• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.554-561
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• 2016

Depending on the Bio-gas sources, main component gases of $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ are shown to be variously present in amounts. For the anaerobic digester, The concentration of $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ in the gases are 60~70 and 30~35 vol%. For the landfill gas, $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ are 40~60 and 40~60 vol%. For the food wastes, $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ are 60~80 and 20~40 vol%, respectively. In this study, maximum conversion rates of $CO_2$ were obtained from the variety of concentrations of $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ by the catalysts of reforming reactions. Moreover, in order to get maximum producing amount of synthetic gas, experimental studies were performed to optimize the reaction variables. On the basis of $CH_4$, 243 ml, R [$CH_4/(O2+CO_2)$] value were varied from 0.8 to 1.35, in the study of $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ reforming reactions. It was shown that the optimal results were obtained for 1.35 of R value. And also, at $850^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm, the production rate of synthetic gas was 90% and the conversion rates of $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ were higher than 99% and 90%, respectively.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.145-150
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• 2012

한우 깔짚 더미에서 배출되는 $CH_4$의 일별 배출량은 측정 시작일의 273.013 ${\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (SE : ${\pm}1.047{\mu}g\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$)을 최대로 하여 점차 감소하여 측정 마지막 일에는 2.309 ${\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (SE : ${\pm}0.061{\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$)이었다. $N_2O$의 일별 배출량은 $CH_4$의 배출량과 달리 측정 시작일에는 0.267 ${\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (SE : ${\pm}0.018{\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$)로 미미하였으나 시간이 지남에 따라 지수적으로 증가하여 시험 시작 후 43일째에 3.596 ${\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (SE : ${\pm}0.454{\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$)로 최대를 기록한 후 서서히 감소하여 마지막 일에는 1.888 ${\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (SE : ${\pm}0.012{\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$) 이었다. 지구온난화지수를 이용한 $CH_4$과 $N_2O$ 배출량을 $CO_2$-eq로 환산했을 때, 시험첫 날 $CH_4$에 의한 $CO_2$-eq가 전체 환산량의 약 99%였다. 이후 $CH_4$의 배출량이 감소하고 $N_2O$의 배출이 증가하면서 34일 째에 $CH_4$과 $N_2O$에 의한 CO-eq 비율이 50:50이 되었으며 이후 $N_2O$의 영향이 더 컸다. $CH_4$과 $N_2O$의 배출량 변동성을 보기 위해 $CH_4$과 $N_2O$의 일 평균 배출량에 대한 일별 표준오차의 비율을 계산하였다. $CH_4$의 경우 그 비율이 11일째까지는 1.0% 이하였으나 시간이 지날수록 증가하여 57일 후에는 10.9%까지 증가하였다. $N_2O$의 경우 $CH_4$에 비해 그 비율이 컸는데 (0.4%~51.0%), $CH_4$의 경우와 달리 초기에 높았으며 시간이 지날수록 줄었다. $CH_4$과 $N_2O$의 생성이 활발할 경우 일 평균 배출량에 대한 일별 표준오차의 비율이 적으나 그렇지 않을 경우 비율이 높아졌는데 이는 배출장소의 비 균질성에 기인한다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 퇴비화 과정의 온실가스 배출량을 줄이기 위해서는 $CH_4$ 감소를 위해 초기 공기 공급을 늘리며, 교반 등을 통해 비균질성을 감소시켜야 한다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.90-94
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• 2009

The development of low-k materials is essential for modern semiconductor processes to reduce the cross-talk, signal delay and capacitance between multiple layers. The effect of the $CH_4$ concentration on the formation of SiOC(-H) films and their dielectric characteristics were investigated. SiOC(-H) thin films were deposited on Si(100)/$SiO_2$/Ti/Pt substrates by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with $SiH_4$, $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ gas mixtures. After the deposition, the SiOC(-H) thin films were annealed in an Ar atmosphere using rapid thermal annealing (RTA) for 30min. The electrical properties of the SiOC(-H) films were then measured using an impedance analyzer. The dielectric constant decreased as the $CH_4$ concentration of low-k SiOC(-H) thin film increased. The decrease in the dielectric constant was explained in terms of the decrease of the ionic polarization due to the increase of the relative carbon content. The spectrum via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy showed a variety of bonding configurations, including Si-O-Si, H-Si-O, Si-$(CH_3)_2$, Si-$CH_3$ and $CH_x$ in the absorbance mode over the range from 650 to $4000\;cm^{-1}$. The results showed that dielectric properties with different $CH_4$ concentrations are closely related to the (Si-$CH_3$)/[(Si-$CH_3$)+(Si-O)] ratio.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.177-180
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• 2008

Laser induced fluorescence studies of hydrogen atom using four wave mixing technique are reported for the photodissociation of CH4 and its isotopomers at Lya (121.6 nm). The source of dissociating and probe radiation is one and the same (delay time??20 nsec). The average translational energy of ejected hydrogen atoms (50 Kcal/mol) reveals that CH4 + hn??CH3 + H(2S) and CH4 + hn??CH2(a1A1) + H2(1Sg) are the main dissociation processes. The absolute quantum yield for CH4 and CD4 are the same, FH(CH4) = FD(CD4) = 0.31 0.05. If one divides the experimental H/D ratios from the isotopomers CH3D, CH2D2, CHD3 by the isotopic H/D ratios, a value 2 is obtained in all three cases. Overall, the heavier D atoms are more likely than the H atoms to remain attached to the carbon atom.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.546-549
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• 2011

