• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.787-796
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• 2010

The main reason of the earth global warming is $CO_2$ and the regulation about it in the whole world has been reinforced to reduce $CO_2$ emission. It is needed that we should reduce it in the process at the production of concrete generated much of $CO_2$ emission as the primary material of construction industry recognized unfriendly environment industry. Based on a concrete, this study was constructed the system to evaluate $CO_2$ emission generated in the stage of material production, transportation, manufacture and developed the program to reduce and evaluate it efficiently. As a result, most of $CO_2$ emission is generated in the stage of material and it is quantitatively evaluated $CO_2$ emission generated in the stage of materials, transportation and manufacture. Moreover, the evaluation system of the volume of $CO_2$ emission which has the friendly environment technology about reduction of $CO_2$ emission at each stage is suggested for quantitatively evaluation $CO_2$ emission generated in the process at the production of concrete and remicon production company could use it to evaluation $CO_2$ emission.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.2940-2945
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• 2008

The scale of 2.4 MW MCFC was taken to construct a high-efficiency and economical power generation system without CO2 emission into the atmosphere for utilizing its exhaust gas. The conventional steam turbine power generation system (STGS) was evaluated and the net generated power (NGP) was estimated to be only 133 kW and the STGS is not economically feasible. A CO2-caputuring repowering system was proposed, where low temperature steam (LTS) produced at HRSG by using exhaust gas from MCFC is utilized as a main working fluid of a gas turbine, and the temperature of LTS was raised by combusting fuel in a combustor by using pure oxygen, not the air. It has been shown that NGP of the proposed system is 264 kW, and CO2 reduction amount is 608 t-CO2/y, compared to 306 t-CO2/y of STGS. The CO2 reduction cost was estimated to be negligible small, even when the costs of oxygen production and CO2 liquefaction facilities etc. were taken into account.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.704-711
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• 2005

In this study, life cycle assessment(LCA) for the nuclear power generation system and the thermal power generation system, which make a great distribution of the electric power supply in Korea, has been carried out to compare the environmental impact between two power generation systems. In system boundary of this study, the stage of construction, operation and demolition & disposal were included. For life cycle impact assessment(LCIA), three cases were considered; the single environmental impact for the $CO_2$ emissions, the 8 major global environmental impact, and the major global environmental impact categories including radioactive impact. As the results, it was found that the nuclear power generation system is environmentally superior to the thermal power generation system as 10,000 times in the evaluation for the $CO_2$ emissions, 90 times in the evaluation for the 8 major environmental impact categories, and 40 times in the evaluation for the environmental impact categories including radioactive impact.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.333-335
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• 2014

As the user demand for power plants becomes various, design objective becomes complicated. To review the system feasibility, system objective and evaluation criteria need to be newly defined. In this study, engineering design procedure of the multi-purpose power plant, such as barge-mounted combined cycle power plant with $CO_2$ capture, was shown as a previous work for the feasibility review of the system alternatives. For the system design, heat and mass balance for each system configuration was firstly performed. Using the thermal analysis results, conceptual design of system alternatives was carried out. And then, preliminary design of the major equipment was done. The engineering calculation results of this study would be used as the evaluation data for system feasibility review.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.1017-1024
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• 2010

Under the Kyoto Protocol many countries have been requested to participate in emissions trading with the assigned $CO_2$ emissions. In this environment, it is inevitable to change the system and market operation in deregulated power systems, and then ensuring safety margin is becoming more important for balancing system security, economy and $CO_2$ emissions. Nowadays, available transfer capability (ATC) is a key index of the remaining capability of a transmission system for future transactions. This paper presents a novel approach to the ATC evaluation with $CO_2$ emissions using multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) technique. This technique evolves a multi-objective version of PSO by proposing redefinition of global best and local best individuals in multi-objective optimization domain. The optimal power flow (OPF) method using MOPSO is suggested to solve multi-objective functions including fuel cost and $CO_2$ emissions simultaneously. To show its efficiency and effectiveness, the results of the proposed method is comprehensively realized by a comparison with the ATC which is not including $CO_2$ emissions for the IEEE 30-bus system, and is found to be quite promising.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.79-88
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• 2013

