• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2021

Objective : High precision and accuracy are expected in gamma knife radiosurgery treatment. Because of the requirement of clinically applying complex radiation and dose gradients together with a rapid radiation decline, a dedicated quality assurance program is required to maintain the radiation dosimetry and geometric accuracy and to reduce all associated risk factors. This study investigates the validity of Leksell Gamma plan (LGP)10.1.1 system of 5th generation Gamma Knife Perfexion as modified variable ellipsoid modeling technique (VEMT) method. Methods : To verify LGP10.1.1 system, we compare the treatment plan program system of the Gamma Knife Perfexion, that is, the LGP, with the calculated value of the proposed modified VEMT program. To verify a modified VEMT method, we compare the distributions of the dose of Gamma Knife Perfexion measured by Gafchromic EBT3 and EBT-XD films. For verification, the center of an 80 mm radius solid water phantom is placed in the center of all sectors positioned at 16 mm, 4 mm and 8 mm; that is, the dose distribution is similar to the method used in the x, y, and z directions by the VEMT. The dose distribution in the axial direction is compared and analyzed based on Full-Width-of-Half-Maximum (FWHM) evaluation. Results : The dose profile distribution was evaluated by FWHM, and it showed an average difference of 0.104 mm for the LGP value and 0.130 mm for the EBT-XD film. Conclusion : The modified VEMT yielded consistent results in the two processes. The use of the modified VEMT as a verification tool can enable the system to stably test and operate the Gamma Knife Perfexion treatment planning system.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2022

This article aims to explain the concept and characteristics of the 'Intelligent Science Lab', which is being promoted nationwide in Korea since 2021. The Korean Ministry of Education creates a master plan containing a vision for science education every five years. The most recently announced '4th Master plan for science education (2020-2024)' emphasizes the policy of setting up an 'intelligent science lab' in all elementary and secondary schools as an online and offline space for scientific inquiry using advanced technologies, such as Internet of Things and Augmented and Virtual Reality. The 'Intelligent Science Lab' project is being pursued in two main directions: (1) developing an online platform named 'Intelligent Science Lab-ON' that supports science inquiry classes, and (2) building a science lab space in schools that encourages active student participation while utilizing the online platform. This article presents the key features of the 'Intelligent Science Lab-ON' and the characteristics of intelligent science lab spaces newly built in schools. Furthermore, it introduces inquiry-based science learning programs developed for intelligent science labs. These programs include scientific inquiry activities in which students generate and collect data ('data generation' type), utilize datasets provided by the online platform ('data utilization' type), or utilize open and public data sources ('open data source' type). The Intelligent Science Lab project is expected to not only encourage students to engage in scientific inquiry that solves individual and social problems based on real data, but also contribute to presenting a model of online and offline linked scientific inquiry lessons required in the post-COVID-19 era.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.2209-2224
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• 2022

The Internet of Things (IoT) is being used in a wide variety of fields due to the recent 4th industrial revolution. In particular, research is being conducted that combines IoT with the medical field such as telemedicine. Among them, the field of shock detection is a big issue in the medical field because the causes of shock are diverse, treatments are very complex, and require a high level of medical knowledge and experience. The transmission of infectious diseases is common when treating critically ill patients, especially patients with shock. Thus, to effectively care for shock patients, we propose an architecture that continuously monitors the patient's condition, and automatically recommends a drug injection treatment according to the patient's shock condition. The patient's hemodynamic information is continuously monitored, and the patient's shock generation information is recorded periodically. With the recorded patient information, the patient's condition is determined and automatically injected with necessary medication. The medical team can find out whether the patient's condition has improved by checking the recorded information through web applications. The study can help relieve the shortage of medical personnel and help prevent transmission of infectious disease in medical staff. We look forward to playing a role in helping medical staff by making recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of complex and difficult shocks.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of water extracts from Nelumbinis semen (NSW) in dopaminergic cells. Methods : We performed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2-azinobis3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) cation scavenging assay, and determination of total polyphenolic content to examine the antioxidant effects of NSW. We also evaluated the neuroprotective effects against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay (MIT) assay, trypan blue cytotoxicity assay, and nitric oxide assay in SH-SY5Y cells and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry in primary rat dopaminergic neurons. Results : NSW showed $IC_{50}$ values of 184.80 and 92.90 ${\mu}$g/mL in DPPH and in ABTS assays, respectively. NSW showed 1.05% of total polyphenol contents. NSW showed protective effect against 6-0HDA-induced neurotoxicity whereas no influence on cell viability at the concentration of 1${\sim}$50 ${\mu}$g/mL. NSW reduced NO generation while 6-OHDA produced it. Moreover, it protected rat dopaminergic neurons against 6-0HDA at a dose of 1 ${\mu}$g/mL. Conclusions : These results indicated that NSW has neuroprotective effect against 6-0HDA-induced neurotoxicity through antioxidant activity in dopaminergic cell culture.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.27-34
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• 2023

