• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.661-668
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• 2002

We investigated the effect of tea fungus/kombucha beverage(TF) on the body weights, the blood glucose levels, lipid and protein concentrations, and enzyme activities in diabetic female rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed drinking water supplemented with 20% or 40% TF groups, respectively for 7 weeks. The female rats (mean weight 155.5$\pm$9.3 g) were assigned to one control and three diabetic groups. Diabetic groups were divided into diabetic control (TF free water), 20% or 40% TFD groups (20% or 40% TF in water) according to the levels of TF supplementation. Diabetes was experimentally induced by intraperitonially administration of streptozotocin in citrate buffer(pH 4.3) after 2 weeks feeding of four experimental water. Animals were sacrificed at the 5 weeks of diabetic state. The diabetic groups showed significantly decrease of body weight(6.8-7.5 g) compared with the control group(48.3 g). The hepatic, kidney and pancreatic weights of 20% or 40% TFD groups were not significantly different with D-control group. The fasting serum glucose level were higher in all diabetic groups than that of the control group. The concentrations of serum triglyceride in 40% TFD group and serum LDL-cholesterol in 20% TFD group were significantly decreased compared with the D-control group. The concentrations of serum total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio, and atherogenic index in 20% or 40% TFD groups were similar to those in D-control group. The concentrations of hepatic triglyceride in 20% or 40% TFD groups were significantly decreased compared with the D-control group, but the concentrations of hepatic cholesterol and phospholipid were similar to all diabetic groups. The concentrations of serum and hepatic total protein, serum albumin, and the activities of GOT, GPT and LDH in the serum were the same levels of all diabetic groups.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.427-436
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• 2004

The current study was conducted to determine the effect of suspension method on satisfaction level of Korean consumers and objective meat quality traits in Hanwoo longissimus dorsi(LD), triceps brachii(TB) and semimembranosus(SM) muscles. Eighteen Hanwoo steers were slaughtered and alternative sides were hung either by pelvic bone(TS) or Achilles tendon(Al). Sensory characteristics, WB-shear force, sarcomere length, water-holding capacity, saroomere length and cooking loss were determined after a 7-d chiller ageing. Higher carcass quality grade received significantly(p < 0.05) greater eating quality for LD, but the grade did not affect eating quality for both TB and SM. TS did not influence objective and subjective meat quality for TB, but that significantly(P < 0.05) improved eating quality for LD and SM. The most noticeable result was that when SM was tenderstretehed, eating quality was equivalent to that of nonna1ly hung LD. In relationship between objective and subjective meat quality assessments, eating qualty for LD had a significant(P < 0.05) relationship with intramuscular fat content, while that for SM was greatly(P < 0.05) related to saroomere length. The current study indicated that pelvic hanging was an effective way to improve eating quality both LD and SM, and carcass quality grades did not greatly reflect eating quality of SM and TB. The data also implied that instnunental measurements poorly estimated the satisfaction level of Korean conswners.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2001

The ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction of Commiphora molmol Engl. showed minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 ppm and 25 ppm, respectively, on 5 strains of Listeria monocytogenes at $32^{\circ}C$. The purified substance, C3-3-2 fraction, was isolated by silica gel column and preparative thin layer chromatography from n-hexane fraction of Commiphora molmol Engl. The C3-3-2 fraction showed a strong bactericidal activity on 5 strains of L. monocytogenes at the concentration of 10 ppm in tryptic soy broth medium. At that concentration, the viable count was reduced $5{\sim}6$ log cycle from initial cell number. The n-hexane fraction of Commiphora molmol Engl. showed strong growth inhibition at the concentration of 25 ppm on Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, at 50 ppm in broth on Salmonella enteritidis, and at 500 ppm on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The purified antimicrobial substance, the C3-3-2 fraction, was identified as m-nonylphenol by on the basis of the $^1H-,\;^{13}C-NMR$ and EI/MS data. For the application test, the C3-3-2 fraction which was purely isolated from Commiphora molmol Engl. at 100 ppm were applied to minced Alaska pollack and ground beef at $32^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$. The antimicrobial substances did not reduce L. monocytogenes ATCC 19113 at $32^{\circ}C$, while they reduced L. monocytogenes ATCC 19113 in viable number at $5^{\circ}C$. However, the antimicrobial effect of C3-3-2 fraction in food system was lower than that of broth condition.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.2 s.26
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• pp.290-301
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• 1989

