• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2011

Background: Circumcision is a painful intervention frequently performed in pediatric surgery. We aim to compare the efficacy of caudal block versus dorsal penile block (DPNB) under general anesthesia for children undergoing circumcision. Methods: This study was performed between July 1, 2009 and October 16, 2009. Fifty male children American Society of Anesthesiolgists physical status classification I, aged between 3 and 12 were included in this randomized, prospective, comparative study. Anesthetic techniques were standardized for all children. Patients were randomized into 2 groups. Using 0.25% 0.5 ml/kg levobupivacain, we performed DPNB for Group 1 and caudal block for Group 2. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated for six hours with the Flacc Pain Scale for five categories; (F) Face, (L) Legs, (A) Activity, (C) Cry, and (C) Consolability. For every child, supplemental analgesic amounts, times, and probable local or systemic complications were recorded. Results: No significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05) was found in mean age, body weight, anesthesia duration, FLACC pain, and sedation scores (P > 0.05). However, on subsequent measurements, a significant decrease of pain and sedation scores was noted in both the DPNB group and the caudal block group (P < 0.001). No major complication was found when using either technique. Conclusions: DPNB and caudal block provided similar postoperative analgesic effects without major complications for children under general anesthesia.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1994.11a
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• pp.228-230
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• 1994

A Spotter ion Plating(SIP) system with a r. f. coil electrode and the Facing Target Sputter(FTS) source was designed for high-quality thin film formation. The rf discharge was combined with DC facing target sputtering in order to enhance ionization degree of a sputtered atoms. The discharge voltage-discharge characteristics curves of a FTS source could be characterized by the fern of $I{\propto}V^n$ with n in the range of $8{\sim}12$. The energy of ions incident on the substrate depended on the sheath potential of DC biased substrate. The mean impact ion energy increased with negative bias voltage and rf power. The adhesive force of the TiN film formed was in the range of $30{\sim}50N$, and markedly influenced by substrate bias voltage.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.3 s.91
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• pp.267-273
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• 2000

Temperature-associated emergence patterns for a hydropsychid caddisfly, Hydropsyche kozhantschikovi, were studied from the Wangsuk creek in Kyonggi-do from April to June in 1999. Emerging adults were quantitatively collected by pyramidshaped emergence traps. Water temperature was hourly monitored in 1999. The emergence began at April 15 when the daily mean water temperature rose to ca. $10^{\circ}C$: it rapidly increased and peaked in ca. 10 days, and continued to May 25, lasting 40 days since the starting date. The average number of emerged adults was $35.8\;inds./m^2$ and their sex ratio was male (M) : female (F) = 1 : 2.04. The emergence of males was ca. 2 days earlier than that of females. Daily, the emergence was a bigeminans pattern representing the major peak (66.7%) just after dark ($19:00{\sim}21:00$) and theminor peak (11.1%) just before dawn ($05:00{\sim}07:00$). According to our degree dayaccumulation (DD) model, it respectively required 453.89DD (M: 440.48DD and F: 473.97 DD), 615.71DD (M: 610.18DD and F: 622.09DD), and 820.24DD (M: 828.25DD and F: 804.71DD) to begin, to reach the peak, and to finish the emergence.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.501-507
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• 2018