This paper proposed an Inter-Carrier-Interference (ICI) Canceling Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) receiver for 5G mobile system to support 500 km/h linear motor high speed terrestrial transportation service. A receiver in such high-speed train sees the transmission channel which is composed of multiple Doppler-shifted propagation paths. Then, a loss of sub-carrier orthogonality due to Doppler-spread channels causes ICI. The ICI Canceler is realized by the following three steps. First, using the Demodulation Reference Symbol (DMRS) pilot signals, it analyzes three parameters such as attenuation, relative delay, and Doppler-shift of each multi-path component. Secondly, based on the sets of three parameters, Channel Transfer Function (CTF) of sender sub-carrier number 𝒏 to receiver sub-carrier number 𝒍 is generated. In case of 𝒏≠𝒍, the CTF corresponds to ICI factor. Thirdly, since ICI factor is obtained, by applying ICI reverse operation by Multi-Tap Equalizer, ICI canceling can be realized. ICI canceling performance has been simulated assuming severe channel condition such as 500 km/h, 2 path reverse Doppler Shift for QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM modulations. In particular, for modulation schemes below 16QAM, we confirmed that the difference between BER in a 2 path reverse Doppler shift environment and stationary environment at a moving speed of 500 km/h was very small when the number of taps in the multi-tap equalizer was set to 31 taps or more. We also confirmed that the BER performance in high-speed mobile communications for multi-level modulation schemes above 64QAM is dramatically improved by the use of a multi-tap equalizer.

• Hip & pelvis
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2022

Purpose: Osteosynthesis has been recommended for treatment of Pauwels type III femoral neck fractures in young patients. However, no implant of choice has been reported so far. This study was conducted in order to compare the fixation stability of two conventional fixation methods with three different novel fixed angle devices in this type of fracture. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 composite femurs (4th Generation Saw bone; Pacific Research Laboratories, USA) corresponding to human bone were used. Pauwels type III fracture type was uniformly reproduced. Specimens were fixed with a cannulated screw, cannulated screw with cable, and Intertan nail, dynamic hip screw, and IKEY nail. Measurement of failure loads and the rotational change of the femoral head fragment was performed for evaluation of fixation stability. Results: All implants were compared with cannulated screw and dynmaic hip screw. No meaningful improvement was observed for the cannulated screw with cable compared with the cannulated screw and dynamic hip screw. Meaningful improvement in load-to-failure and y-rotation and z-rotation was observed for both the Intertan nail and IKEY nail compared with the cannulated screw. However, compared with the dynamic hip screw, only the IKEY nail showed improvement in the same profile but the Intertan nail did not. Conclusion: Among novel fixed angle devices, meaningful improvement was observed for the IKEY nail compared with conventional implants. Strengths of this implant include biomechanical stability and simplicity of surgical technique, indicating that it may be another good option for osteosynthesis of Pauwels type III femoral neck fractures.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.73-83
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was investigated the effects of the root of Polygala tenuifolia (POL) on learning and memory impairment induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Methods : Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was produced by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (pBCAO). POL was administered orally once a day (130 mg/kg of water-extract) for 28 days starting at 4 weeks after the pBCAO. The acquisition of learning and the retention of memory were tested on 9th week after the pBCAO using the Morris water maze. In addition, effects of POL on $A{\beta}$ generation and expressions of APP and BACE1 were observed in the hippocampus of rats. Results : POL significantly prolonged the swimming time spent in target quadrant and significantly reduced the swimming time spent in the quadrant far from the target. POL significantly increased the percentage of swim in the targer quadrant in the retention test, while POL was not effective on the escape latencies in the acquisition training trials. POL significantly reduced the levels of $A{\beta}_{(1-40)}$ and $A{\beta}_{(1-42)}$ in the cerebral cortex and the level of $A{\beta}_{(1-42)}$ in the hippocampus produced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. POL also significantly attenuated the up-regulation of APP and BACE1 expression in the hippocampus produced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Conclusions : The results show that POL alleviated memory deficit and up-regulation of $A{\beta}$ and BACE1 expressions in the hippocampus. This result suggests that POL may exert ameliorating effect on memory deficit through inhibition of ${\beta}$-secretase activity and $A{\beta}$ generation.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2002

