• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 2018

Melanin is a polymer substance that plays an important role in the determination of hair growth and skin color in vivo. However, melanin, which is over-produced by reactive oxygen species, is known to cause stains, freckles, and hypercholesterolemia, which are associated with aging. Previous studies have shown that polyphosphate, one of the components of Rhynchosia Nulubilis, inhibits skin aging induced by ultraviolet rays. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct effect of Rhynchosia Nulubilis ethanolic extract (RNEE) on melanin synthesis. In this study, RNEE showed no antioxidative effects on scavenging activity of DPPH radical in addition to reducing power. The cytotoxicity of RNEE was increased in a dose-dependent manner in an MTT assay. In addition, RNEE increased tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis in DOPA-oxidation experiments. RNEE did not promote the conversion L-DOPA into melanin in live cells, but melanin production was promoted in the RNEE-treated group after H2O2 pretreatment compared to the control group in which melanin production was reduced by treatment with H2O2. In addition, RNEE increased the expression level of tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2) and increased the expression level of tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) at a concentration of $16{\mu}g/ml$. In particular, it was found that RNEE increased the expression level of SOD-3, by which superoxide anion is converted to hydrogen peroxide, higher than the control and ${\alpha}$-MSH used as a positive control at a concentration of more than $16{\mu}g/ml$. The results suggest that RNEE can induce melanogenesis related to black hair.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.418-425
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• 2017

This study investigated antioxidation activity through the content of total polyphenol, that of flavonoid and DPPH radical scavenging activity and measured the cytotoxicity against B16F10 melanoma and inhibiting function of melanin biosynthesis to evaluate antioxidation activity and melanocyte effect of pueraria lobata root extract. As the results of study, it was recognized that the toxicity did not show against B16F10 melanoma and the increase of generating melanin was inhibited as the results of measuring the inhibition function of melanin biosynthesis after inducing the generation of melanin by ${\alpha}$-MSH against B16F10 melanoma cell. The high contents of polyphenol and flavonoid was found as the contents of pueraria lobata root extract increases and DPPH radical scavenging activity as the results of antioxidation activity. Through this study, it was recognized that pueraria lobata root extract has the feasibility that can be used as the material of cosmetics as it has the excellent effect of antioxidation activity and inhibiting the generation of melanin against melanocyte, low toxicity against skin cell and its safety against melanocyte of skin was found.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.900-907
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• 2018

This study was carried out to evaluate the possibility of unripe apple peel water extracts as cosmetic materials and to evaluate the biological activities of the antioxidant and whitening effects of the samples. The antioxidative properties of the samples were confirmed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) cation radical scavenging ability. To evaluate the whitening effect of the samples, several analytical techniques were used, including toxicity evaluations of the samples by MTT assays. Measurements of the inhibition rates of cellular tyrosinase, melanin synthesis rates, and expression rates of whitening-related proteins and genes were confirmed using melanoma (B16F10 cell). At equivalent unripe apple peel water concentrations ($1,000{\mu}g/ml$), the DPPH radical scavenging and the ABTS cation radical scavenging activities were 77.3% and 93.1%, respectively. The whitening activity evaluation showed that tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis were inhibited by 19.8% and 17.3%, respectively, at unripe apple peel water extract concentrations of $50{\mu}g/ml$. In B16F10 cells induced by ${\alpha}$-MSH, the expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 decreased. Also, the activity of the transcription factor MITF was inhibited. In real-time PCR experiments, the expression of related genes at the upstream signal level was also found to be progressively lowered as the concentration of unripe apple peel water extracts increased. From these results, it was confirmed that the unripe apple peel water extracts showed excellent whitening efficacy and could be used as safe, natural, raw cosmetic material in the future.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1345-1354
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• 2016