This is preliminary report on anthrax epidemic occurred in an island with about 100 residents. Since 1982 there had been sudden deaths among all kinds of domestic animals including cattle, dogs, ducks, chicken and goat but only a few among cats in an isolated island about three hours distance away by ferry boat from Mokpo city. From 1986 through 1988 nine human deaths and four patients occurred, which made the government intervene for investigation on June 25 1988. The epidemiological investigation consisted of interview survey and medical examination, medical record analysis, laboratory work to isolate the pathogens under the direction of hypothesis derived from the study and further confirmation of the pathogens by international institute. The summarized results are as followings: 1. According to the interview survey there were many deaths among domestic animals usually in cold and dry season such as January through March and September through November; 36 heads of cattle leaving one head, more than 40 hogs(all), hundreds of chicken leaving few alive, goats that had taken home from mountain and two or three cats out of around 40 had sudden deaths from 1982 till 1985, when the residents stopped to purchase and take them into the island anymore. Also there were eleven persons who had experienced the similar syndrome complex to those of admitted and expired patients and four of them revealed typical chest X-ray findings; from one of these four patients(Rho) B. anthracis is isolated. 2. Medical record on patients who had been admitted, showed common characteristics of the disease course. On admission they had either gastrointestinal or upper respiratory infection symptoms which invariably progressed to septicemic nature with pulmonary interstitial infiltration and mediastinal widening/bulging, and then to deadly acute respiratory distress syndrome. At the end stage chest X-ray revealed multiple bullous emphysema. One of another characteristics was oral ulceration with bleeding occurred in about 50% of the patients. Laboratory test results in common were leukocytosis with left shift and abnormal liver and kidney functions, particularly at the later stage of the illness. 3. Epidemiological characteristics was striking in that both mortality and incidence rates were high: the mortality rate was 8.7% average, male being three times higher than females but there was no distictive clustering by age group. The incidence rate for both sexes was 28.2% and there was no sex difference although a tendency of higher incidence among older ages was noticed. The highest mortality and incidence were observed in Won village where the first death of animal occurred and with the highest frequency among three villages of the island. 4. Among twelve bacilli species isolated from various specimens, two strains, one from patient and the other from soil where the recently died cow is hurried, were confirmed as B. anthracis by Pasteur Institute and CDC of USA(strain from soil). CDC reported that the strain did not produce capsule in bicarbonate media but reacted with the bacteriophage and one of five sera taken from the patients. Mode of transmission as well as incubation period of the agent has not been established yet, which needs further investigation in relation to the antigenic structure of the variant when it is confirmed.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.265-279
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• 1987

About 140 weed species belonging to 42 families occurring in summer were observed in Ulreung island. The Compositae was the most wildely occurring family covering 27 weed species, followed by 21 species in Graminae, 9 in Polygonaceae, 7 in Leguminosae, and 7 in Labiatae etc. In terms of the lands classified, about 60 species in 26 families were observed in the cultivated and the medical crops grown areas, respectively, and 116 species in 40 families occurred in the non-cultivated land like the vicinity of the cultivated area and 94 species in 34 families in the valley. No. of species and families were much greater in the non-cutivated land than those of the cultivated one. The most dominant weed species in both the cultivated and its vicinity in Ulreung island were Digitaria sanguinalis, followed by Portulaca oleracea, Polygonum hydropiper, Equisetum arvensis, Artemisia princeps, Commetina communis, Setaria viridis in order. Community analysis was done by the method of Toyohara in two cultivated lands such as the general crop land and the medical herb crop grown land, and two non-cultivated areas such as the vicinity of the cultivated land and valley. The cultivated land consisted of the communites of P. hydropiper and Cyperus amuricus, including Bidens tripartita in P. hydropiper community. The medical crop grown land composed of three major communities like P. hydropiper, Amaranthus mangostanus and Sonchus asper in which A. mangostanus and S. media were presented in the ecoton, indicating community being transiting. In the non-cultivated areas like the vicinity of crop land, the communities of Erigeron annuus, P. oleracea, and Oxalis corniculata were dominant, and Dystaenia takeshimana was included in the community of E. annuus and Stellan'a aquatica in P. oleracea community. In the valley, Ranunculus quelpaertensis community was existed in between the communities of Sonchus asper and Plantago asiatica.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2000

