• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

This study was performed to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of fermented sausages containing probiotic starter cultures (LK-30 plus, Lactobacillus plantarum 155 and 167, and Pediococcus damnosus L12) with reduced fat levels, and to determine the optimum condition for the manufacture of these products. Although low-fat fermented sausages were reduced fat content at the amount of 90% and the ripening time by 1-2 weeks, as compared to regular-fat counterpart, they became harder and had many winkles outside due to the extreme drying. In addition, fat level in fermented sausages affected the composition and shear force values. During ripening, pH, lightness and yellowness values tended to decrease, however, microbial counts of inoculated lactic acid bacteria were increased up to $10^8-10^9cfu/g$ within 3 days and remained constant thereafter. Low-fat fermented sausages had higher microbial counts than regular-fat ones. Although the inoculated probiotic starter cultures alone had the functional properties, such as cholesterol reduction, anti-high blood pressure and antimicrobial activity, they did not have distinctive characteristics in the fermented sausages. Based on these results, the low-fat fermented sausages were successfully manufactured, but a little bit increased fat level and improved functional properties in the fermented sausages would be required to have better quality as compared to regular-fat counterparts.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.877-890
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• 2005

This study was carried out to determine the effect of different growing stages of winter cereal crops on the quality of silage materials and silages. Silages were made from the silage materials harvested at four growing stages(boot, heading, flowering, and yellow ripe) of barley, rye, oat, and wheat. Approximately 1 kg of silage materials harvested from each growing stage stored in vinyl bags with vacuum packing method and fermented at room temperature for 40 days. As the growing stages progressed, the moisture and crude protein contents of the silage materials decreased, and fiber contents(NDF, ADF and hemicellulose) increased. All the silage materials showed significantly higher contents of water soluble carbohydrate in the boot stages than in the flowering and yellow ripe stages. There was no tendency in acetic acid contents of silage materials cut at different growing stages. The overall pH of silage materials were in the range of 5.91-6.01, and there was no significant difference among growing stages. Buffering capacity of silage materials were in the range of 26.23-29.47meq/100g DM, and showed a tendency to decline as the growing stages proceeded. The moisture and crude protein contents of silages decreased significantly in all species as the growing stages proceeded, and the fiber contents vice versa. As the growing stages proceeded, the pH of the silages tended to increase, and the acetic, butyric, and lactic acid contents tended to decrease. The buffering capacity of silages had a tendency to decrease as the growing stages of winter cereal crops proceeded. Therefore, these features described above should be taken into consideration in order to make silages from winter crops economically.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.233-243
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of future climate change on growing period and temperature in different rice maturity types as global warming progressed, where Odaebyeo, Hwaseongbyeo, Ilpumbyeo were used as a representative cultivar of early, medium, and medium-late rice maturity type, respectively, and A1B scenario was applied to weather data for future climate change at 57 sites in Korea. When cropping season was not adjusted to climate change, entire growing period and growing temperature were shorten and risen, respectively, as global warming progressed. On the other side, when cropping season was adjusted to climate change, growing period and temperature after heading date were not changed in contrast to growing period and growing temperature before heading which were more seriously shortened and risen as global warming progressed than in not adjusted cropping season. It is supposed that adjusting cropping season to climate change can alleviate rice yield reduction and quality deterioration to some degree by improving growing temperature condition during grain-filling period, but also still have a limit such as seriously shortened growing period indicating that there need to develope actively new rice cultivation methods and varieties for future climate change.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.39-50
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• 2007

Sexing from bovine embryos fertilized in vitro implicates a possibility of the sex controlled cattle production. This study was carried out to produce the sex determined cattle through the embryonic sexing by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. FISH was achieved in in vitro fertilized bovine embryos using a bovine Y-specific DNA probe constructed from the btDYZ-1 sequence. Using this probe, a male-specific signal was detected on 100% of Y-chromosome bearing metaphase specimens. The analyzable rate of embryonic sexing by FISH technique was about 93% (365/393) regardless of embryonic stages. As tested single blastomere by FISH and then karyotype with their biopsied embryos, the accuracy of sex determination with FISH was 97.6%. We tried the embryo transfer with sex determined embryos on 15 cattle. Among them, the 5 cattle delivered calf with expected sex last year.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2010

