• Korean Journal of Radiology
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.51-61
• /
• 2023

Objective: To develop and test a machine learning model for classifying human papillomavirus (HPV) status of patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) using ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) PET-derived parameters in derived parameters and an appropriate combination of machine learning methods in patients with OPSCC. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 126 patients (118 male; mean age, 60 years) with newly diagnosed, pathologically confirmed OPSCC, that underwent ¹⁸F-FDG PET-computed tomography (CT) between January 2012 and February 2020. Patients were randomly assigned to training and internal validation sets in a 7:3 ratio. An external test set of 19 patients (16 male; mean age, 65.3 years) was recruited sequentially from two other tertiary hospitals. Model 1 used only PET parameters, Model 2 used only clinical features, and Model 3 used both PET and clinical parameters. Multiple feature transforms, feature selection, oversampling, and training models are all investigated. The external test set was used to test the three models that performed best in the internal validation set. The values for area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were compared between models. Results: In the external test set, ExtraTrees-based Model 3, which uses two PET-derived parameters and three clinical features, with a combination of MinMaxScaler, mutual information selection, and adaptive synthetic sampling approach, showed the best performance (AUC = 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-1). Model 3 outperformed Model 1 using PET parameters alone (AUC = 0.48, p = 0.047) and Model 2 using clinical parameters alone (AUC = 0.52, p = 0.142) in predicting HPV status. Conclusion: Using oversampling and mutual information selection, an ExtraTree-based HPV status classifier was developed by combining metabolic parameters derived from ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT and clinical parameters in OPSCC, which exhibited higher performance than the models using either PET or clinical parameters alone.

• 대한방사성의약품학회지
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.130-136
• /
• 2015

We evaluate the influence of MR contrast agent on positron emission tomography (PET) image using phantom, animal and human studies. Phantom consisted of 15 solutions with the mixture of various concentrations of Gd-based MR contrast agent and fixed activity of [$^{18}F$]FDG. Animal study was performed using rabbit and two kinds of MR contrast agents. After injecting contrast agent, CT or MRI scanning was performed at 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 minutes. PET image was obtained using clinical PET/CT scan, and attenuation correction was performed using the all CT images. The values of HU, PET activity and MRI intensity were obtained from ROIs in each phantom and organ regions. In clinical study, patients (n=20) with breast cancer underwent sequential acquisitions of early [$^{18}F$]FDG PET/CT, MRI and delayed PET/CT. In phantom study, as the concentration increased, the CT attenuation and PET activity also increased. However, there was no relationship between the PET activity and the concentration in the clinical dose range of contrast agent. In animal study, change of PET activity was not significant at all time point of CT scan both MR contrast agents. There was no significant change of HU between early and delayed CT, except for kidney. Early and delayed SUV in tumor and liver showed significant increase and decrease, respectively (P<0.05). Under the condition of most clinical study (< 0.2 mM), MR contrast agent did not influence on PET image quantitation.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2023년도 제68차 하계학술대회논문집 31권2호
• /
• pp.179-181
• /
• 2023

본 논문에서는 GAN 기반의 영상 생성 방법론을 이용해 delayed PET 영상을 생성하는 연구를 수행하였다. PET은 양전자를 방출하는 방사성 동위원소를 표지한 방사성의약품의 체내 분포를 시각화함으로서 암 세포 진단에 이용되는 의료영상 기법이다. 하지만 PET의 스캔 과정에서 방사성의약품이 체내에 분포하는 데에 걸리는 시간이 오래 걸린다는 문제점이 존재한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 방사성의약품이 충분히 분포되지 않은 상태에서 얻은 PET 영상을 통해 목표로 하는 충분히 시간이 지난 후에 얻은 PET 영상을 생성하는 모델을 GAN (generative adversarial network)에 기반한 image-to-image translation(I2I)를 통해 수행했다. 특히, 생성 전후의 영상 간의 영상 쌍을 고려한 paired I2I인 Pix2pix와 이를 고려하지 않은 unpaired I2I인 CycleGAN 두 가지의 방법론을 비교하였다. 연구 결과, Pix2pix에 기반해 생성한 delayed PET 영상이 CycleGAN을 통해 생성한 영상에 비해 영상 품질이 좋음을 확인했으며, 또한 실제 획득한 ground-truth delayed PET 영상과의 유사도 또한 더 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 결과적으로, 딥러닝에 기반해 early PET을 통해 delayed PET을 생성할 수 있었으며, paired I2I를 적용할 경우 보다 높은 성능을 기대할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 PET 영상 획득 과정에서 방사성의약품의 체내 분포에 소요되는 시간을 딥러닝 모델을 통해 줄여 PET 이미징 과정의 시간적 비용을 절감하는 데에 크게 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 방사선산업학회지
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.13-18
• /
• 2017

