• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.1089-1098
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• 2018

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic yield of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in Crohn's disease (CD) patients presenting with acute severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB), and the role of CT in predicting the risk of rebleeding. Materials and Methods: A consecutive series of 110 CD patients presenting with acute severe LGIB between 2005 and 2016 were analyzed. Among them, 86 patients who had undergone contrast-enhanced CT constituted the study cohort. The diagnostic yield of CT for detecting contrast extravasation was obtained for the entire cohort and compared between different CT techniques. In a subgroup of 62 patients who had undergone CT enterography (CTE) and showed a negative result for extravasation on CTE, the association between various clinical and CTE parameters and the risk of rebleeding during subsequent follow-up was investigated using Cox regression analysis. Results: The diagnostic yield of CT was 10.5% (9 of 86 patients). The yield did not significantly differ between single-phase and multiphase examinations (p > 0.999), or between non-enterographic CT and CTE (p = 0.388). Extensive CD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 3.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-9.80; p = 0.034) and bowel wall-to-artery enhancement ratio (adjusted HR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.21-6.54; p = 0.016) were significantly independently associated with increased rebleeding risks, whereas anti-tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ therapy after the bleeding independently decreased the risk of rebleeding (adjusted HR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.07-0.95; p = 0.041). Conclusion: The diagnostic yield of contrast-enhanced CT was not high in CD patients presenting with acute severe LGIB. Nevertheless, even a negative CTE may be beneficial as it can help predict the risk of later rebleeding.

• 직업교육연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2010

이 연구는 다문화사회의 예비교사교육 방향 탐색을 위해서 이루어진 것이다. 이를 위해 예비교사의 다문화교육 관련 선행연구를 고찰하고, 교직과목을 수강중인 대학생들의 다문화교육에 관한 인식을 질문지를 통해 조사 연구하였다. 먼저 예비교사들의 다문화교육에 대한 인식 등을 알아보고 다음으로 성별, 다문화교육 관련 수업경험 유무, 다문화교육 관심도 및 대학교육과정에의 다문화교육 과정 포함 등에 대한 인식의 차이를 알아보았다. 그런데 예비교사의 다문화교육 인식에 관한 질문지가 부족한 상태이므로 본 연구에서 사용한 자료를 토대로 질문지의 타당화 검사를 병행하였다. 본 연구결과를 보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 297명의 예비교사들을 대상으로 6개 요인 36개 문항 요인분석이 이루어졌으며, 신뢰도 검증 결과 Cronbach's ${\alpha}$계수는 .874로 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 다문화교육의 쟁점과 다문화교육에 대한 욕구, 다문화사회에서의 교실 상황 예측과 문화적 다양성에 대한 태도 등은 정적 상관관계를 나타냈다. 다문화교육을 저해하는 태도와 문화적 다양성에 대한 태도는 부적 상관관계를 나타냈다. 셋째, 학생들의 요인별 평균을 보면 '교육과정에 대한 기대' 요인이 타 요인에 비해 다소 보통이하로 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 향후 다문화적 사고배양과 다문화교육 지식 및 기술을 제공할 수 있는 프로그램개발이 필요하다. 다문화교육을 저해하는 태도 관련 문항에서는 대체로 긍정적인 다문화적 사고를 지닌 것으로 보여진다. 넷째, 다문화교육에 대한 관심이 많을수록 다문화교육의 쟁점을 잘 인식하고 다문화교육에 대한 욕구가 크며, 다문화사회에서의 교실상황을 잘 예측하고 문화적 다양성에 대한 태도가 긍정적이었다. 마지막으로 교사가 다양한 문화적 배경을 가진 학생들을 접해 본 경험이 없이 갑자기 학교에서 지도하게 될 때 혼란이 가중될 수 있다. 따라서 교육과정, 교육방법 등의 변화를 통해 예비교사들에게 미리 사전준비교육이 필요할 것이다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2019

