• Title/Summary/Keyword: ${\alpha}-Factor$

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Korean Customer Attitudes Towards SNS Shopping

  • Cho, Young-Sang;Heo, Jeong-Yoon;Youn, Myoung-Kil
    • Journal of Distribution Science
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    • v.10 no.8
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    • pp.7-14
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    • 2012
  • As a new format of retailing, social shopping on SNS has rapidly grown in recent. Although there is much literature associated with customer behaviours in the academic world, little attention has been paid to identifying the shopping patterns of SNS shoppers. This paper will, thus, identify how perceived value has an impact on the buying intention of SNS shoppers, after illustrating what kind of factor influences the formation process of perceived value in the Korean marketplace. Given that SNS shoppers are for the most part 20s as well as 30s, the authors handed out questionnaires to them. Furthermore, based on literature review results, the conceptualised research model was developed. Despite lack of literature, the authors developed five constructs like price reduction, quantity- and time-limited message, product ranges, information-sharing, and required number of shoppers. The researchers made a considerable effort to identify the relationship between research concepts and each variable, based on a few research analysis methods such as frequency analysis, the Varimax rotation technique used orthogonal rotation, Cronbach's Alpha, PCA (Principle Component Analysis), and the like. Amongst the 5 variables used to measure the degree of influences on the perceived value as a social shopping characteristic, it has been evident that price cut, required minimum shoppers, product variety, and information-sharing have a positive impact on the perceived value formation processes of SNS customers. Also, this research implies that SNS retailers can differentiate themselves from other retailers by differently using the above factors. From a practitioner's point of view, these factors should be strategically used to increase the social shopping opportunities of SNS users. It is, furthermore, evident that the perceived value formed by the above 4 factors have played an important role in the buying decision process of SNS customers. In a sense, whether customers are aware of higher price cut rates, information-sharing, required minimum shoppers, and product variety has a positive impact on making buying decisions. From a retailer's point of view, online shopping mall operators are able to use blog as well as twitter to improve the buying intention as a marketing tool of social network, because the business activities provided by social shopping retailers, like the rapid, accurate responses to customer requirements, the provision of a variety of information, and the communications between customers are closely related to buying intentions. There are a few research limitations to conduct this empirical research. It was not easy to review prior papers, due to its lack. In spite of the increasing number of SNS shoppers in Korea, little research attention has been paid to this kind of research topic by academicians, because buying products or services through SNS is in its infancy. With regard to research populations, it would be difficult to generalise the research findings in Korea, owing to unbalanced respondent distribution. Considering the above research limitations as well as the growth of social shopping, many authors should pay considerable attention to SNS-related issues in the future, and develop the more sophisticated criteria to measure the characteristics of SNS shoppers.

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A study on Chinese Consumer Behavior of Korean Automobiles (중국소비자의 한국자동차 구매의도에 관한 연구)

  • SONG, Yun-Tao;LEE, Jong-Ho
    • The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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    • v.10 no.6
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    • pp.29-37
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    • 2019
  • Purpose - This study intends to analyze Chinese consumers' purchase intention of Korean automobile. The aims of this study investigated to find out how product attributes and brand image affect the consumer's purchase intention of Korean automobiles in China. We consider the product attributes, brand image as evaluation criteria, also recognized as objectives for purchase intention. This study aims to analyze the positive effects on Chinese consumers' purchase intention with the variables by using the research model. Research design, data, and methodology - Based on theory of Purchase Intention, the concept of purchase intention was assessed by two factors: a) product attributes, and b) brand image to test the proposed hypotheses. The survey was conducted for 30 days, from October 17 to November 16 in 2018. With IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 and IBM SPSS AMOS 23.0, factor analysis and regression, Cronbach's alpha and correlation were tested. 300 samples were used for this analysis. Results - As a main result, product attributes and brand image exerted significant effects on consumer's purchase intention. Thus,

    and

    were supported. The results showed that the product attributes, brand image had positive effects on purchase intention. The findings of this thesis are as follows: Firstly, automobiles' quality factors were divided into two categories like product properties (price, performance, design, economy, and safety), and brand image (awareness, favorability, reliability, and familiarity). Second, it showed that product properties and brand image had positive impacts on purchase intention of consumer. Conclusions - The impact of product attributes and brand image on consumer perceived value of Korean automobiles in China can be seen as a universal psychology of consumers who trust automobile products such as high quality, technology, ets. The results offer some insights into the extended model and have important managerial implications for Korean automobile enterprise. As the findings of this thesis show, all strategic orientations have significant and positive effects on the ability of innovation. At the same time, automobile company must pay attention to quality. As the relationship between the automobiles' performance and brand image were positive and significant, automobile companies should have comprehensive strategic orientations focused on strengthening these factors.

