• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.17-23
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• 2011

It has been presumed that the amount of vehicle's $CO_2$ emission would highly related to vehicle's cruising speeds on highways. In this study, it was tested if vehicle's $CO_2$ emissions would relate to the types of highways and the level of congestion. The results showed that the amount of $CO_2$ emission changes depending on (1) the vehicles' cruising speeds (b) congestion levels, and (c) the types of intersections. It was found that the vehicle acceleration and deceleration methods increases the amount of $CO_2$ emission up to 12%. It was also found that it changed up to 30% and 40% depending on the level of congestion and the types of intersections, respectively. The findings imply that the amount of $CO_2$ emission from vehicles should be improved when vehicles' cruising speeds are well managed through congestion management.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.410-417
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• 2005

The cooling performance of a transcritical $CO_{2}$ cycle varies significantly with a variation of refrigerant charge amount. In this study, the performance of the $CO_{2}$ system was measured and analyzed by varying refrigerant charge amount at a standard test condition. Besides, the losses of the major components in the $CO_{2}$ system were estimated by evaluating entropy generation with refrigerant charge amount. The losses in the expansion device and the gascooler show the major portion of the total loss. For undercharging conditions, the expansion loss dominates the overall system performance, while the gascooler loss increases significantly with an increase of refrigerant charge amount.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.200-203
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to produce the $CO_2$ (carbon dioxide) absorption map using KOMPSAT-2 imagery. For estimating the amount of $CO_2$ absorption, the stand biomass of forest was estimated with the total weight, which was the sum of individual tree weight. Individual tree volumes could be estimated by the crown width extracted from KOMPSAT-2 imagery. In particular, the carbon conversion index and the ratio of the $CO_2$ molecular weight to the C atomic weight, reported in the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guideline, was used to convert the stand biomass into the amount of $CO_2$ absorption. Thereafter, the KOMPSAT-2 imagery was classified with the SBC (segment based classification) method in order to quantify $CO_2$ absorption by tree species. As a result, the map of $CO_2$ absorption was produced and the amount of $CO_2$ absorption was estimated by tree species.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.59 no.7
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• pp.1232-1236
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• 2010

In this Paper, optimal capacity of energy storage and amount of $CO_2$ reduction in Jeju is calculated. Based on electricity demand data of Je-Ju from 2006 to 2007, the estimation electricity demand from 2009 to 2018 is performed. To calculate the amount of maximum $CO_2$ reduction and energy storage capacity in Jeju, the 4th power supply planning and IPCC guideline are used. Finally, Optimal capacity of energy storage and the amount of $CO_2$ reduction are showed.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.25-30
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• 2007

The final energy consumption in the building sector in Korea represents almost 20% of the total energy consumption. Besides, Space heating and hot water generation in Korea are based on fossil fuels, with a serious environmental impact. This study describes thermal performance of heating demonstration system using close-loop ground source heat pump installed at Korean minjok leadership academy. The results of the experimental study, it retrieve the investment cost for 3years 8months and reduction amount of $CO_2$are 293,900 $kgCO_2$.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2023

In this study, the variations in CO₂ uptake according to the type and amount of alkali-based activator (Ca(OH)₂, CSA) of geopolymer paste were evaluated. As the amount of activator added to the geopolymer paste increased, the fluidity of the paste is decreased and the compressive strength increased. According to the type of activator, it was confirmed that the addition of Ca(OH)₂ had a greater effect on improving the compressive strength than CSA. As a result of changes in chemical properties according to carbonation curing, the amount of C-S-H and C-A-S-H gels produced before carbonation increased as the amount of activator increased, and amount of CaCO₃ produced after carbonation increased. The reactivity of the blast furnace slag and zeolite increased due to the addition of the activator, and the reactivity tended to increase as the amount of addition increased. As a result of CO₂ uptake, 10.3 wt% when Ca(OH)₂ 10 % was added and 8.77 wt% when CSA 10 % was added was confirmed. It increased by 421 % and 388 % respectively, compared to the case where no activator was added.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 1968