More effective treatments are needed for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We hypothesized that water extracts of blackberry fruits (BF) and leaves (BL) and their combinations (BFL) reduce fat deposition in HepG2 cells and modulate shor-tchain fatty acids (SCFA) and fecal bacteria in vitro. HepG2 cells were treated with BF, BL, BFL1:2, and BFL1:3 for 1 h, and 0.5 mM palmitate was added to the cells. Moreover, low ($30{\mu}g/mL$) and high doses ($90{\mu}g/mL$) of BL and BF were applied to fecal bacteria in vitro, and SCFA was measured by GC. BL, BF, BFL1:2, and BFL1:3 reduced triglyceride deposition in the cells in a dose-dependent manner, and BFL1:2 and BFL1:3 had a stronger effect than BF. The content of malondialdehyde, an index of oxidative stress, was also reduced in BL, BF, and BFL1:2 with increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. The mRNA expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c was reduced in BL, BF, BFL1:2, and BFL1:3 compared to the control, and BFL1:2 had the strongest effect. By contrast, the carnitine palmitolytransferase-1expression, a regulator of fatty acid oxidation, increased mostly in BFL1:2 and BFL1:3. Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ expression was reduced in BL compared to that in BF and BFL1:2 in HepG2 cells. Interestingly, BL increased propionate production, and BF increased butyrate and propionate production and increased total SCFA content in fecal incubation. BF increased the contents of Bifidobacteriales and Lactobacillales and decreased those of Clostridiales, whereas BL elevated the contents of Bacteroidales and decreased those of Enterobacteriales. In conclusion, BFL1:2 and BFL1:3 may be potential therapeutic candidates for NAFLD.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.377-384
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• 2019

Background: Inflammation is widespread in the clinical pathology and closely associated to the progress of many diseases. Triterpenoid saponins as a key group of active ingredients in Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen were demonstrated to show antiinflammatory effects. However, the chemical structures of saponins in the leaves and stems of Panax notoginseng (PNLS) are still not fully clear. Herein, the isolation, purification and further evaluation of the antiinflammatory activity of dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins from PNLS were conducted. Methods: Silica gel and reversed-phase C8 column chromatography were used. Furthermore, preparative HPLC was used as a final purification technique to obtain minor saponins with high purities. MS, NMR experiments, and chemical methods were used in the structural identifications. The antiinflammatory activities of the isolated saponins were assessed by measuring the nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharides. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the gene expressions of inflammation-related gene. Results: Eight new minor dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, namely notoginsenosides LK1-LK8 (1-8) were obtained from PNLS, along with seven known ones. Among the isolated saponins, gypenoside IX significantly suppressed the nitric oxide production and inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, interleukin 10, interferon-inducible protein 10 and $interleukin-1{\beta}$. Conclusion: The eight saponins may enrich and expand the chemical library of saponins in Panax genus. Moreover, it is reported for the first time that gypenoside IX showed moderate antiinflammatory activity.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.414-422
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• 2019

There is accumulating evidence that microRNAs are emerging as pivotal regulators in the development and progression of neuropathic pain. MicroRNA-15a/16 (miR-15a/16) have been reported to play an important role in various diseases and inflammation response processes. However, whether miR-15a/16 participates in the regulation of neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain development remains unknown. In this study, we established a mouse model of neuropathic pain by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerves. Our results showed that both miR-15a and miR-16 expression was significantly upregulated in the spinal cord of CCI rats. Downregulation of the expression of miR-15a and miR-16 by intrathecal injection of a specific inhibitor significantly attenuated the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia of CCI rats. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-15a and miR-16 downregulated the expression of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and tumor-necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ in the spinal cord of CCI rats. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), an important regulator in neuropathic pain and inflammation, was a potential target gene of miR-15a and miR-16. Inhibition of miR-15a and miR-16 markedly increased the expression of GRK2 while downregulating the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and $NF-{\kappa}B$ in CCI rats. Notably, the silencing of GRK2 significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-15a/16 inhibition in neuropathic pain. In conclusion, our results suggest that inhibition of miR-15a/16 expression alleviates neuropathic pain development by targeting GRK2. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and suggest potential therapeutic targets for preventing neuropathic pain development.