Comparative Evaluation of Probiotic Activities of Bifidobacterium longum MK-G7 with Commercial Bifidobacteria Strains

  • Jung, Hoo-Kil;Kim, Eung-Ryool;Ji, Geun-Eog;Park, Jong-Hyun;Cha, Seong-Kwan;Juhn, Suk-Lak
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.147-153
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    • 2000
  • This study was conducted to compare probiotic activities and physiological functions of Bifidobacterium longum Mk-G7 with weveral commercial and type strains of bifidobacteria. bif. longum MK-G7 showed the highest acid tolerance against HCl and acetic acid, whereas bif. infantis Y-1 showed the lowest acid tolerance and more than 4 log cycles of viable cell count decreased due to acid injuty. Viable cell counts of bifidobacteria strains decreased more than 1.5 log cycles owing to oxygen toxicity, with the exception of Bif. longum MK-G7, Bif. infantis Y-2, Bif. longum Y-3, Bif. longum Y-6, and Bif. longum RD-13 showed the highest bile tolerance, whereas Bif. longum MK-G7 showed a medium level of bile tolerance. Only Bif. longum MK-G7 howed much higher antibiotic resistance against both tetracycline and penicillin-G in the MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration) level of 24.8 mg/I and 0.52mg/I, respectively. Bif longum Y-6, and Bif. bifidum ATCC 29539 showed more than 80% of anti-mutagenicity against NQO(4-nitroquinolinel-oxide). Since the production of cytokines such as $TNF(tumor necrosis factor)-{\alpha}$ and IL (interleukin)-6, and NO(nitric oxide) in the macrophage cell line Raw 264.7 cells increased as Bif. longum MK-G7 cell concentration increased, ti was suggested that Bif. longum MK-G7 is able to enhance immunopotentiating activity in vitro. When freeze-dred Bif. longum MK-G7 was administered to mice at the dose of 1,2,4, and 6 g/kg of body weight, all of the mice survived in all feeding groups, proving the GRAS(generally recognized as safe) status of Bif. longum MK-G7. When fermented milk containing Bif. longum MK-G7 was administered to human volunteers, viable cell count of total bifidobacteria and anaerobes in the feces increased up to 0.5 log cycles more than before the administration. In particular, Bif. logum MK-G7 ingibited the growth of Bacteroides at the level of 1.0-1.5 log cycles.

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Induces Vasodilatation of Rat Mesenteric Artery in vitro Mainly by Inhibiting Receptor-Mediated $Ca^{2+}$ -Influx and $Ca^{2+}$ -Release

  • Cao Yong-Xiao;Zheng Jian-Pu;He Jian-Yu;Li Jie;Xu Cang-Bao;Edvinsson Lars
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • v.28 no.6
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    • pp.709-715
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    • 2005
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of atropine on peripheral vasodilation and the mechanisms involved. The isometric tension of rat mesenteric artery rings was recorded in vitro on a myograph. The results showed that atropine, at concentrations greater than 1$\mu$M, relaxed the noradrenalin (NA)-precontracted rat mesenteric artery in a concentration-dependent manner. Atropine-induced vasodilatation was mediated, in part, by an endothelium-dependent mechanism, to which endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor may contribute. Atropine was able to shift the NA-induced concentration-response curve to the right, in a non-parallel manner, suggesting the mechanism of atropine was not mediated via the ${\alpha}_1$-adrenoreceptor. The $\beta$-adrenoreceptor and ATP sensitive potassium channel, a voltage dependent calcium channel, were not involved in the vasodilatation. However, atropine inhibited the contraction derived from NA and $CaCl_2$ in $Ca^{2+}$-free medium, in a concentration dependent manner, indicating the vasodilatation was related to the inhibition of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ influx through the receptor-operated calcium channels and intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ release from the $Ca^{2+}$ store. Atropine had no effect on the caffeine-induced contraction in the artery segments, indicating the inhibition of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ release as a result of atropine most likely occurs via the IP3 pathway rather than the ryanodine receptors. Our results suggest that atropine-induced vasodilatation is mainly from artery smooth muscle cells due to inhibition of the receptor-mediated $Ca^{2+}$-influx and $Ca^{2+}$-release, and partly from the endothelium mediated by EDHF.

