• Informatization Policy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.3-38
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• 2024

Hallucination is a significant barrier to the utilization of large-scale language models or multimodal models. In this study, we collected 654 computer science papers with "hallucination" in the abstract from arXiv from December 2022 to January 2024 following the advent of Chat GPT and conducted frequency analysis, knowledge network analysis, and literature review to explore the latest trends in hallucination research. The results showed that research in the fields of "Computation and Language," "Artificial Intelligence," "Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition," and "Machine Learning" were active. We then analyzed the research trends in the four major fields by focusing on the main authors and dividing them into data, hallucination detection, and hallucination mitigation. The main research trends included hallucination mitigation through supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF), inference enhancement via "chain of thought" (CoT), and growing interest in hallucination mitigation within the domain of multimodal AI. This study provides insights into the latest developments in hallucination research through a technology-oriented literature review. This study is expected to help subsequent research in both engineering and humanities and social sciences fields by understanding the latest trends in hallucination research.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 1992

Bovine oocytes obtained from ovarian(2 to 5mm in diameter) of slaughtered cows were cultured in TCM 199 with 10~20% estrous-cow-serum(ECS) for 24~25hr at 39$^{\circ}C$ in 5% CO2-95% air. After culture, some oocytes were examined their maturation. The remainder were used to assess the fertilizability with frozen-thawed spermatozoa in a medium containing caffeine and heparin, and subsequent development in media with bovien cumulus cells(BCC) or bovine oviduct epithelial cells(BOEC). The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The maturation rate of the oocytes in TCM199 with 15% ECS group(76.5%) was higher than that of 10% ECS(69.2%) or 20% ECS group(64.8%). 2. The proportions of the oocytes penetrated and the pronuclear oocytes in the presence of caffeine and heparin were 72.1%(62/86) and 93.5%(58/62), respectively. The rate of polyspermy in the fertilized oocytes was 8.1%. 3. When 73 oocytes recovered from fertilization drop were cultured in TC-199 medium with 10% fetal calf serum(FCS), 41 oocytes(56%) cleaved to 2-cell and further stages of embryos. Among these only one embryo developed upto morula stage. 4. The rate of the cleaved oocytes was higher in medium with BCC(80%:59/74) than BOEC(76%:58/76). However, the rate of developed morulae and blastocysts was higher in the medium with BOEC(40%;23/58) than with BCC(34;20/59).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.732-738
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• 1998

Three crossbred gilts weighing $61{\pm}2kg$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) and three gilts weighing $52{\pm}3kg $ on the day before the first treatment began (d -1) were used for each of two experiments (Exp. 1 and Exp. 2), respectively. In Exp. 1, all pigs were fed the experimental diet (CP 19%) from d -7 to the end of study (d 21) to verify that nitrogen retention is constant during the 21 -d period. In Exp. 2, pigs were fed the control diet (CP 15.5 %) from d -7 to d 8 and then the low-lysine diet from d 9 to d 16 in order to determine how rapidly dietary changes in amino acid composition results in a new equilibrium for nitrogen metabolism. The amount of urine nitrogen loss was not different over 21 days (p > 0.10). Rates of nitrogen retention were not different among pigs (p > 0.10) nor over time (p > 0.10). Average nitrogen retention during the period was 1.00 g/kg $BW^{0.75}$ per day. The apparent biological value was 41%, which did not change over the 3-week period (p > 0.10). The overall efficiency of nitrogen use for nitrogen retention was 35% (Exp. 1). The amount of nitrogen loss in urine and the efficiency of nitrogen utilization for nitrogen gain reached a new equilibrium within 2 to 3 d after the diet was changed. The low-lysine diet resulted in a 20% increase of nitrogen loss in urine (p < 0.001) and a 9% decline in efficiency of nitrogen use for nitrogen retention (p < 0.001). Nitrogen retention while the pigs were fed the control diet was also higher than the retention when pigs were fed the low lysine diet (p < 0.001). The efficiency of nitrogen use for nitrogen retention in pigs fed the control diet was 57% (Exp. 2), which was higher (p < 0.001) than that from pigs fed the low-lysine diets (52%).

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.509-520
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• 1996

Ultrafine calcim carbonate powders with the size of $0.05~0.1\;{\mu}m$ and the calcite phase were synthesized by the nozzle spouting method, which could be only obtained when high calcium ion concentration within slurry was maintained at the beginning of the reaction. But, in the regions of low ${Ca(OH)}_2$ concentration (0.5~1.0 wt%) or high ${Ca(OH)}_2$ concentration (<3.0 wt%), synthesized calcium carbonate powder was shown the large particle size with agglomeration. To obtain ultrafine calcium carbonate powder in this region, the methods of slurry circuation and $CO_{2}$ gas supply were changed during reaction. Resultly, it was possible to synthesize ultrafine particles (${\approx}0.05{\mu}\textrm{m}$)in the regions of low ${Ca(OH)}_2$ concentration (${\approx}0.5wt%$) and high ${Ca(OH)}_2$ concentration (${\approx}0.5wt%$), which can not be obtained the fine calcium carbonate powder still now.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.171-184
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• 2002