This paper is the second part of a series of the research about the Teddy boy style which is to examine various fashion changes in subcultural styles in 1900s. The main concern of this research is to investigate the creation and meaning of the Teddy boy style, how it interacted with the elements of class and generation and how the materials needed by the group constructed and appropriated into the visible systematic cultural form of correspondence. The Teddy Boys are the first recognized members of the British youth culture, which is known as the new Edwardian because of their dress. They had created the concept of the "teenagers," which forms the basis of the sense of a "generation" in the 20th century. The Teds set the style that would be used and modified in the following generations. They adopted the Edwardian style of the upper class, and changed it into their own style by modifying it and adding to it some other elements. The Teddy boys style is a special version of the sartorial appropriation encountered in the sphere of the fashion history. It actually began immediately after the war by the upper class youth far from the working class neighborhood. In the late 1953, the elitist aura surrounding the Edwardian suit was suddenly shattered. Within just a few months, the Edwardian suit became a source of social anxiety and the focus of a symbolic battle. Although the Edwardian look had initially went back to the upper class root, it became a symbol of rootlessness. In appropriation of this image, The Teddy boys were also rejecting the sartorial conformism of the English working class with its modest tradition. In this respect, the Teds effected the ascent or fall of the working class in the area of fashion. The Teds dress was not a merely borrowed fashion, but was a bastard fashion in the form of American trends, the Zoot suit. At this time members of the working class possessed only work dress for the week and waist suits for the Sunday outings. Teds broke this pattern, and developed the working class dandyism of wearing clothes simply to show off. The results were that they succeeded in opening the teen market, and popularizing a working class style for the first time in British history. The Teds became the first British street style with ties music, and remain as an symbol of the rising of a new age of values and styles.f values and styles.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.105-116
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• 2001

We examined and referred to some literatures on the meaning, Dai meridian and Meridian points of joining with circulation of Dai meridian through literatures of every generation. And then we came to get a few conclusions as follows. 1. Dai meridian starts below the hypochondriac region. Running obliquely downward, it runs transversely around the waist like a belt. Its function is to bind up all the meridians to circulate in a proper way. 2. The coalescent points of dai meridian are $D\grave{a}im\grave{a}i$(帶脈), $W\check{u}sh\bar{u}$(五樞) and $W\acute{e}id\grave{a}o$(維道). 3. Location of $D\grave{a}im\grave{a}i$(帶脈) is on the lateral side of the abdomen, 1.8 cun below $Zh\bar{a}ngm\grave{e}n$(章門), at the crossing point of vertical line through the free end of the 11th rib and a horizontal line through the umbilicus. Location of $W\check{u}sh\bar{u}$(五樞) is on the lateral side of the abdomen, anterior to the anterosuperior iliac spine, 3 cun below the level of the umbilicus. Location of $W\acute{e}id\grave{a}o$(維道) is on the lateral side of the abdomen, anterior and inferior to the anterosuperior iliac spine, 0.5 cun anterior and inferior to $W\check{u}sh\bar{u}$(五樞). 4. Indication of $D\grave{a}im\grave{a}i$(帶脈) is irregular menstruation, leukorrhea with reddish discharge, hernia, pain in the lumbar and hypochondriac region. Indication of $W\check{u}sh\bar{u}$(五樞) is prolapse of the uterus, leukorrhea with reddish discharge, irregular menstruation, hernia, pain in the lower abdomen, constipation and lumbosacral pain. Indication of $W\acute{e}id\grave{a}o$(維道) is edema, pain in the side of the lower abdomen, prolapse of the uterus, hernia and morbid leukorrhea. 5. The Dai meridian binds all meridians, produces pregnancy, grasps lumbar and abdomen region and controls leukorrhea. 6. Diseases of the Dai meridian manifested as distention and fullness in the lumbar region and abdomen, leukorrhea with reddish discharge, pain the navel, lumbar and spinal regions, flaccidity and hypoactivity of the lower limbs, etc.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that student's abductive reasoning ability plays an important role in hypothesis-generating about vapor condensation, and student's hypothesis-generating requires their causal explicans as well as experience. To test the hypotheses, the instruments of hypothesis-generation, prior knowledge, and experience with vapor condensation were developed and administered to 6th grade students. This study found that 72 subjects among 89 students who had prior knowledge about vapor condensation failed to apply their prior knowledge to hypothesis-generating about the vapor condensation. This result showed that the students' failure in hypothesis-generating was related to their deficiency in abductive reasoning ability. In addition, this study showed that 54 subjects among 56 students who had experience with vapor condensation also failed to generate hypotheses. This result supported that student's causal explanations were separated from their experience. Therefore, this study suggests that science education should include the teaching of abductive reasoning skills for developing student's hypothesis-generating skills.