• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 2006

The foliar injuries and absorption rates of calcium compounds in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. momotaro) and citrus [Shiranuhi(C. Marc. ${\time}C$. sinensis Osbeck)${\time}C$. reticulata Blanco)] were investigated. 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0% of $CaCl_2$, $Ca(NO_3)_2$, $Ca(H_2PO_4)_2$, Ca-EDTA, Ca formate or Ca acetate solution were applied to the leaves of tomato and citrus. The leaf burns were observed only in the foliar applications of Ca-EDTA and $Ca(H_2PO_4)_2$. Ca-EDTA exhibited more serious foliar injury than CaH2PO4. As applied with $^{45}CaCl_2$, $^{45}Ca(NO_3)_2$, $^{45}Ca$ formate or $^{45}Ca$ acetate, the rates of Ca absorptions by tomato and citrus leaves for 7 days were 17 to 32% and 6.6 to 46%, respectively. It meant that the absorption was differently influenced on calcium compounds. In tomato, the order of Ca foliar absorption was $Ca(NO_3)_2$ > Ca formate = $CaCl_2$ > Ca acetate. Although there was no difference in Ca absorption between the adaxial and abaxial parts of tomato leaves, total absorption was greater in expanded leaves than in expanding ones. On the other hand, in citrus Ca foliar absorption from $Ca(NO_3)_2$ or Ca formate was more active than that from $CaCl_2$ or Ca acetate. In conclusion, $Ca(NO_3)_2$ and Ca formate are recommended for the foliar application of Ca in tomato and citrus in order to increase absorption of Ca into their leaves.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the antler induction rate and production by artificial induction of antlerogenesis using $CaCl_2$ injection on both periosteum around area of horn development for the frontal bone of a female elk deer which do not have an antler. The results obtained from eleven deers for verifying effect of the female's antler induction on reproduction are as follows: The antler development induction by $CaCl_2$injection is higher on the treatments of 30 and 50% of $CaCl_2$ injection than those on the treatments of 15 %. The antler production is higher on the 30 % $CaCl_2$ injection than those of 15 and 50 % $CaCl_2$ injection. For 30 % $CaCl_2$ injection, the antler production is higher in 1.5 and 2.0 ml of % $CaCl_2$ injection than the other injection level. After the induction of antler development, the birth rate is not changed as of 75~100 %, while the regeneration rate of the antler which was not constant in approximately 45 % for five among eleven female deer. With these results, we assume that the injection concentration and amount of $CaCl_2$ injection are around 30 % and 1.5 and 2.0 ml level which can be not only most effective conditions for the antler induction rate and production, but also these conditions do not influence the reproduction during the period of the female elk's antler development induction.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2010

An EPDM article was aged in air, distilled water, tap water, NaCl/$CaCl_2$ solution, and $CaCl_2/FeCl_3$ solution for 7 days. The aging temperature was $90^{\circ}C$. The samples aged in air and distilled water did not appear the whitening, those aged in tap water, NaCl/$CaCl_2$ solution, and $CaCl_2/FeCl_3$ solution showed the whitening. Soluble organic materials were analyzed using GC/MS to identify the whitening materials, surface morphology of the aged sample surface was examined using image analyzer and SEM, and elemental analysis of the materials accumulated on the sample surface was performed using EDX. Principal reason to cause whitening might be formation of metal salt of fatty acid by reaction between metal cation and fatty acid.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2006

The strawberry was dipped into $1\%\;CaCl_2$ solution at $20^{\circ}C\;and\;45^{\circ}C$ for 15min. respectively, and then packaged with or without PE film (thickness: 0.011mm) before putting into the cold storage at $5^{\circ}C$. The results showed the lowest rate of rot incidence and the highest firmness with higher Vitamin C content and the best superficial appearance in the treatment of $CaCl_2$ dipping at $45^{\circ}C$ with packaging. It also showed lower pH and higher titratable acidity in the treatment However, no significant difference of SSC was found among various treatments. The results suggested that the combination of postharvest calcium dipping and packaging could result in more effective preservation for strawberry compared with the individual treatment.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.141-145
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• 2006

