• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.111-114
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• 1995

지치 (Lithospermum erythorhizon SIEB, et ZUCC)의 잎조직으로부터 유도한 캘러스를 현탁배양하여 약리성 지방산인 ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (GLA)를 생산하는 기술을 확립하고자 탄소원, 질소원, 생장조절제의 영향을 조사하였다. 캘러스 유도는 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D 단용첨가시 가장 왕성하였다. Sucrose 88mM농도에서 세포생육이 가장 왕성하고 총지방산(TFA)중 GLA비율이 높아 단위건물중당 TFA함량이 가장 낮았음에도 flask당 GLA생산량은 가장 많았다. 질소원으로서 potassium nitrate농도증가는 세포생장 및 지방산함 량 및 GLA함량을 증가시켰으며 최고 처리농도인 56.3 mM 에서 최고수준을 나타냈다. IAA 첨가는 배양세포 생장량을 증가시켰고 2,4-D는 배양세포내의 총지방산 함량을 높이는 결과를 나타내었으나, kinetin과 BA는 세포생육에 저해적 영향을 나타냈다. $10^{-7}$ M ABA는 캘러스생장을 유의적으로 증가시켰으며 TFA 및 GLA함량도 증가시켰으나 현탁배양세포의 생육과 지방산 축적에는 저해적으로 작용하였다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2005년도 생물공학의 동향(XVI)
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• pp.307-308
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• 2005

Bioconverted hydroxy fatty acid from ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19166), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and S. aureus (KCTC 1916) and one Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KCTC 2004) with MIC ranging from 250 to $750\;{\mu}g/ml$ against five of eleven bacteria tested.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.563-568
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• 2007

본 연구는 우지를 대조구로 하는 사료와 대두유와 함께 삼씨유, 달맞이꽃 종자유 및 서양자초유를 혼합한 시험사료를 섭취한 비육말기 돼지에서 혈액지질 및 돈육의 부위별 감마지방산 함량을 조사하였다. 생체 중 80 kg의 3원 교잡종($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$) 비육말기 돼지 36마리를 이용해서 시판체중인 110 kg 도달 시까지 35일 동안 시험사료를 급여하였다. 실험설계는 4처리$\times$3반복(반복당 3두)으로 완전임의 배치하였고, 4개의 실험처리구는 대조구(우지), T1(삼씨유 40:대두유 60), T2(달맞이꽃 종자유40:대두유 60) 그리고 T3(서양자초유 40:대두유 60)로 구분하였다. 돼지의 혈액 중성지방과 총콜레스테롤 함량은 실험사료 급여 일수가 지남에 따라서 우지를 섭취한 대조구가 증가한 반면에 감마지방산 급원을 섭취한 처리구는 유의적인 감소경향을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 혈액 내 감마리놀렌산 함량은 대조구의 경우 검출되지 않았으나 감마지방산 처리구의 경우 실험사료 급여일수가 지남에 따라서 T3, T2, T1순으로 증가경향을 나타냈으며 각 일자별로 측정된 각 처리구별 값은 처리구간 통계적인 유의차가 있었다(p<0.05). 돈육의 포화지방산과 고도불포화지방산 함량은 각 처리구별 그리고 부위별 차이가 있었으며, 돈육의 부위별 n-3지방산 함량은 삼씨유를 섭취한 T1이 가장 높았고 T3, T2 순으로 유의적인 증가경향을 나타냈다(p<0.05). 감마리놀렌산의 함량은 모든 부위에서 서양자초유를 섭취한 T3가 가장 높았으며 T2, T1 순으로 유의적인 증가경향을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 특히, 돈육의 부위별로 축적된 감마리놀렌산의 함량은 등지방, 삼겹살, 햄, 등심 순서로 높은 경향을 보여주었다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.557-560
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• 2011

It has been known that Δ-desaturase (TAD5) in the biosynthetic pathway of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of Thraustochytrium aureumis responsible for the conversion of di-homo-${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (C20：4) into arachidonic acid (C20：4). The genetic sequence analysis on TAD5 of Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC34304 used in this study showed that it has two amino acid changes when compared to that of Thraustochytrium aureum TAD5 first reported in 2003. Accordingly, Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC34304 TAD5 was named TAD5_1. TAD5_1-inserted methylotropic Pichia pastoris was prepared and then cultured with a precursor fatty acid, di-homo-${\gamma}$-linolenic acid. GC analysis confirmed that a certain amount of the precursor fatty acid was converted into arachidonic acid. In this study, not only a recombinant Pichia pastoris with the typical activity of ${\Delta}5$-desaturase which plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of LCPUFAs was successfully made but also the preparationpotential of a recombinant Pichia pastoris strain which may synthesize eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that are important in maintaining and improving human's brain function was proposed.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.446-458
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• 2008

Essential fatty acids (EFA) are fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet because they can not be biosynthesized by human or animals. Gamma fatty acids contain gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DHGLA, 20:3n-6) as intermediate metabolites of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6), which is an EFA found in vegetable oils. GLA is an important essential fatty acid that is required by human and animals to function normally. Recently, studies have indicated that GLA may be an essential component of the cell membrane, as well as an active component of dietary supplements and medicine. GLA must beadministered through the diet because it is converted into DHGLA in the body quickly and completely. DHGLA is a key material involved in the metabolism of LA. GLA is biosysthesized by the rate limiting step of ${\Deltac}^6$-desaturase, which is an enzyme that desaturates LA, there by allowing it to be converted into DHGLA via chain elongation. In addition, DHGLA exerts bioactive effects via action as a precursor of eicosanoid series 1. Breast milk contains an abundant amount of GLA; however, GLA is also available directly in evening primrose oil, black currant seed oil, borage oil and hemp seed oil. In addition, GLA enriched animal and plant can be produced using biotechnology, and highly pure GLA can be extracted using supercritical fluids, such as supercritical carbon dioxide, which will allow economically feasible production of GLA for use in medicines.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.176-178
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• 1990

한국에서 자생군락이 비교적 큰 3지역에서 채집한 달맞이꽃 종자의 필수 지방산을 Capillary column gas chromatography로 분석하였다. 각 지방산의 조성 함량은 palmitic acid가 6.19-6. 73%, stearic acid가 1.84-l.99%, oleic acid 가 6.73-9.10%, linoleic acid가 74.41-75.53%이었다. 특히 prostaglandin의 전구체인 GLA는 청주가 9.14%, 제천이 9.32%이고, 안동이 8.31%이었다. 따라서 한국의 자생 달맞이꽃은 GLA자원으로 유용한 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.64-69
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• 1991

Mucor sp. KCTC 8405P 균주를 이용하여 초산나트륨이 $\gamma$-linolenic acid (GLA) 생산에 미치는 영향을 조사하였고 또한, 균체지질을 세포외로 분비시키기 위하여 비이온성 계면활성제를 처리하여 그 효과를 조사하였다. 2 초산나트륨을 첨가하는 경우 균체성장과 균체 총질함량을 16g/l와 4.77g/l로 증가시킬 수 있었고 이때 총지질에 대한 GLA 함량은 13.8를 나타내었다. 초산나트륨을 첨가하는 경우 배지의 초기 pH에 따라 균체성장이 크게 영향을 받는데 이것은 배지 주의 초산의 영향 때문인 것으로 추정되며 22mM 이상의 초산농도에서는 균체성장이 거의 일어나지 않았다. 초산나트륨을 첨가한 배지에서 용존산소의 공급을 감소시킴에 따라 균체성장과 총지질함량 및 GLA 함량이 급격히 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 균체지질을 세포 밖으로 분비시키기 위하여 여러가지 비이온성 계면활성제를 처리하여 보았는데 0.5 Tween 80, Span 80을 처리할 때 최고 193 mg/l, 263 mg/l의 GLA를 세포외로 분비시킬 수 있었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회:학술대회논문집
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• 동아시아식생활학회 2004년도 참깨과학 국제학술대회 발표 논문집
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• pp.13-30
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• 2004

There are two groups of significant functional constituents in sesame seeds on the whole; one is the vegetable oils and another is the anti-oxidative compounds. However, although high amounts of major fatty acids are synthesized in sesame seeds, their composition is unfavorable because the contents of alpha- and gamma-linolenic acid, the essential fatty acids, are very low or do not produced in sesame seeds. So, to increase these fatty acids in sesame seeds, one strategy is to overexpress their genes, ${\omega}$-3 fatty acid desaturase for alpha-linolenic acid and delta-6 fatty acid desaturase for gamma-linolenid acid, in them. Another molecular target is to enhance alpha-tocopherol, vitamin E, because its content is very low in sesame seeds. The enzyme, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase, catalyzes the conversion of gamma-tocophero to alpha-tocopherol. Overexpression of this enzyme in sesame seeds could be also a good molecular breeding target. Reduction of phytic acid is also another molecular target in sesame seeds because phosphorus pollution may be caused by its high content in sesame seeds. Accordingly, to do so, one of target enzymes could be myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase which is a key regulatory enzyme in the pathway of phytic aicd biosyntheses. In this lecture, a molecular strategy for development of value-added sesame crop is described in association with some results of our experiments involved in the molecular characterizations of the genes mentioned above.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.539-544
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• 2008

A mutant of Arthrospira platensis PCC 9108, strain M9108, obtained by mutagenesis with UV treatment, was able to mixotrophically grow in an SOT medium containing 40 g of glucose/l. The biomass and specific growth rate of strain M9108 (4.10 g/l and 0.70/d) were 1.9-fold and 1.4-fold higher, respectively, than those of the wild type (2.21 g/l and 0.58/d) under mixotrophic culture condition. In addition, when compared with the wild type, the content of ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (GLA) in the mutant was increased when glucose concentration was increased. Compared with the wild type, the GLA content of the mutant was 2-fold higher in autotrophic culture and about 3-fold higher in mixotrophic culture. Thus, the mutant appears to possess more efficient facility to assimilate and metabolize glucose and to produce more GLA than its wild-type strain.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1098-1102
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• 2009

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3 ${\Delta}^{6,9,12}$) is synthesized by a delta-6 fatty acid desaturase using linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 ${\Delta}^{9,12}$) as a substrate. To enable the production of GLA in the conventional yeast Pichia pastoris, we have isolated a cDNA encoding the delta-6 fatty acid desaturase from Cunninghamella echinulata MIAN6 and confirmed its function by heterogeneous expression in P. pastoris. Sequence analysis indicated that this cDNA sequence has an open reading frame of 1,404 bp, which encodes a 52 kDa peptide of 468 amino acids. This sequence has 64% identity to the previously reported delta-6 fatty acid desaturase from Rhizopus oryzae. The polypeptide has a cytochrome b5 domain at the N-terminus including the HPGG motif in the heme-binding region, as reported for other delta-6 fatty acid desaturases. In addition, this enzyme differs from other desaturases by the presence of three possible N-linked glycosylation sites. Analysis of the fatty acid composition demonstrated the accumulation of GLA to the level of 3.1% of the total fatty acids. Notably, the amounts of ginkgolic acid (C17:1) and palmitic acid (C16:0) were increased from 1.3% to 29.6% and from 15% to 33%, respectively. These results reveal that the modification of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway by genetic manipulation in order to produce specific polyunsaturated fatty acids in P. pastoris is a promising technique.