The Present study attempted to analyze the fate of CO diffused into the circulating blood through the alveoli. Dogs were induced to CO poisoning by rebreathing CO gas mixture contained in Krog's spirometer, by closed circuit method, for 60 minutes. The spirometer was filled initially with 282 ml of CO and 20 liters of air and oxygen, so the composition of gases were arranged as 1.4% in CO and 50% in $O_2$ at the begining of the rebreathing. Oxygen was added corresponding to the utilization of $O_2$ by the animal in proceeding of the experiment. At 60th minutes of CO rebreathing, the concentration of CO in arterial blood and in mixed venous blood were analysed and compared with each other after the CO contents were corrected with the hematocrit measured in the arterial and mixed venous blood. The distribution of CO gas to other tissues was estimated by the analysis of CO diffused into the cystic bile and into the peritoneal gas pocket which was formed by injection of 300 ml air into the peritoneal cavity prior to the CO gas rebreathing. The blood volume was measured by dilution method using $^{51}Chromium$ tagged red cells. CO amount vanished in the animal body was calculated by subtraction of total CO content in blood stream and the CO remained in closed circuit breathing system from the CO amount given to the breathing system at the begining of the experiment. Results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The content of CO corrected by the hematocrit value was slightly less in mixed venous blood than in arterial blood. The amount of CO diffused into the cystic bile and into the peritoneal cavity was averaged to 0.1% and 0.4% of the CO amount in 100 ml of blood, respectively. 2. For 60 minutes of CO rebreathing, CO-hemoglobin saturation reached about 77% at the 60th minutes, CO amount vanished in the experimental animal averaged 36.1 ml/dog/hr., or 21% of the total CO volume in the blood stream. The average vanishing rate of CO during 60 minutes of CO rebreathing per kg of body weight was 2.71 ml/hr. Production of CO measured in ten dogs under hypoxic condition averaged 0.023 ml/kg/hr. The major part of the CO vanished in the dogs seemed to be oxidized to $CO_2$ by various tissues of the animal. The conclusion might be delivered as such oxidation of CO to $CO_2$ by animal tissues can play a role in part of the process of recovery and protection of animal from CO-poisoning.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.23-38
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• 2011

● The current world is suffering abnormal climate caused by global warming. The main cause of global warming is greenhouse gas such as carbon dioxide. The carbon labeling system and carbon traceability system being pushed ahead in the agricultural sector is the policy for responding to climate change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To make this policy more effective and enhanced, the amount of carbon emissions should be calculated based on the kind of crops or the various businesses in the agricultural sector. Therefore, in order to estimate the accurate amount of carbon emissions, it is necessary to establish carbon dioxide emission intensity of various agricultural materials added onto the agriculture, and to calculate the amount of carbon dioxide emission for each crop according to agricultural production. The purpose of this study is to establish the amount of emission, emission per agricultural materials, of agricultural materials being added for crop production as a basic step, and emission intensity which can be used in the future market in order to estimate accurate amount of carbon emission in all the policies being promoted in the agricultural sector. Therefore, in this study, in order to build LCI D/B about organic fertilizers among many organic materials added onto the organic agriculture sector, one leading company in organic fertilizer production was selected and LCA was conducted for this leading company. We had to build the intensity and integrated average concept of intensity upon the two cases once production farmers for their own consumption and farms besides organic fertilizer company were categorized even if it's little amount. But in this study, individually produced organic fertilizers were excluded. Calculated results are following. Carbon emission of mixed expeller cake fertilizer in organic fertilizer was 1,106,966.89kg-$CO^2$ and emission intensity was 0.01606kg-$CO^2$, respectively. Total emission of mixed organic fertilizers was 241,523.2kg-$CO^2$ and emission intensity was 0.01705kg-$CO^2$. And total emission of organic compound fertilizers was 94,592.66kg-$CO^2$ and emission intensity was 0.01769kg-$CO^2$, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.185-191
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• 1967

In order to evaluate the elimination of CO through the lung comparing with the decrease of CO content in the blood, authors had induced acute CO poisoning on 9 dogs. Arterial CO-Hb saturation, CO concentration, %, in expired gas and eliminated CO amount through the lung were measured at 1,5,10,30,60, and 120 minutes after acute CO poisoning in 6 dogs breathing room air and 3 dogs breathing room air and oxygen alternately. Results obtained are summarized as follows. In room air breathing group, arterial CO-Hb saturation averaged 50.8% , and 53.67 ml of CO was blew off through the lung during 120 minutes and in alternately air and oBygen breathing group, the arterial CO-Hb saturation averaged 65.6% and 95.6 ml of CO was blew off through the lung. The amount of CO eliminated in expired gas for 120 minute was much less than the amount of decreased CO in arterial blood which was calculated with the decreased CO-Hb content in the estimated circulating blood volume. Such difference between the amount of eliminated CO in expired gas and the decreased CO in blood might be attributed to the oxidation of CO to $CO_2$ in the tissues. Concentration of CO in expired gas was markedly increased and the rate of decrease in arterial CO-Hb saturation is enhanced by oxygen breathing. In early period of recovery from acute CO poisoning, neither the CO concentration in expired gas, nor, the rate of CO elimination (unlit 2 minutes after CO poisoning) showed close correlation with the blood CO-Hb saturation level. The reason seemed to be due to irregularly depressed or unevenly stimulated respiration which were induced by acute CO poisoning.

• Plant Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.35-41
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated the effect of the generation of NOx and CO by adjusting the overfire air supply position and ratio using the boiler that was converted from coal burning to wood pellet boiler. When the amount of the overfire air is relatively increased, the amount of NOx is slightly decreased but CO is sharply decreased when burning at low excess air ratio (1.10) that is due to a small fuel particle size. However, NOx slightly increased when burning at high excess air ratio (1.33) due to the large fuel size, but CO was hardly affected. Also, When the amount of overfire air was same, The more supply position was concentrated to upper portion of the main combustor, the more NOx and CO was lowered. And in case of the excess air ratio was high, the generation of NOx and CO I can see that it keeps the level irrelevant to the amount of air for the second stage combustion.