• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권10호
• /
• pp.5699-5703
• /
• 2013

Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of whole brain radiotherapy concomitant with targeted therapy for brain metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with chemotherapy failure. Materials and Methods: Of the 157 NSCLC patients with chemotherapy failure followed by brain metastasis admitted in our hospital from January 2009 to August 2012, the combination group (65 cases) were treated with EGFR-TKI combined with whole brain radiotherapy while the radiotherapy group (92 cases) were given whole brain radiotherapy only. Short-term effects were evaluated based on the increased MRI in brain 1 month after whole brain radiotherapy. Intracranial hypertension responses, hematological toxicity reactions and clinical effects of both groups were observed. Results: There were more adverse reactions in the combination group than in radiotherapy group, but no significant differences were observed between the two groups in response rate (RR) and disease control rate (DCR) (P>0.05). Medium progression free survival (PFS), medium overall survival (OS) and 1-year survival rate in combination group were 6.0 months, 10.6 months and 42.3%, while in the radiotherapy group they were 3.4 months, 7.7 months and 28.0%, respectively, which indicated that there were significant differences in PFS and OS between the two groups (P<0.05). Additionally, RPA grading of each factor in the combination group was a risk factor closely related with survival, with medium PFS in EGFR and KRAS mutation patients being 8.2 months and 11.2 months, and OS being 3.6 months and 6.3 months, respectively. Conclusions: Whole brain radiotherapy concomitant with target therapy is favorable for adverse reaction tolerance and clinical effects, being superior in treating brain metastasis in NSCLC patients with chemotherapy failure and thus deserves to be widely applied in the clinic.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.37-42
• /
• 2002

Brain drug targeting through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo is possible with peptidornirnetic monoclonal antibodies that undergo receptor-mediated transcytosis through the BBB. Monoclonal antibody to the rat transferrin receptor, such as the OX26 was studied in rats as a transport vector through BBB on the transferrin receptor. But, OX26 is not an effective brain delivery vector in mouse. In the present studies, rat monoclonal antibody, 8D3 to the mouse transferrin receptor were evaluated for brain drug targeting vector intransgenic mouse model. Pharrnacokinetic parameters in plasma and organ uptakes were determined at varioustimes after i.v. bolus injection of [$^{}125}I$] 8D3 in Balb/c mice. Brain uptake of [$^{}125}I$] 8D3 was also studied with an internal carotid artery perfusioncapillary depletion method. After i.v. injection of [$^{}125}I$] 8D3, plasma concentrations declined biexponentially with elimination half lift of approximately 2.2 hours. Brain uptake of [$^{}125}I$] 8D3 was $0.50{\pm}0.09$ persent of injected dose per g brain after 2 hours i.v. injection. After perfusion 5 min the apparent volume of distibution of [$^{}125}I$] 8D3 in brain was $22.3 {\mu}l/g,$ which was 4.8 fold higher than the intravascular volume. These studies indicate rat monoclonal antibody to the mouse transferrin receptor, 8D3 may be used for brain drug targeting vector in mice.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국독성학회 2006년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 2006

The fetal central nervous system (CNS) is sensitive to diverse environmental factors, such as alcohol, heavy metals, irradiation, mycotoxins, neurotransmitters, and DNA damage, because a large number of processes occur during an extended period of development. Fetal neural damage is an important issue affecting the completion of normal CNS development. As many concepts about the brain development have been recently revealed, it is necessary to compare the mechanism of developmental abnormalities induced by extrinsic factors with the normal brain development. To clarify the mechanism of fetal CNS damage, we used one experimental model in which 5-azacytidine (5AZC), a DNA damaging and demethylating agent, was injected to the dams of rodents to damage the fetal brain. 5AzC induced cell death (apoptosis)and cell cycle arrest in the fetal brain, and it lead to microencephaly in the neonatal brain. We investigated the mechanism of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the neural progenitor cells in detail, and demonstrated that various cell cycle regulators were changed in response to DNA damage. p53, the guardian of genome, played a main role in these processes. Further, using DNA microarray analysis, tile signal cascades of cell cycle regulation were clearly shown. Our results indicate that neural progenitor cells have the potential to repair the DNA damages via cell cyclearrest and to exclude highly affected cells through the apoptotic process. If the stimulus and subsequent DNA damage are high, brain development proceeds abnormally and results in malformation in the neonatal brain. Although the mechanisms of fetal brain injury and features of brain malformation afterbirth have been well studied, the process between those stages is largely unknown. We hypothesized that the fetal CNS has the ability to repair itself post-injuring, and investigated the repair process after 5AZC-induced damage. Wefound that the damages were repaired by 60 h after the treatment and developmental processes continued. During the repair process, amoeboid microglial cells infiltrated in the brain tissue, some of which ingested apoptotic cells. The expressions of genes categorized to glial cells, inflammation, extracellular matrix, glycolysis, and neurogenesis were upregulated in the DNA microarray analysis. We show here that the developing brain has a capacity to repair the damage induced by the extrinsic stresses, including changing the expression of numerous genes and the induction of microglia to aid the repair process.