This study was conducted to identify a relationship between Helicopter Parenting, Critical thinking disposition, and Learning Competences of Nursing students. This was a descriptive analyzed study, data were collected from April 3 to 14, 2017, study subjects were 208 nursing students in nursing colleges located C and I city, using self-reported questionnaires. The results of the study showed the mean scores of Helicopter parenting and critical thinking were $73.94{\pm}13.88$, $113.30{\pm}12.33$. And learning motivation, cognition, behavior were consisted in learning competence, learning cognition (F=3.62, p=.014) and learning behavior (F=4.07, p=.008) were statistically significant differences in school score. Helicopter parenting and critical thinking were a significant negative relationship (r=-.14, p=.043), according to critical thinking of learning cognition (r=.43, p<.001) and behavior (r=.42, p<.001) were a significant positive relationship. Based on the results, they were taken a baseline data for developing a Parent-Parenting Education Program to enhance on critical thinking and learning competence of nursing students and a Clinical Nursing Empowerment Program.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.632-643
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to examine vegetation community structure and distribution of Fraxinus chiisanensis in Mt.Minjuji of Chungcheongbuk-do by setting up and surveying 8 plots (400 m² each). Mean Importance Value (MIV) of Fraxinus chiisanensis in 8 plots was 35.19% in average (ranging from 26.07~42.74%). Since it is the dominant species in all plots, it is expected to maintain the present vegetation structure. The analysis of the DBH (diameter at breast height) showed that the diameter of Fraxinus chiisanensis in Mt.Minjuji ranges from 2 to 43cm. The majority of Fraxinus chiisanensis is expected to maintain current state unless disturbance or rapid environmental change occurs. The Species Diversity (H') was 0.8498~1.0261, Evenness (J') was 0.8160~0.9256, Dominance Index (D) was 0.0789~0.1840, Maximum Diversity (H'max) was 1.0414~1.2041. The analysis of annual ring and radial growth showed that the average age of Fraxinus chiisanensis in Mt.Minjuji was 29.1years(ranging from 22~58years). The average annual radial growth of Fraxinus chiisanensis was the highest in community G with 5.84mm and the lowest in community B with 2.80mm. The similarity index analysis revealed that the similarity index between community B and E, C and F, H was the highest with 69.0%, and the similarity index between community E and F was the lowest with 29.6%. Both the area of Fraxinus chiisanensis community of Mt.Minjuji and its population size are very small. Therefore, this area needs to be designated as Forest Genetic Resource Reserve.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.121-126
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• 1998

This study is to examine the energy budget of Hexagrammos agrammus in the natural habitat, based on the von Bertalanffy's growth model using food consumption and growth data of the fish. The fish were collected at the coasts of Tongbaek Island in Pusan and Shinsu Island in Samchonpo, Korea. The standard energy budget model was adopted for this study and the model has the components of toed consumption (C), production (G), assimilation (A), absorption ($A_b$), catabolism (R), excreta (U) and feces (F). These components were expressed as mass unit, not as calorie unit as usual. Both the mass and the proportion of each component varied with age of the fish, The mass of annual excreta declined as the fish became older, while those of the other components increased with the age. The relationship between mean weight (W) and annual absorption ($A_b$) was a non-linear one with the equation of $A_b=4.592W^{0.666}$, while that between mean weight (W) and annual catabolism (R) was linear as R=0.007+0.567W. On the other hand, the annual food consumption (C) showed linear relations both with annual assimilation (A) and annual catabolism (R) as A= -7.026+0.061C and R=-20.749+0.048C, respectively.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2021

Background and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare effects of tone-burst (TB) and narrow-band (NB) Claus Elberling (CE)-chirp stimuli on amplitude, latency and interaural asymmetry ratio (IAR) of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP) in healthy individuals. Subjects and Methods: The study included 50 healthy volunteers. cVEMP procedure was carried out using 500 Hz TB and NB-CE-chirp stimulus (360-720 Hz, up-chirp) in random order. cVEMP were recorded at 100 dB nHL. For each ear and each stimulus, P1 latency, N1 latency and P1N1 amplitude were measured. IAR was also calculated. Results: Mean age was 26.66±9.48 years. cVEMP's in response to both TB and NB CE-chirp stimuli were obtained in all subjects. No statistically significant difference in P1 latency, N1 latency, and P1N1 amplitude was found between the right and left ears for both TB and NB CE-chirp stimuli (p>0.05). In both sides, P1 and N1 latencies were significantly shorter in NB CE-chirp stimulation compared to TB stimulation (p=0.000). In both sides, no statistically significant difference was found in P1N1 amplitude between two types of stimuli (p>0.05). Conclusions: The chirp stimulus produces robust but earlier cVEMP than TB does. This largest series study on NB chirp cVEMP shows that NB chirp is a good and new reliable alternative.