In this study, $Eu^{2+}$ ion was used as an activator in order to enhance the PL(photoluminescene) and PSL(photostimulated luminescence) intensity of $MCl_2:Eu^{2+}$(M = Ca, Sr, Ba)phosphors and the chracteristics of PL and PSL of the phosphors were investigated. The emission of $MCl_2:Eu^{2+}$(M = Ca, Sr, Ba) phosphors shows a shift wavelength when the host caution changes. The optimal preparing conditions of $CaCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor were 0.5 mol％ of $EuCl_2$ and the sintering temperature were $745^{\circ}C$, 45 min. in $H_2$ atmosphere. The PL and PSL spectra of $CaCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ locate in the range of $365{\sim}388\;nm$, peaking at 370 and 380 nm. The optimal preparing conditions of $BaCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor were 0.5 mol％ of $EuCl_2$ and the sintering temperature were $905^{\circ}C$, 45 min. in $H_2$ atmosphere. The PL and PSL spectra of $BaCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ locate in the range of $370{\sim}460\;nm$, peaking at 398 nm. The optimal preparing conditions of $SrCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor were 0.5mol％ of $EuCl_2$ and the sintering temperature were $840^{\circ}C$, 45min. in $H_2$ atmosphere. The PL and PSL spectra of $SrCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ locate in the range of $380{\sim}440\;nm$, peaking at 407 nm. The dose response of the $MCl_2:Eu^{2+}$(0.5 mol%)(M = Ba, Sr) phosphors were linear within $0.25{\sim}200\;mGy$ of 100 kV X-ray and the PSL intensity of the $SrCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ and $BaCl_2:Eu^{2+}$ phosphors faded to approximately 60 and 40% respectively after 120 min at room temperature.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2000

The elongation of mesocotyl and coleoptile plays important roles in the seedling emergence and stand establishment of dry direct-seeded rice. Experiments were carried out to elucidate the effects of seed-presoaking treatments of GA$_3$ and some inorganic salts on the mesocotyl, and coleoptile elongation of rice. Seed-soaked GA$_3$ promoted the elongation of mesocotyl, but little effect on the coleoptile elongation. The stimulation effects of GA$_3$ were found to be enhanced by addition of CaCl$_2$ However, the sole treatment of CaCl$_2$ showed no stimulating effect on the mesocotyl and coleoptile elongation. Mesocotyl elongation was most prominent in the combined treatments of 50ppm GA$_3$ with 100 mM CaCl$_2$. The synergistic effects of GA$_3$ and CaCl$_2$ on mesocotyl elongation varied with varietal groups. The stimulating effects of GA$_3$ were enhanced significantly by the addition of CaCl$_2$ in japonica varieties, Dongjinbyeo, Ilpumbyeo and Milyang 95, and tall indica variety, Labelle, but not in semidwarf Tongil type varieties, Tongilbyeo, Milyang 23, and Nampungbyeo, and semi-dwarf indica, Short Labelle. The promoting effects of GA$_3$ on the mesocotyl elongation were decreased in proportion to the lowered osmotic potential by PEG 6000 on the contrary to CaCl$_2$ This implies that the synergistic effects of CaCl$_2$ with GA$_3$ on mesocotyl elongation was not caused by osmotic potential lowered by CaCl$_2$ addition but by the salt itself. Salts such as Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$, MgCl$_2$ BaCl$_2$, NaCl, KCl and KNO$_3$ showed the synergistic effects with GA$_3$ on mesocotyl elongation as well. The degree of synergistic effects showed no differences among salts tested, implying that there is no specificity of ions constituting the salts.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of calcium chloride($CaCl_2$) on the growth and physiological responses of Pinus strobus and the variables that are sensitive to $CaCl_2$. Thus, changes in the visible damage, growth of root collar diameter, plant water content, chlorophyll content and composition, maximum PS II photochemical efficiency, and electron transport rate of P. strobus was analyzed in relation to treatment witih $CaCl_2$. A $CaCl_2$ solution(0.5, 1.0 and 3.0%) was applied in the root zone before leaf unfolding. Leaf browning, defoliation, and drying were observed with $CaCl_2$ application and this pattern was aggravated as the $CaCl_2$ concentration increased and the treatment period became longer. The decrease of growth in root collar diameter and height and leaf water content were observed at $CaCl_2$ 1.0% and 3.0%. The total chlorophyll content indicated that photopigment, PS II photochemical efficiency and electron transport rate significantly decreased at $CaCl_2$ 3.0%. In conclusion, $CaCl_2$ affected leaf water content and led to a decrease of capability in light harvesting and photochemical responses. Also, as a result of the correlation between calcium chloride concentration and growth and physiological response parameters, it was found that the leaf moisture content and the ratio of chlorophyll a and b reflect the damage level of calcium chloride sensitively because their coefficient of determinations were relatively high.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.529-533
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• 2006