• 디지털융복합연구
• /
• 제14권7호
• /
• pp.355-362
• /
• 2016

본 연구에서는 디자인 사고 과정에서 디자이너의 시각적 표현도구 중 하나인 '에스키스(esquisse)'를 분석하였다. 결과물 이미지의 유사성에 근거하여 F.G.I를 통해 M, N, O, P, Q 5가지 유형으로 분류하였으며, Ned Herrmann의 두뇌 4분할 이론에 근거한 두뇌선호도검사(HBDI)를 통해 두뇌활용영역의 선호유형을 분류하였다. 분류된 5가지 에스키스 유형과 이에 따른 두뇌유형의 비교 대조분석을 통해 상관관계를 찾아내어 디자인 사고 유형을 정의하였다. 구조적인 좌뇌형(M), 감성적인 변연계형(N), 시각적인 우뇌형(O), 평면표현을 선호하는 우뇌형(P), 텍스트표현을 선호하는 우뇌형(Q)의 5가지 디자인 사고 유형을 통해 디자이너의 다양한 성향과 특징을 분석하는 것이 가능하였으며, 또한 두뇌의 결핍영역을 보완시켜 창의적인 결과물을 도출해낼 방법을 찾아내는 연구의 기틀을 마련하였다.

• 디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.239-247
• /
• 2017

과거의 교육은 주로 좌뇌 발달에 치중되어 지식 전달 위주의 형태로 시행되었으나, 우뇌 역할의 중요성이 밝혀지면서 창의성과 관련된 다양한 교육이 시도되고 있다. 뇌에 관한 연구의 진보에 따라, 좌뇌와 우뇌의 기능이 서로 상이하다는 관점에서 일부 기능이 특화되어 있지만 많은 뇌의 기능은 좌뇌와 우뇌가 협력적으로 수행하고 있음이 밝혀지고 있다. 본 연구는 좌우뇌의 균형있는 발달을 위하여 한자를 소재삼아 콘텐츠를 개발하였다. 음양오행의 다섯 가지 요소를 도입하여 항목을 정의하고, 각 한자당 4 단계를 거쳐 학습하도록 구성하였다. 1단계는 시각적 강제 결합을 활용한 뇌를 자극하는 도입단계, 2단계는 우뇌형 학습, 3단계는 좌뇌형 학습, 4단계는 좌우뇌통합 학습 구조로 설계하였다. 개발된 콘텐츠에 전문가의 인터뷰를 통해 효과적인 두뇌 학습 콘텐츠로서 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• 제38권3호
• /
• pp.162-174
• /
• 2021

Objectives : We aimed to identify the antidepressant effect of liver tonification acupuncture treatment (ACU (LT); KI10, LR8, LU8, LR4) and four gate acupuncture treatment (ACU (FG); LI4, LR3) and its brain neural activity in the normal and chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced mouse model. Methods : Firstly, normal mice were given ACU (LT) or ACU (FG) and the c-Fos expressions in each brain region were analyzed to examine brain neural activity. Secondly, CRS was administered to mice for 4 weeks, then ACU (LT) or ACU (FG) was performed for 2 weeks. The depression-like behavior was evaluated using open field test (OFT) before and after acupuncture treatment. Then, the c-Fos expressions in each brain region were analyzed to examine brain neural activity. Results : In normal mice, ACU (FG) regulated brain neural activities in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and periaqueductal gray. ACU (LT) changed more brain regions in the prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, striatum, and hippocampus, including those altered by ACU (FG). In CRS-induced model, ACU (LT) alleviated depression-like behavior more than ACU (FG). Also, brain neural activities in the motor cortex area 2 (M2), agranular ventral part and piriform of insular cortex (AIV and Pir), and cornu ammonis (CA) 1 and CA3 of hippocampus were changed by ACU (LT), and those of AIV and CA3 were also changed by ACU (FG). As in normal mice, ACU (LT) resulted in changes in more brain regions, including those altered by ACU (FG) in CRS model. M2, Pir, and CA1 were only changed by ACU (LT) in depression model, suggesting that these brain regions reflect the specific effect of ACU (LT). Conclusions : ACU (LT) relieved depression-like behavior more than ACU (FG), and this acupuncture effect was associated with modulation of brain neural activities in the motor cortex, insular cortex, and hippocampus.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.377-384
• /
• 2001

