• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.277-282
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• 2004

자동차 충돌 시 신체의 크기가 작은 여성 승객의 거동 및 상해 기구를 조사하기 위하여 5% percentile의 여성 유한 요소 모델을 개발하였다. 본 모델은 작은 신체 여성의 형상을 대표하는 분절된 강체와 해부학적으로 상세하게 묘사된 내부 요소들로 구성되어 진다. 분절된 강체 모델은 상세한 골격 및 장기 등의 플랫폼 역할을 수행하며 또한 작은 여성 승객의 전체적인 운동역학을 표현하기도 한다. 본 논문에서는 분절된 강체 모델의 체형 구성 및 유한요소 구조 등에 대한 자세한 내용이 모델의 검증과 함께 소개되어 진다. 모델링의 후반부 즉 작은 여성의 해부학적으로 상세한 내부 요소는 연이은 part II 논문에서 다루게 된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.832-839
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to survey the prevalence of obesity assessed on the basis of height and weight among students in primary and secondary schools in the metropolitan area of Seoul, Korea during the period of 1979 to 1996. The major findings are as follows ; 1) The fiftieth percentile values of BMI have increased more in mid-ranged age group than upper(16-17 years old) and lower(6-7 years old) ranged age groups. 2) The prevalence of obesity by standard weight of height was higher among male students than female students and students in the primary schools showed higher weight increase than adolescent age(12-17 years old) group. As a whole, the prevalence of obesity over last 18 years has increased 4.6 times in males and 3.2 times in females. 3) Judged on the basis of the BMI 90th, 95th percentile values of 1979 , the prevalence of obesity among male students showed higher increases than among female students. Higher increase was also observed among primary school students than among middle and high school students. Increase of weight was higher for the $\geq$95th percentile group than the 90-95th percentile group. 4) Judged on the basis of the BMI, 90th, 95 th percentile values of NHANES-I, the $\geq$95th percentile group showed higher increase in the prevalence of obesity than the 90-95th percentile group. According to the 1996 data, severe obesity group ($\geq$95th percentile) was about two times of NHANES-I in male primary school students, while the number for female middle and high school students was about 1/5 of NHANES-I.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2003

미생물학적 위해성평가(Microbial risk assessment: MRA)에서 노출평가시 확률적 접근방법은 식중독 발생에 관련도 많은 위해 미생물의 다양성과 변이성 그리고 불확실성에 대한 분석이 가능하고 과거의 접근방법인 point estiamte보다 훨씬 더 현실성이 반영된 결과를 제공할 수 있어 현재 MRA의 노출평가에서 가장 효과적인 방법으로 인정되고 있다. 본 연구는 MRA 방법론 중 노출평가에서 이용될 수 있는 수학적 확률분포 모델을 이용하여 위해 미생물의 발생수준을 추정하는 방법론을 제시하고, 이를 바탕으로 국내 식육에서의 Listeria monocytogenes에 대한 오염수준을 추정하였으며, 그 결과 국내 식육에서의 L. monocytogenes의 오염수준은 평균($50^{th}$ percentile)-4.08 Log CFU/g이며, 최소($5^{th}$ percentile) -4.88 Log CFU/g, 최대 ($95^{th}$ percentile) -3.56 Log CFU/g의 범위를 갖는 것으로 추정되었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.323-333
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to measure and compare nutrient intake, anthropometric measurements and serum indices by percent body fat as one of the index of obesity degree in female college students. Additionally we attempted to investigate percentile distribution of fat free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) for developing reference values for these two parameters. The subjects were 91 female college students who were classified to 4 groups according to the percentile of percent body fat (Group1: 25 th < percentile of percent body fat, Group 2 : 25 th ${\le}$ percentile of percent body fat < 50 th, Group 3 : 50 th ${\le}$ percentile of percent body fat < 75 th, Group 4 : percentile of percent body fat ${\ge}$ 75 th). The mean percent body fat and body mass index were 28.2%, $20.5 kg/m^2$ respectively. The mean energy intake was 1707 kcal(81% of KDRIs) and vitamin C, folate, Ca and Zn intake were 73.9%, 54.7%, 79.6%, 97.5% of KDRIs respectively. Most nutrient intake (energy, carbohydrate, cholesterol, fatty acid, Ca, Fe) of G4 was lower than that of G1, G2 and G3. Serum HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly lower in G4 than G1, G2, G3 and it tended to increase as percent body fat decreased. LDL/HDL, A1 of G4 were significantly the highest among the 4 groups and increased as percent body fat increased. The mean fat free mass index and fat mass index were $14.5 kg/m^2$, $6.0 kg/m^2$ respectively. The criteria of sarcopenic obesity which has been defined as under 25 th percentile of FFMI and below 75 th percentile of FMI were shown $12.8 kg/m^2$, $8.2 kg/m^2$ respectively in this study. In conclusion, we should continue to more systematically research on the studies of new obesity measurement which includes FFMI and FMI as one of the variables. And the public education for weight control that emphasizes both the understanding of body composition and the importance of nutrition balance is also required.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.50-60
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• 2013

