$\times$10$^{-3}$ S$cm^{-1}$ /, at 80$0^{\circ}C$. In the low temperature region, the electrical conductivity was higher in wet air than in dry air. However, as the temperature increased, the proton conductivity reduced and thus the electrical conductivity showed similar value at approximately $700^{\circ}C$.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 1988

To study the optimum fermentation and aging conditions for preparation of Andong Sikhe which is consumed in the northern Kyungbuk province as a traditional beverage, Sikhe were fermented and aged at $12^{\circ}C$ for 48, 60 and 72hrs and fermented at 40, 50. and $60^{\circ}C$ for 2, 3, and 4hrs and then aged at $12^{\circ}C$ for 20 hrs, Non-volatile organic acids and free sugars were analyzed by GC and HPLC, respectively, and sensory test was performed. Sikhe fermented at $40^{\circ}C$ for 3hrs and aged at $12^{\circ}C$ for 20hrs was evaluated the most favorable one by sensory test. This Sikhe had the lowest pH 4.6~4.7 among sample and 14.6% of sugar. The sugar content was lower than those of Sikhe Fermented at $50^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$. In organic acid analysis, the concentration of malate 67.53%/mg in this Sikhe was the highest. Lactate, succinate and maleate were produced more in this Sikhe than in any other ones. Oxalate which was existed before fermentation was not found in the Sikhe, and a small amounts of citrate and fumarate were produced. In sugar analysis, maltose was dominant 11.56%, glucose 1.25% and fructose 0.45%.