• 생약학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2019

Portulaca oleracea L. (PL) has been used in traditional medicine herb for treatment of various diseases, such as diarrhea, dysentery, and skin inflammation. Previous studies have shown that the PL regulates the inflammation by inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Although PL might have improvement effects of intestinal function and bioactive effects, there are not enough studies to demonstrate. This study investigated the effects of KDC16-2 on the improvement of intestinal function and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro. The improvement effect of intestinal function was measured fecal amount, water content and intestinal transit rate in KDC16-2 treated ICR mice. As results, compared with the control group, the KDC16-2 group showed a significant increase in wet fecal weight, dry fecal weight and fecal water content. The intestinal transit rate of KDC16-2 group was significantly increased. Based on the results, KDC16-2 is considered to have effects on improving intestinal function. The effect of anti-inflammatory demonstrated by using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. The mice were administered 3% DSS along with KDC16-2 (100, 300 mg/kg) for 14 days. DSS-induced colitis mice were significantly ameliorated in KDC16-2 treated group, including body weight loss, colon length shortening, tight junction protein of colon and histological colon injury. The levels of inflammatory mediators (IgG2a, IgA, C-reactive protein and Myeloperoxidase) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, Interleukin (IL)-6) which are involved in inflammatory responses were increased in the DSS-treated group as compared to those in the control group, and the levels were significantly decreased in the KDC16-2 groups. In addition, we investigated the impact of KDC16-2 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in J774A.1 cells. KDC16-2 inhibited production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results suggested that the KDC16-2 could effectively alleviate the dysfunction of intestinal and inflammatory mediators. Thus, these KDC16-2 can be potentially used as health functional food of intestinal.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.411-419
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• 2021

본 연구에서 금화규 뿌리 추출물(AMR)이 마우스 대식세포인 RAW264.7 세포의 활성화 유도를 통한 면역증진 활성과 마우스 지방전구세포인 3T3-L1 세포의 지질축적억제를 통한 항비만 활성을 평가하였다. 금화규 뿌리 추출물(AMR)은 전반적으로 RAW264.7 세포에서 TLR2/TLR4의 자극을 통해 p38과 JNK를 활성화시켜 NO, iNOS, IL-1𝛽, IL-6, TNF-𝛼와 같은 면역증진 인자의 발현을 증가시키는 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 IL-6의 경우, p38과 JNK 활성화에 의존하지 않는 것으로 확인되어 TLR2/4에 의한 다른 신호전달이 관여하는 것으로 사료되어 추가적인 연구가 필요하다. 또한, 금화규 뿌리 추출물(AMR)은 PPAR𝛾의 과대발현을 억제하여 지방전구세포의 성숙한 지방세포로의 분화를 억제하고, 성숙한 지방세포에서 CEBP𝛼, PPAR𝛾, perilipin-1, FABP4, adiponectin의 발현을 억제하여 지방세포 내 지질 형성 및 축적을 억제하는 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구를 통해 구명된 결과들은 금화규 뿌리 추출물(AMR)이 향후 면역증진 및 항비만을 위한 보조제 또는 건강 기능성 식품과 의약품으로의 개발 및 활용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2021

