• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2002

Purpose & Methods: In order to study obese gene mutation rate in obese Korean patients and to investigate the effect at Chegamuiyiin-tang and electro-lipolysis-acupuncture on obesity treatment. the difference of the reaction to herbal dieting between patients with ${\beta}3$ adrenergic receptor mutation and the patients with wild type ${\beta}3$ adrenergic receptor is observed. Results: Chegamuiyiin-tang and electro-lipolysis-acupuncture treatment are effective on the treatment of obesity in weight reduction. body fat reduction and the circumferences of arm, abdomen, hip and thigh. In the comparison of ${\beta}3$ adrenergic receptor wild type and ${\beta}3$ adrenergic receptor mutation groups, body fat was more reduced with statistical significance, and as for BMI change and body weight change were higher in ${\beta}3$ adrenergic receptor mutation groups with no statistical significance. In the comparison of ${\beta}3$ adrenergic receptor wild type and ${\beta}3$ adrenergic receptor mutation groups among BMI under 25 patients change rate of body weight. BMI, body fact percentage, WHR and body circumference were higher in ${\beta}3$ adrenergic receptor mutation group than in ${\beta}3$ adrenergic receptor wild type group. Conclusion: These results imply that herbal dieting program combined with electro-lipolysis-acupuncture is more effective on reducing body weight and body fat in ${\beta}3$ adrenergic receptor mutation group than wild type group, and that the earlier the treatment is applied, the more effective it is.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.143-146
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• 1999

The cytotoxicity-guided fractionation of the seed of Plantago asiatica extracts led to the isolation of four compounds, responsible for the cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell lines, i. e., A431 (Human Epidermoid carcinoma), KHOS-NP (Human Osteosarcoma). SNU-1 (Human stomach carcinoma), SNU-C4 (Human large intestine carcinoma). The structure were elucidated by the phsyco chemical data: ${\beta}-sitosterol(C1)$, $cholest-5-en-3{\beta}-ol(C2)$, rutin(C3), $coumarin-7-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside(C4)$. $IC_{50}$ values of compound C2 were 14.6, 13.5, 10.3, 17.8 ${\mu}g/ml$, and compound C3 and C4 showed activity, having $IC_{50}$ values ranging from 10.3 to 20.14 ${\mu}g/ml$.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2015

Based on the genomic analysis of Thermococcus pacificus P-4, we identified a putative GH1 ${\beta}$-glucosidase-encoding gene (Tpa-glu). The gene revealed a 1,464 bp encoding 487 amino acid residues, and the deduced amino acid residues exhibited 77% identity with Pyrococcus furiosus ${\beta}$-glucosidase (accession no. NP_577802). The gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli system. The recombinant protein was purified by metal affinity chromatography and characterized. Tpa-Glu showed optimum activity at pH 7.5 and $75^{\circ}C$, and thermostability with a half life of 6 h at $90^{\circ}C$. Tpa-Glu exhibited hydrolyzing activity against various pNP-glycopyranosides, with kcat/Km values in the order of pNP-${\beta}$-glucopyranoside, pNP-${\beta}$-galactopyranoside, pNP-${\beta}$-mannopyranoside, and pNP-${\beta}$-xylopyranoside. In addition, the enzyme exhibited exo-hydrolyzing activity toward ${\beta}$-1,3-linked polysaccharide (laminarin) and ${\beta}$-1,3- and ${\beta}$-1,4-linked oligosaccharides. This is the first description of an enzyme from hyperthermophilic archaea that displays exo-hydrolyzing activity toward ${\beta}$-1,3-linked polysaccharides and could be applied in combination with ${\beta}$-1,3-endoglucanase for saccharification of laminarin.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.160-166
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• 2007