Wood of Robinia pseudoacacia and bark of Populus alba$\times$P. glandulosa, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica were collected and extracted with acetone-water(7:3, v/v) in glass jar to examine whether its bioactive compounds exist. The concentrated extracts were fractionated with hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and water, and then freeze-dried for column chromatography and bioactive tests. The isolated compounds were sakuranetin-5-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside from Populus alba $\times$Pl glandulosa, 4--ethyoxy-(+)-leucorobinetinidin frm R. pseudoacacia and fraxetion from F. rhynchophylla and were characterized by $^1H$ and$^{13}C $ NMR and positive FAB-MS. Decay-resistant activity was expressed by weight loss ratio and hyphae growth inhibition in the wood dust agar medium inoculated wood rot fungi. R. pseudoacacia showed best anti-decaying property in both test and its methanol untreated samples, indicating higher activity than methanol treated samples in hyphae grwoth test. In antioxidative test, $\alpha$-tocopherol, one of natural antioxidants, and BHT, one of synthetic antioxidants, were used as references to cmpare with the antioxidant activities of the extacted fractions. Ethylacetate fraction of F. rhynchophylla bark indicated the hightest activity in this test and all fractions of R. pseudiacacia extractives also indicated higher activities compared with the other fractions. In the isolated compounds, aesculetin isolated from F. rhynchophylla bark showed best activity and followed by robonetinidin from R. pseudoacaica.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.350-359
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to develop theme-based integrated science unit by the interdisciplinary approach and to analyze it's effects on the science achievement and the attitude towards science learning. 'Interaction' and 'Stability' were selected as the integrated themes, and the main concept and subconcept in relation to the themes were extracted from the four areas of science, and the learning contents were constructed in the integrated ways. While the main concept have relevance to subconcept in the interaction, the main concept have little relevance to subconcept in the stability. Therefore, the stability was to fit with middle school integrated science theme, but the interaction was not. The theme-based integrated science units developed was implemented in middle school, and the results are follows. First, the science achievement of group of theme-based integrated science teaching is significantly higher than those of group of traditional teaching. Second, the scores of the test of attitude toward science learning of the group of theme-based integrated science teaching is significantly higher than those of group of traditional teaching. Third, the students' perception of theme-based integrated science teaching was positive. The students have participation, interest, motivation in theme-based integrated science teaching, and students have difficulty in learning theme-based integrated science teaching.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.1096-1101
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• 2008

Purpose : Patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) have genetic mutations in a component of the NADPH oxidase enzyme that is necessary for the generation of the superoxide anion. The profound defect in innate immunity is reflected by the patients susceptibility to catalase-positive bacteria and fungi. In addition, CGD patients display signs of persistent inflammation, which is not associated only with deficient superoxide anion production. The aim of this study was to elucidate the cytokine responses in CGD patients after $TNF-{\alpha}$ stimulation. Methods : Heparinized blood samples were collected from 8 CGD patients and 10 healthy volunteers. Monocytes ($1{\times}10^6cell/well$) isolated by the magnet cell isolation system were incubated with a constant amount of $TNF-{\alpha}$ (10 ng/mL) at $37^{\circ}C$ for 6 h. Incubated cells were harvested at 60-min intervals for IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA analysis, and the supernatant was collected at the same intervals to determine IL-8 and IL-10 expression. Monocytes from healthy volunteers were also incubated with antioxidants followed by $TNF-{\alpha}$ stimulation for IL-8 and IL-10 expression. Results : In CGD patients, a high expression of IL-8 together with a significantly higher IL-10 expression than in the healthy controls was seen after $TNF-{\alpha}$ stimulation. Moreover, normal monocytes treated with antioxidants exhibited increased IL-8 responses. Conclusion : The absence of phagocyte-derived reactive oxidants in CGD might be associated with a dysregulated production of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines. Additional research related to reactive oxidants is needed to clarify the role of cytokines in CGD patients.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.13
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• pp.471-485
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• 2007