본 연구는 단위 체중 당 비알콜성음료 섭취량이 가장 높았던 1~19세의 어린이 및 청소년을 대상으로 비알콜성음료를 통한 다량무기질의 추정식이섭취량을 산출하여 평가하고자, 음료, 액상커피 및 액상차의 다량무기질의 실측치와 제4기 국민건강영양조사 중 영양조사 (조사 1일 전 식품섭취내용, 24시간 회상법)의 섭취량을 이용하였다. 이를 위하여 어린이 및 청소년 6,082명 전체의 비알콜성음료의 평균소비자와 극단소비자의 비알콜성음료 섭취량을 파악하기위하여 평균, 95percentile 및 분포를 적용한 경우 (scenario I)와 비알콜성음료를 섭취한 어린이와 청소년 1,074명의 섭취량 평균, 95percentile 및 분포를 적용한 경우 (scenario II)로 나누어 살펴보았다. 다량무기질인 나트륨, 칼슘, 인의 위해성평가는 추정식이섭취량과 한국인 영양섭취기준의 목표섭취량 (2.0 g/day) 및 상한섭취량 (칼슘: 2,500 mg/day, 인: 3,000~3,500 mg/day)을 비교하여 %Goal, %UL값으로 위해성 평가를 하였다. 이 때 위해도 평가방법은 평균과 95th percentile을 이용하는 단일값평가와 point value를 사용하는 경우에 발생할 수 있는 불확실성을 최소화하기 위하여 각 변수의 확률밀도함수(Probabilistic Density Functions, PDFs)를 이용한 Monte Carlo simulation을 실시하여 확률평가를 하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) Scenario I의 비알콜성 음료의 평균 및 95th percentile 섭취량은 $74.4{\pm}2.2$, 404.7 g/day로 극단섭취자는 평균섭취자에 비해 5.4배 더 많은 양을 섭취하였다. Scenario II의 평균 및 95th percentile 섭취량은 $265.4{\pm}5.8$, 662.0 g/day로, 극단섭취자는 평균섭취자에 비해 2.5배 더 많은 양을 섭취하였다. 또한 Scenario II의 평균섭취자는 scenario I의 평균섭취자에 비해 3.6배 더 많은 양을 섭취하였으며, scenario II의 극단섭취자는 scenario I의 극단섭취자에 비해 1.6배 더 많은 양을 섭취하였다. 2) 비알콜성음료에 존재하는 다량무기질의 분포는 마그네슘을 제외하고 대부분 왼쪽으로 기울어진 분포를 나타내었다. 비알콜성음료 섭취량 분포는 scenario I에서는 대부분 Logistic 분포를 나타내었으나, scenario II 경우에는 왼쪽으로 기울어진 Max Extreme분포가 되었다. 3) Scenario I에서 확률평가한 다량무기질의 평균 EDI는 나트륨 7.93, 칼슘 10.92, 인 6.73, 칼륨 23.41, 마그네슘 1.11 mg/day였으며, 95th percentile EDI는 나트륨 28.02, 칼슘 44.86, 인 27.43, 칼륨 98.14, 마그네슘 3.87 mg/day이였다. 다량무기질은 목표섭취량이 설정되어있는 나트륨과 상한섭취량이 설정되어있는 칼슘 및 인에 대해서만 위해성 평가를 하였으며 그 결과를 살펴보면, 확률평가한 나트륨의 평균 % Goal은 0.39, 칼슘 및 인의 평균 %UL은 각각 0.43, 0.19이며, 나트륨의 95th percentile %Goal은 2.56, 칼슘 및 인의 95th percentile %UL은 각각 3.71, 1.60이였다. Scenario II에서 확률평가한 다량 무기질의 평균 EDI는 나트륨 19.10, 칼슘 25.77, 인 15.83, 칼륨 56.56, 마그네슘 2.68 mg/day이였으며, 95th percentile EDI는 나트륨 62.67, 칼슘 101.95, 인 62.09, 칼륨 227.92, 마그네슘 8.67 mg/day였다. 확률평가한 나트륨의 평균 %Goal은 0.95, 칼슘 및 인의 평균 %UL은 각각 1.03, 0.45이였으며, 나트륨의 95th percentile %Goal은 3.12, 칼슘 및 인의 평균 %UL은 각각 4.08, 1.75였다. 4) 비알콜성음료 섭취를 통한 다량무기질 중 나트륨, 칼슘, 인의 노출수준은 목표섭취량과 상한섭취량을 초과하는 인구집단은 없는 것으로 나타났으며, Scenario I II에서 나트륨, 칼슘, 인의 평균 및 95th percentile %Goal 및 %UL은 모두 5 이내로 낮은 수준이였다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 1984