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common and tissue-specific autoimmune disease of hair follicle resulting in the loss of hair on the scalp and elsewhere on the body. Hair follicles is a unique organ because it has its own immune system and hormonal milieu and has a different immune state at each hair cycle stage. The collapses of anagen-dependent hair follicle immune privilege arise autoimmune attack, inducing ectopic MHC class I expression in the hair follicle epithelium and autoantigen presentation to autoreactive CD8+T cells, which results in AA. Clinical and experimental studies have pointed that psychological stress may also influence the hair follicle immune/hormone systems and contribute to the induction of AA. The key pathogenesis of AA is associated with immune privilege guardians (including ACTH, ${\alpha}-MSH$, and $TGF-{\beta}$), natural killer group 2D-positive (NKG2D+) cells (including NK and CD8+T cells), and stress hormones (including CRH and substance P). Effective treatments for AA are still demanded. One of the future targets of treatment will be the modification of hair follicle immune privilege including stress. Recent studies have reported that JAK inhibitors and immunomodulators used in other autoimmune disease, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis, Tregs, platelet-rich plasma therapy, statins, and prostaglandin anaolgues are effective for AA. Here the article reviews the recent understanding in the pathogenesis associated with perifollicular endocrine/immunology and new treatments of AA.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.745-752
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• 2018

Melanogenesis is involved in the pigmentation of the hair, eyes, and skin in living organisms. Various signaling pathways stimulated by ${\alpha}-MSH$, SCF/c-Kit, $Wnt/{\beta}-catenin$, nitric oxide and ultraviolet activate melanocyte, leading to melanin production by tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 expressed via the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). However, the abnormal regulation of melanogenesis causes dermatological issues such as graying hair and vitiligo. Therefore, the activators that promote melanogenesis are crucial for the prevention of graying hair and the treatment of hypopigmentary disorders. Many melanogenesis stimulators have been studied for the development of novel drugs derived from synthesized compounds and natural products. Here, in addition to providing a description of a common signaling pathway in the melanogenesis of graying hair and the vitiligo process for the development of novel anti-hair graying agents, this article reviews natural herbs and the active ingredients that promote melanin synthesis as a pharmaceutical agent for the treatment of vitiligo. In particular, compounds such as Imatinib and Sugen with a stimulating effect on melanogenesis as a side effect of the drugs, are also introduced. Recent advances in research on natural plant extracts such as Polygonum multiflorum, Rhynchosia Nulubilis, Black oryzasativa, and Orysa sartiva, widely known as traditional and medicinal extracts, are also reviewed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2016

Background : The white jelly mushroom (Tremella fuciformis), one of the most popular edible fungi, has medicinal properties. However, the effects of T. fuciformis in skin whitening or anti-wrinkle efficacy has not been defined to date. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of T. fuciformis extracts on whitening and anti-wrinkle efficacy in skin cells. Methods and Results :We prepared T. fuciformis extracts with water. The extracts ($80^{\circ}C$) contained 12.11 mg/g polyphenol and 8.54 mg/g flavonoid concentration. T. fuciformis extracts markedly decreased melanin contents and tyrosinase activity in ${\alpha}$-MSH-stimulated melanocytes (B16F10 cells). In addition, the mRNA expression of melanin formation factors, such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) were significantly down-regulated in ${\alpha}$-MSH-stimulated melanocyte. Furthermore, T. fuciformis extracts increased the synthesis of type I procollagen and reduced mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) in the human dermal fibroblast (HDFn cells). These data indicated that T. fuciformis extracts induce repression of cellular melanogenesis and protect against wrinkles caused by UVB-stimulated damage. Conclusions : Thus T. fuciformis extracts could be a cosmetic candidate for skin whitening and anti-wrinkle effects.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.38-50
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• 2017

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate effects of Lonicera Flos Extracts(LFE) on whitening using B16F10 cell lines. Methods : In this experiment, we observed effects of LFE on cell viability, inhibitory effects of melanin synthesis, inhibitory effect on tyrosinase, tyrosinase activity, superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like activity and mRNA expression. Results : In results, more than $2000{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated group showed lowered cell viability rates significantly compared to albutin treated group. More than $2000{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated groups were lower levels of melanin synthesis. Inhibitory effects of melanin production showed in $1000{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated group. $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated group significantly suppressed tyrosinase activities in vitro. LFE and albutin treated group significantly decreased tyrosinase activity compared to non treated group. SOD-like activity of LFE treated group was lower than vitamin C treated group but increased depending on concentration. $500{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated group and $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated group was significantly increased. Tyrosinase mRNA expression of ${\alpha}$-MSH and LFE $250{\mu}g/ml$ treated group significantly decreased compared to ${\alpha}$-MSH treated group. Conclusions : These results suggest that LFE can inhibit melanin synthesis through inhibitory action on tyrosinase activity. And LFE suppressed tyrosinase activities B16F10 cells significantly. So I suggest LFE can apply to whitening.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.49-61
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• 2017