This study is performed to find out what type instructions are produced to players by coaches and what effects are resulted in cooperative spirit of the concerned group. Furthermore the study has its aims at advancing instructors' skills by using finding of it. The study used 'SPSS 11.0 FOR WINDOW - Statistical Package' to analyze the collected samples and dealt with data of 174 individuals. Statistical analysis of the research for hypothesis verification was about frequency, trust level, mutual relationship, variables, and T-verification. The meaningful level for any result was ranged within 95%(p< .05), 99%(p<.01). The finding are as follows. Effects on pleasure, one of elements of team spirits taken by instructor's training style are analyzed as follows. It was proved to be meaningful in relation with a series of activities like training, democratic, social, compensatory aspects and showed also considerable relation with power based behaviors. That says, players are found to enjoy high pleasure when social and bureaucratic behaviors of instructors are very energetic. In addition to that, training, democratic, and compensatory activities didn't show any meaningful effect. Team spirit was found to play a main role between instructor's behaviors and training, democratic, social rewarding activities. Democratic and social acts influence on team spirit. Looking into the detailed aspects, team spirit was resulted very high in the individuals with low democratic mind and was shown high group spirit by groups with high sociable activities. Teamworks was found to be affected by relation between instructor's acts and training, democratic, social and compensatory aspects and it showed meaningful relations with training, social, bureaucratic behaviors. Low degree of training and bureaucratic activities are found to prefer for power team spirit, and high social activities led a strong teamworks. Group binding spirit was influenced by training, democratic, social compensatory, bureaucratic behaviors and it showed to give effects on democratic, social, and bureaucratic activities of instructors. Low degree of democratic and bureaucratic behaviors are found to produce strong team spirit. In contrast with that, strong social activities was found to be motive of powerful team spirit. Value of team spirit was found to play a main role between instructor's behaviors and training, democratic, social, rewarding activities. It didn't show any meaningful effect on behavior of instructors.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 2005

Purpose : Urine collection using a sterile adhesive bag for urinalysis has been used commonly in infants and young children. However, this method has had some drawbacks. So, this study was performed to evaluate the usage of disposable diapers as a substitute for the routine urine collection method. Methods : 60 mL of self voided fresh urine was collected from 99 patients. Half of the urine was poured on the disposable diapers which did not contain absorbent gel beads. After 1 hr, we obtained the urine samples(extracted urine) by compressing the wet diapers using a 50 ml syringe. Routine, microscopic and biochemical analyses were performed on the other half of fresh urine and extracted urine. Then we compared each result by correlative analysis. Results : 198 samples from 99 patients were evaluated. The results of routine urinalysis except WBC and biochemical urinalysis showed a significant correlation between the two groups(P<0.05). The relative coefficients of urine SG, pH, glucose, protein, blood and leukocytes between the two groups were 0.964, 0.938, 0.977, 0.956, 0.931 and 0.738, respectively. Those of urinary sodium, potassium, chloride and creatinine were 0.997, 0.998, 0.995 and 0.998, respectively Microscopic examinations showed lower relative coefficients than the other results, 0.740 for RBC and 0.602 for WBC, but these were still significant(P<0.05). Conclusion : The results of the urine analysis with extracted urine from diapers correlates well with that of fresh urine. This new method is very helpful and can be used as an alternative of urine collection, especially for infants and young children. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2005;9:128-136)