The purpose of this study is to develop a practical and ideal model of science laboratory enrolled 48-60 students by studying optimal facilities such as laboratory tables and chairs proper to elementary school settings. The science laboratory model was figured out in terms of the following six procedures; (1) Current status as well as problems of science laboratory and its facilities was identified by means of the questionnaires conducted to 201 elementary schools, using stratified cluster sampling tehnique, under the consideration of the school size and the regional characteristics across the country. (2) Collected were the anthropometric data with respect to sitting height, popliteal height, buttock popliteal length, elbow rest height, and back width from the 747 students, 4th-6th grade, in Seoul area. (3) It was measured the work apace necessary for individual student to perform his experiment. (4) Using the data of the process (2), we determined the optimal sizes of laboratory tables and chairs fitted for Korean elementary school students. (5) The optimal area of science laboratory for 48-60 students is determined in terms of the data obtained in (3) for individual work space in addition to the appropriate table size figured out by (4). (6) A practical and ideal model for a science laboratory in elementary school was designed according to the above procedures. For the optimal model of science laboratory, the results of this study can be summarized as follows: The sizes of chair and table are categorized into three groups such as small, medium, and large depending on students' physical outfit. The small size base on the 12.5th percentile point of students' sitting height is used for students of the 0-25th percentile ranks. The medium size base on the 50th percentile point of students' sitting height is used for students of the 26-75th percentile ranks. The large size base on the 87.5th percentile point of students' sitting height is used for students of the 76-100th percentile ranks. (1) Sizes of chairs: The small size is 28cm in width and 33cm in height. The medium size is 31cm in width and 36cm in height. The large size is 35cm in width and 38cm in height. (2) Sizes of laboratory tables: The small size is 120cm in length, 86cm in width, and 60cm in height. The large size is 120cm in length, 86cm in width, and 60cm in height. The large size is 120cm in length, 86cm in width, and 65cm in height. (3) Size of science laboratory: The optimal science laboratory for 48-60 elementary school students, which can install the 12 laboratory tables, is 12m in length and 10m in width.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to regulate the percentile of body fat percentage by Bioelectrical Impedence Analysis (BIA) in order to detect overweight and obesity in preschool children. Methods 1301 three to six year old children's height, weight, and body fat percentage using BIA was measured. Results: The percent of the boys with 85th percentiles of the body fat percentage were 22.3%(3years), 23.4%(3.5years), 23.9%(4years), 24.8%(4.5years), 22.8%(5years), 24.6%(5.5years) and 23.8%(6years). The percent of the girls with 95th percentiles of the body fat percentage were 24.9%(3years), 27.5%(3.5years), 27.3%(4years), 28.6%(4.5years), 28.1%(5years), 33.3%(5.5years) and 32.7%(6years). For the girls, the percent of girls with 85th percentiles of body fat percentage were 23.3%(3years), 24.4%(3.5years), 23.6%(4years), 23.7%(4.5years), 24.7%(5years), 26.0%(5.5years) and 28.1%(6years). And the 95th percentiles of the body fat percentage were 28.6%(3years), 27.3%(3.5years), 25.4%(4years), 28.0%(4.5years), 31.7%(5years), 33.5%(5.5years) and 36.4%(6years). Conclusions: The 85th percentiles of body fat percentage to classify as overweight and the 95th percentiles of body fat percentage to classify as obesity were accord with the Body Mass Index (BMI) criteria by the Korean pediatrics society in 2007.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 1999