The Value of Calcium-scoring CT for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease Screening (허혈성 심혈관 질환 선별을 위한 Calcium-scoring CT의 유용성)

  • Oh, Jung-Hoan;An, Sung-Min
    • Journal of radiological science and technology
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.69-78
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    • 2009
  • The cardiovascular disease has been known as a common cause of death for a long time in the west. The eating habits of Asia, including Korea, have changed recently, so that this disease is also a problem in Asia now. Annual Report on the Cause of Death Statistics from 1996 to 2006 reported that the cardiovascular disease would become the number one cause of death in the next $5{\sim}10$ years. Therefore we realize that more accurate examination is required. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of Calcium-scoring CT and the relationship between risk factor and quantitative scores of Calcium-scoring CT. Through this study we expect that the national public health will be improved. Seventy patients with chest pain were chosen at random. The patients were undergone both coronary CT antigraphy and Calcium - scoring CT at G hospital in Incheon from February 1 to June 30, 2008. The result of the Calcium-scoring CT showed its usefulness for Ischemic cardiovascular disease, with an accuracy similar to that of exercise/pharmacologic stress or ECG when it is difficult for a patient to exercise due to joint problems, aging or for other reasons.

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The Effect of Varying Concentrations of Bee Venom Pharmacoupuncture Treatments on Type II Collagen Induced Arthritis in Mice (농도별 봉독약침이 생쥐의 Type II Collagen 유발 관절염에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Sung-Woo;Kim, Yu-Jong;Kim, Eun-Jung;Lee, Seung-Deok;Kim, Kap-Sung;Yoon, Jong-Hwa
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.75-87
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    • 2012
  • Objectives : The purpose of this study is to inquire into the effect of different concentrations of bee venom pharmacopuncture to inhibit genesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and to inhibit nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ activation on type II collagen induced arthritis. Methods : The experiment was divided into category of the normal group (NOR)-no treated group, control group (CON)-CIA (collagen induced arthritis) induced group, and 4,000 : 1 bee venom group (BV-L)- 4000:1 bee venom pharmacopuncture treated group after CIA, and 2000:1 bee venom group (BV-H)- 2,000 : 1 Bee venom pharmacopuncture treated group after CIA. RA was induced in the mice via injecting $50{\mu}{\ell}$ C II mixed CFA. The bee venom pharmacopuncture was applied on $ST_{35}$ for 19 days from the 3rd day of RA inducement. To research the effect on the expression of IKK ($I{\kappa}B$ kinase), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) & COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) mRNA, RT-PCR was performed on synovial membrane cells from the knee joint of CIA mice. Results : The PMA-induced $I{\kappa}B$ kinase (IKK), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2) mRNA expression were dose-dependantly decreased in bee venom treated with synoviocytes. In mice treated with bee venom pharmacopuncture, foot thickness and the damage of synovial membranes of the joint was lessened, and the activation of RA-related pro-inflammatory cytokines such as MIF, TNF-${\alpha}$ and MMP-9 was significantly decreased. The activation of iNOS and COX-2 was suppressed by the inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$. In addition, each data was shown that 2,000 : 1 bee venom pharmacopuncture was more effective than 4,000 : 1 bee venom pharmacopuncture. Conclusions : It is speculated that bee venom pharmacopuncture has the therapeutic effect of palliating the damage of the synovial membrane and inflammation on RA by suppressing of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation.

The Crystal and Molecular Structure of (dl)-2-Benzyl-4-ethylester-5-(p-methylphenyl)-3H,5H,6H-1,2,6-thiadiazine-1,1-dioxide, $C_{20}H_{22}N_2O_4S$ ((dl)-2-Benzyl-4-ethylester-5-(p-methylphenyl)-3H,5H,6H-1,2,6-thiadiazine-1,1-dioxide, $C_{20}H_{22}N_2O_4S$의 結晶 및 分子構造)

  • Shin, Hyun-So;Kim, Euisung;Song, Hyun;Lee, Chai-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.39 no.5
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    • pp.344-349
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    • 1995
  • The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound has been determined from 2568 reflections collected on an automatic CAD4 diffractometer using graphite-monochromated $Mo-K\alpha$ radiation. The crystal is monoclinic system, space group $P2_1$ with unit cell dimensions $a=8.756(8)\AA$, $b=25.757(2)\AA$, $c=8.628(1)\AA$, $\beta=99.15(4)^{\circ}$, V= 1,921(2) ${\AA}^3$, Z=4, $D_C=1.336\;g/cm^3$, ${\mu}=1.54\;cm^{-1}\;and\;T=298^{\circ}K$. The final R factor was 0.051 for 2049 reflections over $3{\sigma}(Fο).$ The crystal has two asymmetric molecules in the unit cell. The arrangement of sulfon group was shown a distorted tetrahedron structure and N(6), N(6') atoms were deviated from the least-squares planes of the thiadiazine rings, respectively. The molecular packings in the unit cell are linked by the two intermolecular hydrogen bonds of N-H---O type and van der Waals forces.