This study creates the evaluation criteria to analyze the $CO_2$ emission quantity in the complex of apartment house among domestic buildings and proposes how to calculate the $CO_2$ emission quantity by the only simple information of apartment house. The study shows that in order to create the index of carbon emission evaluation criteria, $CO_2$ emission quantity for its input materials in these 27 apartment houses are 445,412g-$CO_2/m^2$ for apartment building, 474,322g-$CO_2/m^2$ for the basement parking lot, 483,523g-$CO_2/m^2$ for welfare facility, 729,957g-$CO_2/m^2$ for sales facility, 743,560g-$CO_2/m^2$ for other facility, 26,782g-$CO_2/m^2$ for public facility, 43,659g-$CO_2/m^2$ for landscape, 1,113g-$CO_2/m^2$ for indoor facility, 11,251g-$CO_2/m^2$ for outdoor facility and 891g-$CO_2/m^2$ for common temporary based on the average $CO_2$ emission by facility. We can also see the analysis data that in case of using the selected factors only, the rate of error is 7.51% comparing with the emission quantity by using simplified LCA method this study suggests for the whole range of apartment houses and the rate of error is average 3.24% using selective and main materials. And this it is evaluated that we can get the result which is similar to the actual $CO_2$ emission quantity with only the simple information about the apartment house.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.24-30
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• 2000

The high-pressure natural refrigerant $CO_2$ is now being evaluated for use in the motor vehicle air-conditioning systems and for several types of unitary equipment. In this study thermodynamic properties of $CO_2$ is compared to those of R-22 and R-134a and the performance characteristics of $CO_2$ refrigeration cycle is analyzed. The results show that the optimum discharge pressure for the cycle performance exists. New design concept for the $CO_2$ refrigeration system should be developed due to the high-operating pressure of itself.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.87-94
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• 2011

This study was suggested to develop sustainable durability design system and proposed the plan to evaluate design conditions that meet the intended service life and $LCCO_{2}$ reduction level of reinforced concrete structure easily from the early design stage. For that the W/B and covering depth of the concrete structure were calculated through calculation of service life based on standard specification expression and the quantitative reduction rate of the vertical member of reinforced concrete structure by the calculated W/B was applied. Life cycle of building classified into construction stage, operation stage, maintenance stage, and demolition/disposal stage and the method of $CO_{2}$ evaluation of each stage was proposed. For construction stage, the major construction materials that take up over 80% $CO_{2}$ emitting during building construction were selected and the $CO_{2}$ evaluation method for 5 standard apartment houses was proposed. Also, for operation stage, $CO_{2}$ emission was calculated through calculation of heating load by energy efficiency rating certification system. For maintenance stage, $CO_{2}$ emission was calculated using concept of re-construction by life and for demolition/disposal stage was calculated with the use of construction standard estimate. As a result of the case study by such evaluation methods, 80 years of service life and 17 specifications of sustainable durability design that meet the 40% intended $LCCO_{2}$ reduction level were deduced. The Maximum $LCCO_{2}$ reduction rate was analyzed by 47.2%.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.61-98
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• 2011

This study conducts economic evaluation of alternatives for $CO_2$ reduction of thermal power plants. Two alternatives in reducing $CO_2$ emission are considered for the evaluation under the RPS(Renewable Portfolio Standard) system; one is to perform renewable energy quotas and another is to construct green thermal power plants using CCS(Carbon Capture and Sequestration). As evaluation methods, DCF(Discount Cash Flow) and ROPM(Real Options Pricing Method) are employed. At a discount rate of 7.5% applied to the Electricity Supply and Demand Plan, it is shown that green thermal power generation has economic dominance under both evaluation methods.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.177-185
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• 2009

In this study, we developed the program to calculate the corrosion evaluation index for examining the corrosivity of raw water. When it was applied to the Han river and Nakdong river system, sulfuric acid ion, which accelerated corrosion, was higher in Nakdong river system than Han river system while calcium and hardness, which restrained corrosion, was the same way. Summarization of the LI and CCPP calculation result by the developed corrosion evaluation model showed that water quality of Han river system had strong tendency to corrode (is strongly corrosive). Moreover, this study evaluated the corrosivity of calcium carbonate saturation index by adding the chemicals to tap water. Saturation status was maintained in the order of $Ca(OH)_2$ > NaOH > ${Na_2}{CO_3}$ > $CaCO_3$ in the case of LI and RI.