Body mass index(BMI) is recognized as one of the most useful indexes for adiposity in children and adults. This study was conducted to provide information on BMI distribution by age and sex in Korean children, and to identify sociodemographic factors that affected BMI among children. The study was conducted on 2376 children(boys 1184, girls 1192) living in a middle-size city in Korea. Subjects were selected from the primary schoolchildren in grades 1-6 using the two-stage sampling method. Their mean age was 9.4 years. The percentile of BMI tended to increase as age increased in both sexes. The 85th percentile for boys, aged 6-12 years, was 19.8kg/㎡, and the 95th percentile was 22.5kg/㎡. The 85th percentile for girls, aged 6-12 years, was 18.9kg/㎡, and the 95th percentile was 21.5kg/㎡. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to predict BMI from percent ideal body weight (PIBW), age and sex. After adjusting PIBW and age, BMI for boys was 0.062kg/㎡ lower than that for girls. One year of age increased BIM by 0.55kg/㎡. The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity based on PIBW was 15.8% and 15.0% for boys, and 14.0% and 11.0% for girls, respectively. Demographic factors such as sex, age, and parents' obesity influenced children's BMI. After adjusting for sex, age and parents' BMI, the presence of another children in family, and mother's employment status showed a strong effect on children's BMI. The results suggest an age-sex specific BMI distribution of Korean children. The present study also provides direct evidence of a correlation between early life environmental factors, such as presence of siblings or mother's employment, and BMI level in Korean children.

• 대한인간공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한인간공학회 1997년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.443-450
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• 1997

본 연구에서는 safework 소프트웨어를 이용하여 쾌적한 운전좌석에 대한 3차원 모델링을 하였다. 자동차 시트와 운전대의 조절 범위 및 레이아웃(layout), 그리고 운전자의 눈의 위치 등을 결정하기 위하여, 한국인과 미국인 체형의 95th percentile의 성인 남자와 5th percentile의 성인 여자, 그리고 50th percentile의 성인 남자에 대한 최적 운전상태에서의 엉덩이 점(hip point), 운전대 중심(steering wheel center), 눈의 위치(eye point) 등의 3차원상의 위치를 측정하였다. 인간의 모든 치수와 형태학적 윤곽 뿐만 아니라. 신체의 유동성, 기능적 제한 등이 충실히 반영된 safework 마네킹(mannequin)을 이용하 였으며, 여러 신체 부위의 복합적 움직임을 결정하는 역기구학(inverse kinematics)에 근거하여운전좌석을 모델링 하였다. Safework을 이용함으로써 기존의 마네킹이나 실물모형(mockup)의 제작에필요한 시간과 비용을 절약할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 인간의 신체 특성과 유사한 마네킹을 이용하여 인간과 환경사이의 인터페이스를 보다 효율적으로 모델링 할 수 있을 것이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2018

Purpose: Small for gestational age (SGA) is confusingly defined as birth weight (BW) either below 3rd percentile or 10th percentile for infants. This study aimed to compare postnatal catch-up growth between SGA groups according to different definitions. Methods: Data of 129 infants born with BW below the 10th percentile and admitted to Korea University Anam Hospital and Ansan Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Height and weight were measured at 6, 12, and 24 months. Results were compared between group A (BW: <3rd percentile) and group B (BW: 3rd-10th percentile). Results: Group A included 66 infants and group B included 63. At age 6 months (n=122), 62.9% of group A and 71.7% (P=0.303) of group B showed catch-up growth in weight. At 6 months (n=69), 55.9% of group A and 80.0% of group B (P<0.05) showed catch-up growth in height. At 12 months (n=106), 58.5% of group A, and 75.5% (P=0.062) of group B showed catch-up growth in weight. At 12 months (n=75), 52.8% of group A and 64.1% of group B (P=0.320) showed catch-up growth in height. Up to age 24 months, 66.7%/80.0% in group A and 63.6%/80.0% in group B showed catch-up growth in weight/height. Conclusion: Despite different definitions, there were no significant differences between the two SGA groups in postnatal catch-up growth up to age 24 months, except for height at 6 months. Compared to infants with appropriate catch-up growth, low gestational age and BW were risk factors for failed catch-up growth at 6 months.