Nano-sized $SnO_2$ thick films were prepared by a screen-printing method onto $Al_2O_3$ substrates. The sensing characteristics were investigated by measuring the electrical resistance of each sensor in a test box as a function of the detection gas. The nano-sized $SnO_2$ thick film sensors were treated in a $N_2$ atmosphere. The structural properties of the nano $SnO_2$with a rutile structure according to XRD showed a (110) dominant $SnO_2$ peak. The particle size of $SnO_2$:Ni nano powders at Ni 8 wt% was about 45 nm, and the $SnO_2$ particles were found to contain many pores according to the SEM analysis. The sensitivity of the nano $SnO_2$-based sensors was measured for 5 ppm $CH_4$ gas and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gas at room temperature by comparing the resistance in air with that in the target gases. The results showed that the best sensitivity of $SnO_2$:Ni and $SnO_2$:Co sensors for $CH_4$ gas and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gas at room temperature was observed in $SnO_2$:Ni sensors doped with 8 wt% Ni. The response time of the $SnO_2$:Ni gas sensors was 10 seconds and recovery time was 15 seconds for the $CH_4$ and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gases.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제39권11호
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• pp.856-862
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• 1995

본 연구의 텅스텐 옥소-니트로실 착물 $(n-Bu_4N)_2[W_5O_{12}(NO)_2{RC(NH_2)NHO}_2{RC(NH)NO}_2]{R\;=\;(CH_3)CH, CH_3CH_2CH_2,CH_3SCH_2}$은 텅스텐(VI) 다핵 착물 $(n-Bu_4N)_2[W_6O_{19}]$, 텅스텐 디니트로실 단핵 착물 $[W(NO)_2(acac)(CH_3CN)_2](BF_4)$ 및 부틸 아미드옥심 유도체의 반응에서 얻었다. 합성한 착물은 원소분석, 적외선, 전자 흡수 및 핵자기 공명 스펙트럼에 의해 특성을 조사하였다. 전자를 끌어당기는 ${W(NO)_2}^{2+}$ 단위체는 두 개의 이핵체 ${W_2O_5}^{2+}$ 사이의 중심에 삽입되어 오핵종을 이룬다. $(n-Bu_4N)_2[W_5O_{12}(NO)_2{(CH_3)_2CHC(NH_2)NHO}_2/{(CH_3)_2/CHC(NH)NO}_2]$의 $^1{H} NMR$ 스펙트럼에서 네 개의 이중선이 나타남으로 양성자간의 상호작용이 큰 것을 추정할수있다. $^{13}C$ NMR 스펙트럼은 배위된 네 개의 배위자중 두개의 배위자가 나타남으로 두 배위자의 서로 다른 배위모형과 대칭성에 대한 정보를 준다. ${W(NO_2)}^{2+}$ 단위체는 형식상 시스형이며 기하학적으로 $C_{2v}$ 대칭을 가진다.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.14-14
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• 2014

STT-MRAM의 구성물질인 magnetic tunnel junction의 효과적인 식각을 위하여 다양한 가스 조합을 연구하였다. 그 결과 $CH_4/N_2O$ gas 조합보다는 $CH_3OH$ gas 가 보다 향상된 식각 특성을 나타내었고 pulse duty ratio 변화와 기판온도 변화가 식각특성 향상에 영향을 주었음을 알 수 있었다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2008

In order to study the estimate of $CH_4$ emission factors in the municipal wastewater treatment plants, the active sludge process, 5-stage process, Denipho process, and SBR process were investigated. When active sludge process, 5-stage process, and Denipho process were used in wastewater treatment plant, the $CH_4$ emission factors were 2.88, 1.61, and 0.57 g-$CH_4/kg$-BOD, respectively. On the other hand, in the case of SBR process, it was 4.14 g-$CH_4/kg$-BOD. These results indicate that SBR process was effective for $CH_4$ emission in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Using the above processes, the methane emission factor and amount of waste water sludge were $4.78m^3/t$ and $12,204,506m^3/yr$, respectively. The remove of BOD was a range of $93.91{\sim}98.63%$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.496-501
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• 2012

Thirty-five available feeds were fermented in vitro in order to investigate their soluble total organic carbon (TOCs) and methane ($CH_4$) production rate. A fermentation reactor was designed to capture the $CH_4$ gas emitted and to collect liquor from the reactor during in vitro fermentation. The results showed that $CH_4$ production rate greatly varied among feeds with different ingredients. The lowest $CH_4$-producing feeds were corn gluten feed, brewer's grain, and orchard grass among the energy, protein, and forage feed groups, respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in digestibility, soluble total organic carbon (TOCs), and $CH_4$ emissions among feeds, during 48 h of in vitro fermentation. Digestibility and TOCs was not found to be related due to different fermentation pattern of each but TOCs production was directly proportional to $CH_4$ production (y = 0.0076x, $r^2$ = 0.83). From this in vitro study, TOCs production could be used as an indirect index for estimation of $CH_4$ emission from feed ingredients.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.300-304
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• 2015

Nanorod ZnO and spherical nano ZnO for gas sensors were prepared by hydrothermal reaction method and hydrazine method, respectively. The nano-ZnO gas sensors were fabricated by a screen printing method on alumina substrates. The gas sensing properties were investigated for hydrocarbon gas. The effects of Co concentration on the structural and morphological properties of the nano ZnO:Co were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. XRD patterns revealed that nanorod and spherical ZnO:Co with a wurtzite structure were grown with (100), (002), (101) peaks. The sensitivity of nanorod and spherical ZnO:Co sensors was measured for 5 ppm $CH_4$ and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gas at room temperature by comparing the resistance in air with that in target gases. The highest sensitivity to the $CH_4$ and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gas of spherical nano ZnO:Co sensors was observed at Co 6 wt%. The spherical nano ZnO:Co sensor exhibited a higher sensitivity to hydrocarbon gas than nanorod ZnO.