Purpose : The ${\beta}$-adrenoceptors are pharmacologically classified into ${\beta}_1$-, ${\beta}_2$- and ${\beta}_3$-adrenoceptor. The gene of each subtype has polymorphisms related to their function (${\beta}_1$-adrenoceptor: Ser49Gly, ${\beta}_2$-adrenoceptor: Gln27Glu, ${\beta}_3$-adrenoceptor: Trp64Arg). The objectives of this study were to analyse the allelic and genotypic distribution of the representative polymorphism of ${\beta}$-adrenoceptors in preeclampsia and to investigate whether combined genotype of ${\beta}$-adrenoceptors may be associated with preeclampsia. Methods : Blood samples were collected from a Korean population (159 preeclamptic pregnancies and 168 normotensive pregnancies). The ${\beta}_1$-, ${\beta}_2$- and ${\beta}_3$-adrenoceptor genotypes was determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results : There were no differences in allelic and genotypic distribution of ${\beta}_1$- and ${\beta}_2$-adrenoceptor polymorphisms between the two groups. However, the Arg allele of ${\beta}_3$-adrenoceptor polymorphism were more frequent in preecalmpsia than in controls (P<0.05, OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.01-2.46). Moreover, prevalence of genotype carrying heterozygote of ${\beta}_3$-adrenoceptor polymorphism was increased in preeclampsia compared with controls (P<0.05, OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.06-2.92). When combination of the three polymorphisms were evaluated, pregnancies with the particular combined genotype that is consisted of heterozygote of ${\beta}_1$-, ${\beta}_3$-adrenoceptor and wild homozygote of ${\beta}_2$-adrenoceptor (Ser/Gly, Gln/Gln, Trp/Arg), showed a significant increase in the risk of preeclampsia (P<0.05, OR=3.01, 95% CI 1.12-8.08). Conclusion : A particular combined genotype (Ser/Gly, Gln/Gln, Trp/Arg) of - adrenoceptors was associated with the risk of preeclampsia.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.352-355
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• 2003

${\beta}$-(1,6)-Branched ${\beta}$-(1,3)-D-glucans are known to enhance the immune system in human body, and in most cases have higher molecular weights over 1 MDa. In order to enhance the efficacy of glucans by decreasing their molecular weights, sonication, acid treatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis were tested and compared in this work. Treatment of sonication was effective to decrease the molecular weight to the extent of several dozens of kilo-daltons, but have a risk to disorder the triple helical structure of the glucans. Acid treatment was also an effective method to degrade polysaccharides, but ${\beta}$-(1,6)-branched of the glucan molecules was found to be also hydrolyzed. Treatment of ${\beta}$-(1,3)-glucanase was an effective method to decrease the molecular weight in mild conditions, but could not hydrolyse the highly ${\beta}$-(1,6)-branched ${\beta}$-(1,3)-glucans efficiently.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.172-176
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• 2005

Phytochemical investigation of the whole plant of Amberboa ramosa led to the isolation of six sesquiterpene lactones which could be identified as $8{\alpha}$-hydroxy-$11{\beta}$-methyl-$1{\alpha}H,\;5{\alpha}H,\;6{\beta}H,\;7{\alpha}H,\;11{\alpha}H-guai-10(14)$, 4(15)-dien-6, 12-olide(2), $3{\beta},\;8{\alpha}-dihydroxy-11{\alpha}-methyl-1{\alpha}H,\;5{\alpha}H,\;6{\beta}H,\;7{\alpha}H,\;11{\beta}H-guai-10(14)$, 4(15)-dien-6, 12-olide (2), $3{\beta},\;4{\alpha},\;8{\alpha}-trihydroxy-4{\beta}(hydroxymethyl)-1{\alpha}H,\;5{\alpha}H,\;6{\beta}H,\;7{\alpha}H-guai-10(14)$, 11(13)-dien-6, 12-olide (3), $3{\beta},\;4{\alpha},\;8{\alpha}-trihydroxy-4{\beta}-(chloromethyl)-1{\alpha}H,\;5{\alpha}H,\;6{\beta}H,\;7{\alpha}H-guai-10(14)$, 11(13)-dien-6, 12-olide(4), $3{\beta},\;4{\alpha},\;dihydroxy-4{\beta}-(hydroxymethyl)-1{\alpha}H,\;5{\alpha}H,\;6{\beta}H,\;7{\alpha}H-guai-10(14)$, 11(13)-dien-6, 12-olide(5), $3{\beta},\;4{\alpha}-dihydroxy-4{\beta}-(chloromethyl)-8{\alpha}-(4-hydroxymethacrylate)-1{\alpha}H,\;5{\alpha}H,\;6{\beta}H,\;7{\alpha}H-guai-10(14)$, 11(13)-dien-6, 12-olide (6) by spectroscopic methods. All of them showed inhibitory potential against butyrylcholinesterase.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.375-381
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• 2005