Recently, the number of PET cyclotrons has increased in Korea. A cyclotron mainly produces $^{18}F$, which is used for the production of [$^{18}F$]FDG, a cancer diagnostic radiopharmaceutical. For radiation protection, the discharge control standard under the Nuclear Safety Act limits the radioactive concentration of $^{18}F$ in the exhaust discharged from a nuclear power utilization facility to below $2,000Bq\;m^{-3}$. However, the radioactive concentration of $^{18}F$ discharged during [$^{18}F$]FDG production at the cyclotron facility at Chosun University is maintained at about $1,500Bq\;m^{-3}$ on average, which is 75% of the concentration limit of the discharge control standard, and temporarily exceeds the standard as per the real-time monitoring results. This study evaluated the performance of the exhaust filter unit of the cyclotron facility at Chosun University by assessing the concentration of $^{18}F$ in the exhaust, and an experiment was conducted on the discharge reduction, where $^{18}F$ is discharged without reacting with the FDG precursors during [$^{18}F$]FDG synthesis and is immediately captured by the [$^{18}F$]FDG automatic synthesis unit. Based on the performance evaluation results of the exhaust filter at the cyclotron facility of Chosun University, the measured capture efficiency before and after the filter was found to be 92%. Furthermore, the results of the discharge reduction experiment, where the exhaust $^{18}F$ was immediately captured by the [$^{18}F$]FDG synthesizer, showed a very satisfactory 94.3% reduction in the concentration of discharge compared to the existing discharge concentration.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제68권1호
• /
• pp.1-5
• /
• 2010

Background: To analyze the result of $^{18}F-FDG$ positron emission tomography (PET) in patients with a concomitant malignancy and tuberculoma in a tuberculosis (TB)-endemic area. Methods: Twelve patients with a concomitant malignancy and tuberculoma, who underwent whole-body $^{18}F-FDG$ PET, were evaluated retrospectively. The maximal standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of the malignancy and tuberculoma were compared. In 6 patients, $^{18}F-FDG$ PET was repeated during the anti-TB treatment and the changes in SUVmax were analyzed. Results: Of the 12 patients, 10 were male. The mean age was $67.2{\pm}7.9$ years. Tuberculomas were located in the lung (n=10) and lymph nodes (n=2), and tumors were located in the lung (n=6), colon (n=3), stomach (n=1), ovary (n=1) and liver (n=1). Although the mean SUVmax of malignant lesions was higher than that of tuberculomas ($5.2{\pm}3.2$ vs $3.5{\pm}2.0$), the difference was not significant. In 4 patients, the SUVmax was higher in the tuberculoma than the tumor. After anti-TB treatment in 6 patients, the mean SUVmax of the tuberculomas decreased significantly, from $3.5{\pm}2.0$ to $1.6{\pm}0.9$ (p=0.028). Conclusion: In patients with a concomitant malignancy and tuberculoma, SUVmax alone could not differentiate between them. However, $^{18}F-FDG$ PET may be useful in monitoring the response to anti-TB treatment.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.186-187
• /
• 2006

A 64-year-old female with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) was assigned to our department for whole body PET/CT scan. She ingested 1 liter of pure water as negative oral contrast just before PET/CT examination. FDG-PET/CT images showed a very intense hypermetabolic, focal lesion in the abdominal cavity around descending colon. The SUVmax of the lesion was 17.2. But there was no abnormal lesion corresponded to the area of PET scan in the combined contrast enhanced CT scan. We suggested considering a malignant lesion due to very intense glycolytic activity. Conventional abdominal CT scan & colonoscopy were accomplished within one week after PET/CT evaluation. There was no abnormality in both examinations. We executed follow-up PET/CT evaluation after 1 month and couldn't find any abnormality around the corresponding area. So we concluded the hypermetabolism was colonic physiologic uptake. A colonic physiologic uptake is a well known cause of false positive finding. Nuclear physicians should be considered the possibility of malignancy when interpret focal colonic uptake, especially incidental finding. There are a few reports that using of negative oral contrast is able to reduce gastrointestinal physiologic uptakes. But as we can see in this case, although we used negative oral contrast, intense physiologic uptake is detected and maxSUV is able to up to 17.2. So, it is important to keep a fact in mind. Even though there is a colonic physiologic uptake in PET/CT image, it may be able to show very intense hypermetabolism regardless of using negative oral contrast.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제15권9호
• /
• pp.4085-4089
• /
• 2014

Background: Atelectasis is an important prognostic factor that can cause pleuritic chest pain, coughing or dyspnea, and even may be a cause of death. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential impact of atelectasis and PET parameters on survival and the relation between atelectasis and PET parameters. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of patients with lung cancer with or without atelectasis who underwent $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT examination before receiving any treatment. $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT derived parameters including tumor size, SUVmax, SUVmean, MTV, total lesion glycosis (TLG), SUV mean of atelectasis area, atelectasis volume, and histological and TNM stage were considered as potential prognostic factors for overall survival. Results: Fifty consecutive lung cancer patients (22 patients with atelectasis and 28 patients without atelectasis, median age of 65 years) were evaluated in the present study. There was no relationship between tumor size and presence or absence of atelectasis, nor between presence/absence of atelectasis and TLG of primary tumors. The overall one-year survival rate was 83% and median survival was 20 months (n=22) in the presence of atelectasis; the overall one-year survival rate was 65.7% (n=28) and median survival was 16 months (p=0.138) in the absence of atelectasis. With respect to PFS; the one-year survival rate of AT+ patients was 81.8% and median survival was 19 months; the one-year survival rate of AT-patients was 64.3% and median survival was 16 months (p=0.159). According to univariate analysis, MTV, TLG and tumor size were significant risk factors for PFS and OS (p<0.05). However, SUVmax was not a significant factor for PFS and OS (p>0.05). