• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.35 no.5_6
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• pp.360-360
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• 2000

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 2007

lant ${\beta}$-1, 3-glucanases are involved in plant defense and in development. Very little data are available on the expression of rice glucanases both in developmental tissues and under various stresses. In this study, we cloned and characterized twenty-seven rice ${\beta}$-1, 3-glucanases (OsGlu) from at total of 71 putative glucanases. The OsGlu genes were obtained by PCR from a cDNA library and were classified into seven groups (Group I to VII) according to their DNA or amino acid sequence homology. Analysis of the expression of the twenty-seven OsGlu genes by Northern blotting revealed that they were differentially expressed in different developmental tissues as well as in response to plant hormones, biotic stress, high salt etc. OsGlu11 and 27 in Group IV were clearly expressed only in stem and leaf and were also induced strongly by SA (5 mM), ABA ($200{\mu}M$), and M. grisea. OsGlu1, 10, 11, and 14 were induced earlier and to higher levels in incompatible M. grisea interaction than in compatible one. Taken together, our findings suggest that the twenty-seven rice OsGlu gene products play diverse roles not only in plant defense but also in hormonal responses and in development.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.346-356
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Chemical fungicides not only may pollute the ecosystem but also can be environmentally hazardous, as the chemicals accumulate in soil. Biological control is a frequently-used environment-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides in phytopathogen management. However, the use of microbial products as fungicides has limitations. This study isolated and characterized a three-antifungal-enzyme (chitinase, cellulase, and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase)-producing bacterium, and examined the conditions required to optimize the production of the antifungal enzymes. METHOD AND RESULTS: The antifungal enzymes chitinase, cellulase, and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase were produced by bacteria isolated from an sawmill in Korea. Based on the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis, the bacterial strain AM50 was identical to Streptomyces sp. And their antifungal activity was optimized when Streptomyces sp. AM50 was grown aerobically in a medium composed of 0.4% chitin, 0.4% starch, 0.2% ammonium sulfate, 0.11% $Na_2HPO_4$, 0.07% $KH_2PO_4$, 0.0001% $MgSO_4$, and 0.0001% $MnSO_4$ at $30^{\circ}C$. A culture broth of Streptomyces sp. AM50 showed antifungal activity towards the hyphae of plant pathogenic fungi, including hyphae swelling and lysis in P. capsici, factors that may contribute to its suppression of plant pathogenic fungi. CONCLUSION(S): This study demonstrated the multiantifungal enzyme production by Streptomyces sp. AM50 for the biological control of major plant pathogens. Further studies will investigate the synergistic effect, to the growth regulations by biogenic amines and antifungal enzyme gene promoter.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1985

This experiment was undertaken to investigate proper conditions for protoplast isolation from strains of Agaricus bisporus, Flammulina velutipes, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus florida, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Volvariella volvacea. Combination of ${\beta}-D-glucanase$, novozym 234 and snail enzyme with 0.6M $MgSO_4$ in 0.05M Na-maleate buffer, pH 5.8 was the most effective for isolation of protoplasts. High yields of protoplasts were obtained from $4{\sim}5$ days old mycelia of P. florida and P. ostreatus on mushroom complete agar medium. Protoplasts were also obtained in good yield from other fungi but A. bisporus and V. volvacea. In the latter two cases protoplast release was observed; however, the yield was much lower than those of the other fungi.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.387-394
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• 1983

The factor, which was capable of accelerating the yeast cell wall lysis of the zymolyase(${\beta}-1$, 3-glucanase), was purified to a homogeneous state from the protease fraction of the crude zymolyase by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration and preparative polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the purified factor was estimated to be 40,500 by SDS-polylacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis and it's iso-electric point was pH 9.6. The factor was found to be a basic protease consisted of single polypeptide chain with 395 amino acid residues and it showed the $E_{280,cm}^{1%}$ of 11.9 and the molecular extinction coefficient of $4.83{\times}10^4$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.185-194
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• 2006

A fungal strain of Trichoderma having strong chitinolytic activity was isolated from field soil enriched with crabshell for several years. Based on 5.8S rRNA, partial 18S, 28S rRNA genes, ITS1, ITS2 sequence analysis and morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Trichoderma asperellum and named as Trichoderma asperellum T-5 (TaT-5). The fungus released lytic enzymes such as chitinase and ${\beta}$-1, 3-glucanse, and produced six antifungal substances in chitin broth medium. To demonstrate the protective effect of TaT-5 against damping-off in cucumber plant caused by Rhizoctonia solani, TaT-5 culture broth (TA), chitin medium (CM) and distilled water (DW) were applied to each pot at 10 days after sowing, respectively. Then, the homogenized hyphae of R. solani were infected to each pot at 1 week after TaT-5 inoculation. During experimental period, fresh weight of shoot and root in cucumber plant more increased at TA treatment compared to other treatments. PR-proteins (${\beta}$-1, 3-glucanase and chitinase) activities in cucumber leaves markedly increased at CM and DW treatments, but the activity slightly increased and then decreased at TA treatment at 3 days after infection of R. solani. The activity of PR-proteins activities in cucumber roots at all treatments decreased with time where the degree of decrement was more alleviated at TA treatment than CM and DW. These results suggest that the lytic enzymes (chitinase and ${\beta}$-1, 3-glucanse) and antifungal substances produced by TaT-5 can reduce the pathogenic attack by R. solani in cucumber plants.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.14-18
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• 1987

This experiment was undertaken to investigate proper conditions for protoplast formation from Lyophyllum ulmarium. Combination of Novozym 234, ${\beta}-Glucuronidase$ and ${\beta}-D-Glucanase$ with 0.6 M Sucrose was the most effective for isolation of protoplasts. The optimal reaction time of mycelium with the lytic mixture was 3 hrs in shaking condition at 120 strokes $min-^1$. When the mycelium of L. ulmarium was cultured for 6 days on yeast glucose agar medium at $25^{\circ}C$, the formation of protoplasts was effective. The yeast glucose agar medium stabilized with 0.6 M sucrose was the most effective for reversion of protoplasts.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.247-255
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• 2006

Yeast cell wall matrix particles are composed entirely of mannoprotein and ${\beta}-glucan$. The mannoproteins of yeast cell wall can systemically enhance the immune system. We previously purified and analyzed alkali-soluble ${\beta}-glucans$ [${\beta}$-(1,3)- and ${\beta}$-(1,6)-glucans] [10]. In the present study, a wild-type strain was first mutagenized with ultraviolet light, and the cell wall mutants were then selected by treatment with 1.0 mg/ml laminarinase (endo-${\beta}$-(1,3)-D-glucanase). Mannoproteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were released by laminarinase, purified by concanavalin-A affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. The results indicated that the mutants yielded 3-fold more mannoprotein than the wild-type. The mannoprotein mass of mutant K48L3 was 2.25 mg/100 mg of yeast cell dry mass. Carbohydrate analysis revealed that they contained mannose, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall components, mannoproteins, are known to interact with macrophages through receptors, thereby inducing release of tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and nitric oxide. Mannoprotein tractions in the present study had a higher macrophage activity of secretion of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and nitric oxide and direct phagocytosis than positive control ($1{\mu}g$ of lipopolysaccharide). In particular, F1 and F3 fractions in mannoproteins of K48L3 enhanced and upregulated the activity of nitric oxide secretion and macrophage phagocytosis by approximately two- and four-fold, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 2014

Nuruk samples collected from various regions in Korea were investigated in terms of fungal contents and diversity. In measurement of colony forming unit (CFU) in Nuruk suspensions on DRBC agar, Nuruk samples MS4, MS8, and MS10 were among the highest fungal density, with $1,278.9{\pm}21.6$ (${\times}10^4$), $1,868.0{\pm}27.7$ (${\times}10^4$), and $775.1{\pm}19.2$ (${\times}10^4$) were among the samples showing the highest fungal density. CFU per 20 mg Nuruk, respectively. The majority of fungal components were yeasts, including Pichia anomala, P. kudriavzevii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, whereas Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oryzae, the representative Nuruk fungi, were predominant only in the low fungal density Nuruks (MS2, MS5, and MS11). Saccharification capability of the fungal isolates was assessed by measurement of amylase activity in the culture broth. The highest amylase activity was found in A. niger and A. luchuensis, followed by S. fibuligera. A. oryzae and R. oryzae showed fair amylase activity but significantly lower than those of the three fungal species. R. oryzae was suggested to play an additional role in degradation of ${\beta}$-glucan in crop component of Nuruk since R. oryzae was the only fungus that showed ${\beta}$-glucanase activity among the fungal isolates. To confirm the safety of Nuruk, aflatoxigenicity of the isolated Aspergillus was estimated using the DNA markers norB-cypA, aflR, and omtA. All of the isolates turned out to be non-aflatoxigenic as evidenced by the deletion of gene markers, norB-cypA and aflR, and the absence of aflatoxin in the culture supernatants shown by TLC analysis.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.202-205
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• 2000

A gene coding $endo-{\beta}$,-1, 4 glucanase from Actinomyces sp. KNG40 and phytase from Hansenula polymorpha were cloned into Esherichia coli JM101 by using E. coli/Lactobacillus shuttle vector pNZ3004 and pNZ123. The plasmid p3PS(1-4) and p123(1-4) have slpA promoter and slpA signal sequence. So, I constructed expression vectors, p3PS(1-4)Endo, phy and p123(1-4)Endo, phy. These constructed vector was transformed in target host Lactobacillus gasseri and reutri. These transformed host expressed endoglucanase and phytase as extracellular fraction. In the enzyme activity of the same vector, host L, gasseri was higher activity than L. reuteri. This indicates that L. gasseri recongnize promoter and signal sequence very well.