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Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production by ladybug extracts(Harmonia axyridis) in LPS-activated BV-2 cells (무당벌레(Harmonia axyridis) 추출물에 의한 BV-2 세포주의 Nitric Oxide 생성 저해 활성)

  • Han Sang-Mi;Lee Sang-Han;Yun Chi-Young;Kang Seok-Woo;Lee Kyung-Gill;Kim Ik-Soo;Yun Eun-Young;Lee Pyeong-Jae;Kim Sun-Yeou;Hwang Jae-Sam
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.45 no.1 s.142
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    • pp.31-36
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    • 2006
  • Inflammation in the brain has known to be associated with the development of a various neurologiacal diseases. The hallmark of neuro-inflammation is the activation of microglia, brain macrophage. Pro-inflammatory compounds including nitric oxide(NO) are the main cause of neuro-degenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease. In the study, we examined whether Harmonia axyridis extracts inhibit the NO production by a direct method using Griess reagent, western blotting and by RT-PCR(Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reactionin) the gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS). Distilled water$(H_2O)$ and methanol(MeOH) extracts of H. axyridis inhibited the protein expression of TNF-a(Tumor Necrosis Factor) and IL-6(Interleukin) in LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) stimulated BV-2 cells at the concentration of 100 ng/ml. Incubation of BV-2 cells with the extracts of $H_2O$ of MeOH inhibited the LPS induced NO and iNOS protein. And this inhibition of iNOS protein is concordant with the inhibition of iNOS mRNA expression. These data suggested that H. axyridis extracts may play a crucial role in inhibiting the NO production.

Characteristic Analysis of Proposed Chaos Map in CDSK System (CDSK 변조 방식에서 제안한 카오스 맵의 특성 분석)

  • Lee, Jun-Hyun;Ryu, Heung-Gyoon
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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    • v.51 no.5
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    • pp.44-50
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    • 2014
  • Chaos communication system is one of the security algorithms that is applied to improve the security. Chaos signal is non-linear, and it is generated randomly according to the initial conditions. Also, chaos communication system has characteristics such as non-periodic, wide-band, non-predictability of signals and easy implementation. So, security of chaos communication system is superior, and it has low interception probability and good anti-jamming characteristic. However, BER performance is worse than digital communication system, because it has many self interference signal in case of CDSK system. To improve these disadvantages, we analyze the PDF trend which can improve the BER performance in existing study, and we proposed a chaos map. And, proposed chaos map was defined as the 'Boss map'. Generally, BER performance is changed according to initial values, parameters and spreading factors. Therefore, in this paper, we will introduce PDF trends which can improve the BER performance, and will describe about Boss map. Also, characteristics of Boss map is analyzed by evaluating the BER performance of Boss map according to initial values, parameters and spreading factors. As a result, while maintaining the similar BER performance, initial value of Boss map can be selected from 0 to 1.2, and BER performance is best when parameter alpha is 2.5. Also, BER performance is best when spreading factor is 50.

Detection of PIK3CA Gene Mutations with HRM Analysis and Association with IGFBP-5 Expression Levels in Breast Cancer

  • Dirican, Ebubekir;Kaya, Zehra;Gullu, Gokce;Peker, Irem;Ozmen, Tolga;Gulluoglu, Bahadir M.;Kaya, Handan;Ozer, Ayse;Akkiprik, Mustafa
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.15 no.21
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    • pp.9327-9333
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    • 2014
  • Breast cancer is the second most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway mutations are associated with cancer and phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) gene mutations have been observed in 25-45% of breast cancer samples. Insulin growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) can show different effects on apoptosis, cell motility and survival in breast cancer. We here aimed to determine the association between PIK3CA gene mutations and IGFBP-5 expressions for the first time in breast cancer patients. Frozen tumor samples from 101 Turkish breast cancer patients were analyzed with high resolution melting (HRM) for PIK3CA mutations (exon 9 and exon 20) and 37 HRM positive tumor samples were analyzed by DNA sequencing, mutations being found in 31. PIK3CA exon 9 mutations (Q546R, E542Q, E545K, E542K and E545D) were found in 10 tumor samples, exon 20 mutations (H1047L, H1047R, T1025T and G1049R) in 21, where only 1 tumor sample had two exon 20 mutations (T1025T and H1047R). Moreover, we detected one sample with both exon 9 (E542Q) and exon 20 (H1047R) mutations. 35% of the tumor samples with high IGFBP-5 mRNA expression and 29.4% of the tumor samples with low IGFBP-5 mRNA expression had PIK3CA mutations (p=0.9924). This is the first study of PIK3CA mutation screening results in Turkish breast cancer population using HRM analysis. This approach appears to be a very effective and reliable screening method for the PIK3CA exon 9 and 20 mutation detection. Further analysis with a greater number of samples is needed to clarify association between PIK3CA gene mutations and IGFBP-5 mRNA expression, and also clinical outcome in breast cancer patients.