일반적으로 정신질환인 경우 뇌의 미세한 이상이 있는 것으로 알려져 있어 자기공명영상의 시각적 분석에서 뇌의 구조적 이상을 밝히는 데 한계가 있다. 따라서 특정 부위의 용적이나 모양의 이상을 통하여 정신질환의 뇌 구조적 이상을 연구하는 것이 일반적이다 이러한 경우 뇌 자기공명영상은 조직간의 경계가 불분명하여 뇌 구조 분석의 신뢰도는 조직별 분할의 정확성이 좌우한다 본 논문에서는 뇌 자기공명영상의 특성에 적합한 퍼지 분할법을 반복적으로 적용함으로써 분할 영상의 질을 개선하여 뇌 구조 분석의 신뢰도를 높이고, 사용자 편의성을 고려한 소프트웨어를 이용한 좌우 뇌섬엽 용적 측정을 통해 뇌 구조적 이상에 대한 보다 나은 분석 방법을 제시한다.

• 생물정신의학
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2014

Normal aging causes changes in the brain volume, connection, function and cognition. The brain changes with increases in age and difference of gender varies at all levels. Studies about normal brain aging using various brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) variables such as gray and white matter structural imaging, proton spectroscopy, apparent diffusion coefficient, diffusion tensor imaging and functional MRI are reviewed. Total volume of brain increases after birth but decreases after 9 years old. During adulthood, total volume of brain is relatively stable. After 35 years old, brain shrinks gradually. The changes of gray and white matters by aging show different features. N-acetylaspartate decreases or remains unchanged but choline, creatine and myo-inositol increase with aging. Apparent diffusion coefficient decreases till 20 years old and then becomes stable during adulthood and increase after 60 years old. Diffusion tensor properties in white matter tissue are variable during aging. Resting-state functional connectivity decreases after middle age. Structural and functional brain changes with normal aging are important for studying various psychiatric diseases such as dementia, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Our review may be helpful for studying longitudinal changes of these diseases and successful aging.

• 대한예방한의학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.214-234
• /
• 2000

This study was carried to identify whether acupuncture of several acupuncture points can affect the brain and to observe which aspects appear in EEG mapping, using electroencephalography. Those results are as follows ; 1. The pattern of resting computerized EEG map in intact human is appered normal 2. Each Acupuncture in Kwan Weon or Jog Sam Ri meridian points bring about the increase in $\theta,\;\alpha-wave$ activity and at various area of the cerebrium and the decrease in $\delta,\;\beta-wave$ activity. It strands to reason that brain function is elevated On the other hand , synchronous acupuncture bring about the decrease of brain function in view of the decrease of $\delta,\;\theta-wave$ activity at frontal area, and the unstable brain state in view of the increase of $\beta-wave$ activity. 3. Acupuncture in Hyeon Jong meridian point bring about the increase of $\delta,\;\theta-wave$ activity at frontal area and $\beta-wave$ activity at temporal area. From these we deduce that brain function is declined and brain is unstable. Synchronous acupuncture with other meridian points reversly showed that brain function is elevated. 4. Synchronous acupuncture in Kwan Weon , Jog Sam Ri, Hyeon Jong bring about the decrease of the brain function and the unstable brain state, showing the pattern of increased $\delta,\;\theta-wave$ activity at frontal, parietal area, and increased $\beta-wave$ activity at temporal area.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.93-100
• /
• 2017

In this article, we review the differences of the brain morphology according to age, sex, and handedness. Age is a well-known factor affecting brain morphology. With aging, progressive reduction of brain volume is driven. Sex also has great effects on brain morphology. Although there are some reports that the differences of brain morphology may originate from the differences of weight between the 2 sexes, studies have demonstrated that there are regional differences even after the correction for weight. Handedness has long been regarded as a behavioral marker of functional asymmetry. Although there have been debates about the effect of handedness on brain morphology, previous well-established studies suggest there are differences in some regions according to handedness. Even with the studies done so far, normal brain morphology is not fully understood. Therefore, studies specific for the each ethnic group and standardized methods are needed to establish a more reliable database of healthy subjects' brain morphology.