• Korean Journal of Audiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2021

Background and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare effects of tone-burst (TB) and narrow-band (NB) Claus Elberling (CE)-chirp stimuli on amplitude, latency and interaural asymmetry ratio (IAR) of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP) in healthy individuals. Subjects and Methods: The study included 50 healthy volunteers. cVEMP procedure was carried out using 500 Hz TB and NB-CE-chirp stimulus (360-720 Hz, up-chirp) in random order. cVEMP were recorded at 100 dB nHL. For each ear and each stimulus, P1 latency, N1 latency and P1N1 amplitude were measured. IAR was also calculated. Results: Mean age was 26.66±9.48 years. cVEMP's in response to both TB and NB CE-chirp stimuli were obtained in all subjects. No statistically significant difference in P1 latency, N1 latency, and P1N1 amplitude was found between the right and left ears for both TB and NB CE-chirp stimuli (p>0.05). In both sides, P1 and N1 latencies were significantly shorter in NB CE-chirp stimulation compared to TB stimulation (p=0.000). In both sides, no statistically significant difference was found in P1N1 amplitude between two types of stimuli (p>0.05). Conclusions: The chirp stimulus produces robust but earlier cVEMP than TB does. This largest series study on NB chirp cVEMP shows that NB chirp is a good and new reliable alternative.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1746-1753
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• 2007

Steers (n = 335) of known genetic background from four fundamentally different growth types were subjected to two production systems to study differences in cooking loss (CL), tenderness, and chemical composition. Growth types were animals with genetic potential for large mature weight-late maturing (LL), intermediate mature weight-late maturing (IL), intermediate mature weight -early maturing (IE), and small mature weight-early maturing (SE). Each year, in a nine-year study, calves of each growth type were weaned and five steers of each growth type were developed on pasture or feedlot and harvested at approximately 20 and 14 mo of age, respectively. Data collected were CL and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) for the Longissimus dorsi (LM), Psoas major (PS), and Quadriceps femoris (QF) muscles. Chemical composition was also determined from the right fore- and hindquarter. Data were analyzed using least squares analysis of variance for unequal subclass numbers. The beef growth $type{\times}production$ system interaction was significant for CL and WBS of the LM and ash in the lean trim of the forequarter. Growth types of LL and IL had greater (p<0.05) mean percentage CL in the PS and QF muscles than did IE and SE steers. Growth type LL had the highest (p<0.05) mean for both moisture and protein in the fore- and hindquarters; while SE had the lowest numerical mean value for moisture and protein in the fore- and hindquarters. Shear force of the PS did not differ (p>0.05) among steers of the four growth types. Increasing challenges to the cattle feeding industry may dictate that pasture development play a larger role in future production regimes. Producers should strive to match genetic growth type with available resources in order to remain viable and continue producing a quality product.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.248-255
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was done to compare the effectiveness of web based learning versus traditional education for learning foley-catheterization in Basic Nursing. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental research. The participants were 60 students who were taking Basic Nursing at A nursing college (3 years) in C city. Thirty students each were assigned to the experimental or control group. Data were collected between October 20 and November 4, 2003. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test and ANCOVA. Results: The mean score for competence in foley-catheterization practice in the experimental group was 48.63 and in the control group, 44.67. This result was statistically significant (t=7.655, p=.001). The mean score for knowledge in the experimental group was 63.0, while fur the control group, 64.0. This result was not statistically significant (t=-.330, p=.743). The mean score for confidence in learning in the experimental group was 26.70 for the pre-test and 30.73 for the post-test, and in the control group 27.93 and 28.37 respectively, but this result was not statistically significant (F=.858, p=.358). Conclusion: The Web based learning was found to be effective in nursing practice but not nursing knowledge. It is necessary to continue to develop approaches to teaching nursing and to evaluate these approaches with further research.