To produce fresh-cut fruit products of high quality, the combined effects of postharvest calcium and heat treatment on Tsugaru apple were examined. Whole fruits were treated for 20 min at three different conditions: dipping in 3% $CaCl_2$ solution at $45^{\circ}C$ or ambient temperature, or in heated water at $45^{\circ}C$. The calcium content of the apples dipped in $CaCl_2$ solution at $45^{\circ}C$ was higher than that of the control and the non-heated calcium dipping. The fruits with calcium and heat treatment showed the same pattern of respiration rates as the control did during storage. The browning degree of the apple slices increased to approximately 3% after one-day storage, but no significant difference was observed between the treated and untreated apples. The fruits with $CaCl_2$ solution dipping at $45^{\circ}C$ had higher firmness than those with calcium dipping or heat treatment alone.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 1996

To investigate properties of Ca-release channel in the reptile skeletal muscle, electrophoretical analysis, purification of RyR, $[^3H]ryanodine$binding study, and $^{45}Ca-release$ were carried out in the SR vesicles prepared from the snake skeletal muscle. The snake SR vesicle has the single high molecular weight protein band on SDS-PAGE, and its mobility was similar with that of rat skeletal SR vesicles. The high molecular weight band on SDS-PACE was found in the $[^3H]ryanodine$ peak fractions $(Fr_{5-7})$ obtained from the purification step of the RyR. Maximal binding site and Kd of the snake SR RyR were 6.36 pmole/mg protein and 17.62 nM, respectively. Specific binding of $[^3H]ryanodine$ was significantly increased by calcium and AMP (P<0.05), but not or slightly inhibited by tetracaine, ruthenium red (5.4%), or $MgCl_2$ (21%). $^{45}Ca-release$ from the SR vesicles loaded passively was significantly increased by the low concentration of calcium $(1{\sim}10{\mu}M)$ and AMP (5 mM)(P<0.05), but significantly decreased by the high concentration $(300{\mu}M)$ of calcium, tetracaine (1 mM), ruthenium red $(10{\mu}M)$, and $MgCl_2$ (2 mM)(P <0.05). From the above results, it is suggested that snake SR vesicles also have the RyR showing the similar properties to those of mammalian skeletal RyR with the exceptions of no or slight inhibition of $[^3H]ryanodine-binding$ by tetracaine, ruthenium red, or $MgCl_2$.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.487-494
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• 2001

During depolarization, extrusion of $Ca^{2+}$ from sarcoplasmic reticulum through forward-mode $Na^+-Ca^{2+}$ exchange was studied in the rat ventricular myocytes patch-clamped in whole-cell configuration. In order to confine the $Ca^{2+}$ responses in a micro-domain by limiting the $Ca^{2+}$ diffusion time, rat ventricular myocytes were dialyzed with high (14 mM) EGTA. $K^+$ current was suppressed by substituting KCl with 105 mM CsCl and 20 mM TEA in the pipette filling solution and by omitting KCl in the external Tyrode solution. $Cl^-$ current was suppressed by adding 0.1 mM DIDS in the external Tyrode solution. During stimulation roughly mimicking action potential, the initial outward current was converted into inward current, $47{\pm}1%$ of which was suppressed by 0.1 mM $CdCl_2.$ 10 mM caffeine increased the remaining inward current after $CdCl_2$ in a cAMP-dependent manner. This caffeine-induced inward current was blocked by $1\;{\mu}M$ ryanodine, $10\;{\mu}M$ thapsigargin, 5 mM $NiCl_2,$ or by $Na^+\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ omission, but not by $0.1\;{\mu}M$ isoproterenol. The $I{\sim}V$ relationship of the caffeine-induced current elicited inward current from -45 mV to +3 mV with the peak at -25 mV. Taken together, it is concluded that, during activation of the rat ventricular myocyte, forward-mode $Na^+-Ca^{2+}$ exchange extrudes a fraction of $Ca^{2+}$ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum mainly by voltage-sensitive release mechanism in a micro-domain in the t-tubule, which is functionally separable from global $Ca^{2+}{_i}$ by EGTA.