Objectives : In order to find out the whitening effects of Leonuri Herba, this study was designed to identify the effects and the action mechanism of LHE(Leonuri Herba extract) on Malignant melanoma cell lines. Methods : After treating LHE on the B16F10 cell-Malignant melanoma cell line-, the cell survival rate, melanin biosynthesis rate, intra&extracellular tyrosinase activity rate, SOD-like activity, tyrosinase mRNA gene expression were investigated. The results were compared with control group without LHE treatment or with positive control group treated with whitening efficacy substance. Results : B16F10 cell survival rate, melanin biosynthesis rate, and intra&extracellular tyrosinase activity were significantly inhibited depending on the concentration of treated LHE. Melanin biosynthesis rate and tyrosinase activity rate were also decreased when ${\alpha}-MSH$ was combined with LHE. In addition, the SOD-like activity was increased in a concentration-dependent manner in the treatment with the LHE, indicating signigicant activity at high concentrations, and the tyrosinase mRNA gene expression was decreased in both the LHE-treated group, the LHE and ${\alpha}-MSH-treated$ group. Conclusions : LHE seems to inhibit melanin synthesis through inhibition of tyrosinase activity and inhibition of tyrosinase mRNA gene expression. It also has the effect of promoting SOD-like activity and may be used clinically as a skin whitening agent in the future.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 2015

Forsythia fructus has been shown to have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-aging and whitening effects. This work was carried out to investigate the anti-aging effects of Forsythia viridissima-prescription extracts (Yeongyoseungma-tang, Gamiyeongyoseungma-tang, Hoechunyangkyeok-san) on skin. Skin anti-aging effect of Forsythia viridissima-prescription extracts (Yeongyoseungma-tang, Gamiyeongyoseungma-tang, Hoechunyangkyeok-san) was evaluated by using antioxidant assay, anti-glycation activity, inhibitory effect of tyrosinase activity, expression of type I procollagen and UVA-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 on HS68 cells, and reduction of ${\alpha}$-MSH-induced melanin on B16F1 cells. Forsythia viridissima-prescription extracts showed anti-oxidative and anti-glycation activity. The pectinex hydrolysed extract from Yeongyoseungma-tang 75% EtOH extract and Gamiyeongyoseungma-tang 75% EtOH extract increased the type I procollagen synthesis, and decreased the UVA-induced MMP-1 expression on HS68 cells. The pectinex hydrolysed extracts of Hoechunyangkyeok-san 75% EtOH extract had the inhibitory effect of melanin synthesis on B16F1 cells. Based on these results, we suggest that Forsythia viridissima-prescription extracts may be useful as a potential source of functional anti-aging cosmetics.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2022

Biorenovation is a method that converts existing compounds into new compounds through the enzymatic action of microorganisms. Biorenovation has expected effects such as reducing toxicity of compounds and increasing their activity. In this study, we successfully synthesized Luteolin-7-O-glucoside (L7G) through biorenovation and investigated its inhibitory effect on melanin production in α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone induced B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. We confirmed that Luteolin was toxic at 50, 100 and 200 µM, but our L7G in same concentration was not toxic for B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and also showed significant reduction in melanin production and tyrosinase activity. In addition, while investigating the effect of L7G on factors involved in melanin synthesis through western blotting, we were able to confirm that the MITF and tyrosinase protein synthesis was inhibited in treatment with L7G, however, tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) and dopachrome tautomerase (TRP-2) expression was not affected. So we derived a conclusion that through biorenovation we could produce compounds like L7G with improved activity and reduced toxicity for possible use as an active ingredient with whitening functionality in cosmetics.It also suggests that the application of biorenovation has potential usefulness in developing anti-inflammatory materials. It also suggests that the application of bio-renovation has potential usefulness in the development of inflammatory material. We applied Biorenovation technology to Distylium racemosum extract (DR) to generate Distylium racemosum biorenovation product (DRB), and investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of DRB in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. We are applying technology to Biorenovation Distylium racemosum extract (DR) Distylium racemosum was to create a biorenovation product (DRB), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of DRB in RAW264.7 macrophages treated for.