Recently, the treatment of dead poultry has become more important issue because, the infected poultry, which was buried under the ground, causes environmental contaminations such as steep water and reek occurrence, etc. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the type of treatment and the composting methods influencing to the characteristics on decomposition and fermentative disinfection of dead poultry with poultry manure and sawdust. The results of the port tests showed that amputated poultry treated by the cut-sterilization were not only more decomposed, with less smell compared to the non-treated poultry carcass. When we treated thermophilic microorganism such as bacillus in this amputated poultry, the temperature of treated poultry increased much fester, the fermentation temperature didn't rise and not maintained constantly for long time due to the small size of the fermentation port. On the other hand, we did fermentation test by the layered disposal method with more poultry. In this experiment, the temperature of fermented poultry rose to $54^{\circ}C$ in a day and maintained around $55^{\circ}C$ during four weeks period. With less odor outside the experiment room. further. Also, we inoculated AI virus, ND virus in the excrement for studying the effect of fermentative disinfection. The result of the test revealed that AI virus was destructed within 60 minutes and ND virus was destructed within 30 minutes at the temperature of $56^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the investigations revealed scope of composting method for steam sterilized infected poultry in the originated area mixed with poultry manure, sawdust by thermophilic microorganism could increase the effectiveness of fermentative disinfection and decrease the environmental contamination.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2008

Colored potatoes are an excellent source of dietary polyphenols including anthocyanins. Generally, anthocyanins from fruits and vegetables exhibit anti-carcinogenesis and anti-cancer properties in vitro test. This experiment was conducted to know the effects of colored potato extracts contained anthocyanins on antimutagenic activity and anticancer activity to six human cancer cell lines containing LNCaP (androgen-dependent) prostate cancer cells. Extracts of three colored potatoes ('Hongyoung', 'Jayoung' and 'Jasim') and the white potato ('Superior') cultivars were used in this study. The extracts of three colored potatoes inhibited the mutagenicities induced by direct mutagen such as 4-nitro-quinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) and another indirect mutagens of bezo(a)pyrene (BaP). Also, the extracts of 'Hoyoung' and 'Jayoung' showed higher antimutagenic activity than 'Jasim' and 'Superior' against to direct or indirect mutagen on both strains of TA98 and TA100. The activity of growth-inhibitory of extract of four potato cultivars were screened by SRB (sulphorhodamine B) method on diverse human cancer cells representing different types of cancers. Among the extract of four potato cultivars, the extract of 'Jasim' showed moderate inhibition on proliferation of LNCaP, ACHN and MOLT-4F cells and did not inhibit the proliferation of other cancer cells. On the other hand, extract of 'Superior' did not inhibit the proliferation of any tested cancer cell lines. However, the extracts of 'Hongyoung and Jayoung' inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells with $GI_{50}$ values ranging from 2.5 to $30\;{\mu}g/mL$. On the basis of the $GI_{50}$ values, it is clear that LNCaP cells were more sensitive to extracts of colored potato cultivars than other cancer cells. The extract of 'Jayoung' at $30\;{\mu}g/mL$ were more active and inhibited cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells. This result revealed that the extracts of colored potatoes are expected to be good candidate for development into source of antimutagenic and anticancer agent.

• Archives of design research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.43-62
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• 1989

The luxury is the expression of human being's ornament instinct. In this study, in order to grasp the moulding system of the Korean's personal ornaments, the process of luxury prohibition was reviewed to search for to which direction the ornaments developed in the frame of the prohibited style connected closely to the character of the personal ornaments. The proiod was fixed from the old society to the late Chosun dynasty era. The beginning of the luxury in Korea seems to be the start of the luxury burial at the time of funeral in the age of Koguryo., In the era of Koguryo, 10th year of King Dongmyung (B. C. 28), in the era of Baekje, 27th year of King Koi(260), the prohibition of dress regulation and the style of dress were conducted. The prohibition of personal ornaments in Silla was started from King Bup:Heung, and in the 9th year of King Heung-Duk, the prohibition was conducted in order to correct the luxury of the nobles and set up the social discipline. In the 11 th of King Il-Sung-Ni-Sa-Kum, the use of gold, silver and jade was prohibited in the civilian circles. The prohibition of Silla was succeeded to Koryo era, and in the 7th year of King Kwangjong(956), the system of Baekgwan Gongbok(uniform for government officials) was set up, and the system of Sasek Gongbok(four color official uniform) was set up in the 11 th year of the same King, and the prohibition of the personal ornaments such as crown and band is considred to have been conducted. The prohibition of gold and silver was conducted in the first year of King Sungjong(982), and in the 4th year of King Chungryul(l260), the order of wearing the dress and hat in accordance with the Yusan dynasty and the Mongolian customs were widely circulated in the royal court and vivilian circles. The strong influence of Mongolia made the taste of the traditional personal ornaments laste. The personal ornaments were used for the nobles until the age of the Unified Sillar but even the common people could use them in case they were rich, and such a circumstances made the use of foreign goods inflated. The prohibition of Koryo era was aimed at the prohibition of the foreign goods of luxury, and the classification of the social status.In the age of Chosun Dynasty, the production of gold and silver was feeble indeed but the oute reason of the prohibition was to eradicate the luxurious tendency, elevate the custom of eradicate the luxurious tendency, elevate the custom of thrift, and moreover, the gold, silver and jade were no the products of Korea and the prohibition was conducted but the true reason was afor the tribute tt China and the classification of status. The prohibition of Chosun dynasty was conducted first in the June of the 3rd year of King Taejo The major contents of prohibition was no use of gold, silver and jade, coral, agate, amber, etc. of th, wives of the Dang-Sang-Kwan (Court Nobleman) or their sons and daughters, and the same pheno menon was common even at the time of marriage. The people engaged in the secret trade there of wert beheaded. The personal ornaments in the prohibition were the pendent trinket, Binyo (crossbar) ceremonial ornamental hat, ring, earring, ornamental knife, hat string, hat ornament, belt, etc. Thl luxurious marriage expenses out of the luxury was severe, and lose of the marriageable age because 0 non-preparing the marriage goods was the national evil. The prohibition oC luxury was hard to bt kept to the nobles or rich people, the same as old days and present days. The prohibition of th{ luxury and personal ornaments of Korea had nothing to do with the commons, and it was limited tc the nobles and rich people. The prohibition was aimed to cultivating the custom of frugality by eradicating the luxurious atmosphere, but it was chiefly due to the tribute to the China and tht discrimination of the. status. We can say that the recent personal ornament was the flower of handi craft industry bloomed in the prohibition and regulation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.825-834
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• 2003