Phospholipase C-${\beta}$ (PLC-${\beta}$) hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and generates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in response to activation of various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Using glial cells from knock-out mice lacking either PLC-${\beta}1$ [PLC-${\beta}1$ (-/-)] or PLC-${\beta}3$ [PLC-${\beta}3$ (-/-)], we examined which isotype of PLC-${\beta}$ participated in the cellular signaling events triggered by thrombin. Generation of inositol phosphates (IPs) was enhanced by thrombin in PLC-${\beta}1$ (-/-) cells, but was negligible in PLC-${\beta}3$ (-/-) cells. Expression of PLC-${\beta}3$ in PLC-${\beta}3$ (-/-) cells resulted in an increase in pertussis toxin (PTx)-sensitive IPs in response to thrombin as well as to PAR1-specific peptide, while expression of PLC-${\beta}1$ in PLC-${\beta}1$ (-/-) cells did not have any effect on IP generation. The thrombin-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase was delayed and attenuated in PLC-${\beta}3$ (-/-) cells, but normal in PLC-${\beta}1$ (-/-) cells. Pertussis toxin evoked a delayed $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase in PLC-${\beta}3$ (-/-) cells as well as in PLC-${\beta}1$ (-/-) cells. These results suggest that activation of PLC-${\beta}3$ by pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins is responsible for the transient $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase in response to thrombin, whereas the delayed $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase may be due to activation of some other PLC, such as PLC-${\beta}4$, acting via PTx-insensitive G proteins.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 2001

A new oxygenated monoterpene (4) was isolated from the methanol extract of the aerial part of Erechtites hieracifolia together with six known components, a dimethylheptane (1), three ionone derivatives (2, 3 and 7) and two phenylpropanoids (5 and 6). Their structures were identified by means of physico-chemical and spectral data to be (2E, 5E)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylhepta-2,4-dienal (1), 3(R)-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-$\beta$-ionone (2), 3(R)-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-7-ionol (3), (3E, 6E)-3,7-dimethylocta-3,5-dien-1,2,7-triol(4), 2-hydroxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (5), 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenyl -$\beta$-D-glucopyra-noside (6) and (6R, 9R)-3-oxo-$\beta$-ionol-$\alpha$-D -glucopyranoside (7).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.125-129
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• 1981

The addition reactions of cysteine without blocking amino and carboxyl groups to substituted and unsubstituted ${\beta}$-nitro-styrene derivatives were investigated. ${\beta}$-Nitrostyrene(1a), p-methyl-${\beta}$-nitrostyrene(1b), 3,4,5-trimethoxy-$[\beta}$ -nitrostyrene(1c), $[\varpi}$-3,4-methylenedioxy-${\beta}$ -nitrostyrene(1d), o-, m- and p-chloro-${\beta}$ -nitrostyrene (1e, 1f, 1g) and o-, m- and p-methoxy-${\beta}$-nitrostyrene (1h, 1i, 1j) easily undergo addition reactions with cysteine to form S-(2-nitro-1-phenylethyl)-L-cysteine(3a), S-[2-nitro-1-(p-methyl)phenyl-ethyl]-L-cysteine(3b), S-[2-nitro-1-(3',4',5'-trimethoxy) phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3c), S-[2-nitro-1-($[\vatpi}$ -3',4'-methylenedioxy)phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3d), S-[2-nitro-1-(o-chloro)phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3e), S-[2-nitro-1-(m-chloro)-phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3f), S-[2-nitro-1-(p-chloro)phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3g), S-[2-nitro-1-(o-methoxy)phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3h), S-[2-nitro-1-(m-methoxy)phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3i) and S-[2-nitro-1-(p-methoxy)phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3j), respectively. The structure of adducts were confirmed by means of UV-spectrum, IR-spectrum, molecular weight measurement and elemental analysis. The various factors effecting the yield of cysteine adducts to ${\beta}$-nitrostyrene derivatives were also studied.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.906-912
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• 2016

${\beta}$-Glucan is a natural compound contained in cell walls of yeast or fungi, and cereal's fiber. It is also known to boost the immune system in human. Aureobasidium is a producer of water-soluble ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan. In this study, natural killer (NK) cell and macrophage activity were tested to investigate the effects of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan isolated from A. pullulans on immune activity. Activation of NK cell was increased about 63-39% by the treatment of $10-200{\mu}g/mL$ ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan than control. Besides, only $10{\mu}g/mL$ of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan was enough to boost activation of NK cell. Phagocytosis of macrophage was increased to 15~21% by the treatment of $10{\sim}200{\mu}g/mL$ of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan than zymosan-treatment. In LP-BM5 proliferating inhibition test, relative mRNA level of LP-BM5 virus was decreased in ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan-treated cell about 36~74% than control. The decline of LP-BM5 mRNA level appeared to depend on the concentration of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan. These results suggest that pure ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan from A. pullulans might be contributing to enhancement of immune activity through the activation of NK cell and phagocytosis of macrophage. Moreover, treatment of the ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan could increase the resistance to virus infection such as LP-BM5 through the restraining of the multiplication.