개불 라이소자임(Uu-ilys)은 개불(Urechis unicinctus)로부터 정제된 무척추형 라이소자임으로 병원균에 대한 방어에 주요하게 작용하는 선천성 면역 물질이며, 비효소적 항균 활성을 가지고 있어 항균 활성을 지닌 유도체의 개발 가능성을 가지고 있다. 본 논문은 개불 라이소자임에서 유래된 항균 활성을 가지는 유도체의 디자인과 생산을 기술하고 있다. 여러 항균성 펩타이드(antimicrobial peptide, AMP) 데이터베이스에서 제공하는 항균성 펩타이드 예측 도구를 사용하여 개불 라이소자임에서 항균 활성을 가지는 부위를 예측하였다. 개불 라이소자임 C-말단의 절편이 항균 활성을 나타낼 것으로 예측되었으며, 이 펩타이드는 C-말단 절편, Uu-ilys-CF라 명명하였다. Uu-ilys-CF은 이형 발현 시스템인 TrxA-Uu-ilys-CF 퓨전 단백질을 사용하여 생산하였다. 만들어진 퓨전 단백질은 브롬화시안을 사용하여 메티오닌 잔기를 절단하였으며, 절단된 Uu-ilys-CF은 고성능액체크로마토그래피와 역상 컬럼인 CapCell-Pak C18을 사용하여 분리되었다. Uu-ilys-CF의 항균 활성을 조사하기 위해서 여러 균주(그람양성균 4개, 그람음성균7개, 진균 1개)를 사용하였다. Uu-ilys-CF의 항균 활성은 살모넬라에서 가장 높은 반응을 보였다. 비록 Uu-ilys-CF는 진균에 활성을 나타내지 않았지만, 사용한 균주들에서 넓은 범위의 항균 활성을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.433-441
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• 2021

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are primarily characterized as dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Ginsenoside-Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract (Rg3-KRGE) is known to exert neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects on neurological disorders. However, effects of Rg3-KRGE in EAE remain unclear. Methods: Here, we investigated whether Rg3-KRGE may improve the symptoms and pathological features of myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein (MOG)_35-55 peptide - induced chronic EAE mice through improving the integrity of the BBB. Results: Rg3-KRGE decreased EAE score and spinal demyelination. Rg3-KRGE inhibited Evan's blue dye leakage in spinal cord, suppressed increases of adhesion molecule platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, extracellular matrix proteins fibronection, and matrix metallopeptidase-9, and prevented decreases of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, claudin-3, and claudin-5 in spinal cord following EAE induction. Rg3-KRGE repressed increases of proinflammatory transcripts cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but enhanced expression levels of anti-inflammatory transcripts arginase-1 and IL-10 in the spinal cord following EAE induction. Rg3-KRGE inhibited the expression of oxidative stress markers (MitoSOX and 4-hydroxynonenal), the enhancement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) and NOX4, and NADPH activity in the spinal cord of chronic EAE mice. Furthermore, apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, mimicked beneficial effects of Rg3-KRGE in chronic EAE mice. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Rg3-KRGE might alleviate behavioral symptoms and pathological features of MS by improving BBB integrity through modulation of NOX2/4 expression.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.437-444
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• 2021

이 연구는 해양안전 가상현실 체험교육 프로그램에 참가한 대상자의 해양안전의식과 재참여행동의 관계를 규명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이러한 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 2020년 6월부터 8월까지 주요 권역에 설치 운영된 해양안전 체험교육 프로그램에 참가한 대상자를 모집단으로 설정하고 총 300명(유효표본 253명)을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료 중 유효 표본을 SPSS 20.0 프로그램을 이용하여 설문지의 신뢰도와 타당도검사를 실시하였으며, 연구목적을 달성하기 위해, 기술통계, 상관관계분석, 다중회귀 및 단순회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 이상의 과정을 통해 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 해양안전 체험교육 프로그램에 참가한 대상자들은 해양안전의식을 가장 높게 인식하였고, 그 다음으로 가상현실체험교육효과를 인식하였으며, 방역활동도 같은 수준에서 높게 인식하였다. 둘째, 해양안전 가상체험교육 프로그램의 효과성의 경우, 가상현실 사전교육, 가상현실 몰입, 가상현실 적용성 모두 안전의식에 정적 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 해양안전 가상 체험교육 프로그램의 가상현실 사전교육, 가상현실 몰입은 참가자의 재참여행동에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다.