Approx. 200,000 bpd vacuum residue oil is produced from oil refineries in Korea. These are supplying to use asphalt, high sulfur fuel oil, and upgrading at the residue hydro-desulfurization unit. Vacuum residue oil has high energy content, however high sulfur content and high concentration of heavy metals represent improper low grade fuel. To meet growing demand for effective utilization of vacuum residue oil from refineries, recently some of the oil refinery industries in Korea, such as SK oil refinery and LG Caltex refinery, have already proceeded feasibility study to construct 435-500 MWe IGCC power plant and hydrogen production facilities. Recently, KIER(Korea Institute of Energy Research) are studing on the Vacuum Residue gasification process using an oxygen-blown entrained-flow gasifier. The experiment runs were evaluated under the reaction temperature : 1,100~1,25$0^{\circ}C$, reaction pressure : 1~6kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$G, oxygen/V.R ratio : 0.8~0.9 and steam/V.R ratio : 0.4-0.5. Experimental results show the syngas composition(CO+H$_2$) : 85~93%, syngas flow rate : 50~110Mm$^3$/hr, heating value : 2,300~3,000 ㎉/Nm$^3$, carbon conversion : 65~92, cold gas efficiency : 60~70%. Also equilibrium modeling was used to predict the vacuum residue gasification process and the predicted values were compared reasonably well with experimental data.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2003

Approx. 200.000 bpd vacuum residue oil is produced from oil refineries in Korea, and is supplied to use asphalt, high sulfur fuel oil and for upgrading at the residue hydro-desulfurization unit. Vacuum residue oil has high energy content, however its high sulfur content and high concentration of heavy metals represent improper low grade fuel. To meet growing demand for effective utilization of vacuum residue oil from refineries, recently some of the oil refinery industries in Korea, such as SK oil refinery and LG Caltex refinery, have already proceeded feasibility study to construct 435~500 MWe IGCC power plant and hydrogen production facilities. Recently, KIER (Korea Institute of Energy Research) are studying on the Vacuum Residue gasification process using an oxygen-blown entrained-flow gasifier. The experiment runs were evaluated under the reaction temperature: 1.100~l,25$0^{\circ}C$, reaction pressure: 1~6 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$G, oxygen/V.R ratio: 0.8~0.9 and steam/V.R ratio: 0.4~0.5. Experimental results show the syngas composition (CO+H$_2$): 85~93%, syngas flow rate: 50~l10 Nm$^3$/hr, heating value: 2,300~3,000 k㎈/Nm$^3$, carbon conversion: 65~92, cold gas efficiency: 60~70%. Also equilibrium modeling was used to predict the vacuum residue gasification process and the predicted values were compared reasonably well with experimental data.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2014

Postharvest insect pest control is necessary for agricultural industry including domestic consumer markets and exporting products to meet quarantine issue. Especially, the organic or environmentally friendly agricultural products do not fit to the traditional chemical postharvest treatments mostly using methyl bromide. As an alternative, a physical treatment called CATTS (controlled atmosphere and temperature treatment) has been developed to control various insect and mite pests on apple and several stone fruits. This study was designed to determine the CATTS conditions to control the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, which is restricted in exporting the infested apples. To apply CATTS on this insect pest, the most heat-tolerant stage was determined. Among the immature stages locating on the fruits, the fifth instar larvae were the most tolerant to $44^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. The ramping rate (the time to increase chamber temperature from $25^{\circ}C$ to $46^{\circ}C$) was positively correlated with the CATTS efficiency under 15% $CO_2$ and 1% $O_2$. After the ramping step, the duration of CATTS was positively correlated with CATTS efficiency. In addition, the CATTS efficiency was highly dependent on the fruit internal temperature at $44^{\circ}C$. From all these parameters, we developed a standard protocol yielding 100% control efficiency of CATTS against apples infested by 4,378 larvae including 2,104 fifth instar individuals.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.6_3
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• pp.1179-1185
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• 2017

The KOMPSAT-3A satellite acquires high-resolution MWIR images twice a day compared to conventional Earth observing satellites. New radiometric information of Earth's surface can be provided due to different characteristics from existing SWIR images or TIR images. In this study, the difference image of multitemporal images was generated and compared with existing infrared images to find the characteristics of KOMPSAT-3A MWIR satellite images. A co-registration was performed and the difference between pixel values was minimized by using PIFs (Pseudo Invariant Features) pixel-based relative normalization. The experiment using Sentinel-2 SWIR image, Landsat 8 TIR image, and KOMPSAT-3A MWIR image showed that the distinction between artifacts in the difference image of KOMPSAT-3A is prominent. It is believed that the utilization of KOMPSAT-3A MWIR images can be improved by using the characteristics of IR image.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.62 no.10
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• pp.1481-1486
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• 2013

The small wind generator with existing mechanical control system has a frequent failure and malfunction, and its maintenance is difficult. In this paper, an electric control method using a boost converter for small wind generator was suggested. The suggested 2-level boost converter control device was manufactured and its experimental operation were conducted on a wind generator with 200 [W] capacity. As a result of experimental device, the control by a boost converter was executed at the point that the output voltage of a wind generator became 36 [V] so it could be identified that the output voltage of a wind generator diminished and then it became 0 [V] after 5 [sec]. Besides, in case of applying the method suggested in this paper to a small wind power generation facility for street lights, it is expected to reduce its maintenance by preventing a frequent failure of a generator and to improve its utilization rate.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.1 s.38
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• pp.51-59
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• 1986

The effect of metabolic substrate fructose on the force of contraction of isolated rat atria depressed with lidocaine was determined. Fructose produced dose-dependent increase in the force of contraction of isolated atria depressed by substrate-free Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium. The maximally effective concentration of fructose was 30 mM. The isolated atria, suspended in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate glucose medium aerated with 95% $O_2-5%CO_2$at $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.4, were depressed 50% by approximately 2.34 mg/100 ml of lidocaine. Addition of 30 mM fructose to these depressed atria resulted in a marked increase in the contractile force similar to that with pyruvate and acetate. Fructose had no significant effect, however, on atria exposed to low-calcium medium. The results are consistent with a previous report suggesting blockade by lidocaine of the uptake or utilization of glucose in the glycolytic pathway, and further pinpoint the blockade as an early step in the glycolytic sequence prior to the phospho-fructokinase step.