Chicken thigh from a retail market were used as experimental samples. Some chicken samples of raw state were packaged with PVDC at an aerobic and vacuum condition. The other samples were cooked until core temperature arrived at 70$^{\circ}C$ and then packaged immediately in the same way of raw samples. After samples were irradiated by electron beam at 6 kGy, they were stored in a refrigerator. Identification and quantity of cholesterol oxides were made at 0 and 7 days of storage, respectively. During the early stage of storage, 7$\beta$-hydroxycholesterol, $\alpha$,$\beta$-epoxide, cholestanetriol and 7-ketocholesterol were produced from the raw meat samples, and the production of these chemicals were significantly higher(P〈0.05) from the samples with aerobic packaging than those with vacuum packaging. With storage time, 7$\alpha$-hydroxycholesterol, 6-ketocholesterol and some other chemicals, which were not found during the early stage of storage, were found. Also, the formation of these chemicals were significantly increased(P〈0.05) with storage time. Cholesterol and lipid oxidation products of cooked meat after irradiation and irradiated meat after cooking were significantly increased(P〈0.05) with storage time for all treatments, and vacuum packaging results in showed significantly lower value(P〈0.05) than aerobic packaging. Summarizing the aforementioned results, it was found that the formation of cholesterol and lipid oxides and lipid oxidation was more easily affected by packaging condition than irradiation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.667-678
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• 2003

The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic characteristics of body weight by growth periods for Hanwoo. A total of 1,736 records were used for body weight. The data for body weights were collected from 1990 to 2000 in Daekwanryong branch, National Livestock Research Institute(NLRI). Estimates of (co)variance components were obtained by derivative-free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DF-REML). The results are summarized as follows; The means for the weights were 25.60, 79.31, 98.91, 145.40, 283.26, 392.32, 545.65kg at birth, 3, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24month postpartum, respectively. The effects of calving year-season were significant for the milk yield of cow. Heritability estimates of direct genetic effects for birth weight were 0.54(all), 0.52(female), 0.36(male) in modelⅠ, 0.45(all), 0.41(female), 0.24(male) in modelⅡ, and heritabilities estimates of direct genetic effects for 4 month(weaning) weight were 0.47(all), 0.33(female), 0.28(male) in modelⅠ, 0.38(all), 0.21(female), 0.21(male) in modelⅡ. Heritability estimates for male and female data differed from those for combined data. The estimates became smaller for the body weights at 12 month or later(0.13～0.05). The heritabilities of average daily gain were smaller than those for body weights, but showed that the similar pattern to body weights.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.301-305
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the microbiological contamination levels in rice cakes and rice flour due to climate change in three areas classified to their temperature and precipitation. We investigated the contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens of rice flour and 3 rice cakes such as Garaetteok, Sirutteok and Gyeongdan. Contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria in rice flour were 4.9 log CFU/g. In a total of 70 rice flour, yeasts & molds and coliforms were detected in 42 and 52 samples at the levels of 43 CFU/g and 1.29 log CFU/g, respectively. S. aureus were detected in only 1 rice flour (1.66 log CFU/g) out of 70. In an investigation of contamination levels in rice cakes, the population of total aerobic bacteria were highest in Gyeongdan (5.18 log CFU/g) and coliforms were highest in Gareattock (2.93 log CFU/g). There was no detection of E. coli and B. cereus except for only 1 Gareattock (1.20 log CFU/g). There were no differences of contamination levels among the three areas. If constant monitoring of rice cakes and rice flour is conducted on the basis of this study, it is expected to be able to analyze the change of contamination levels in rice cakes and rice flour due to climate change.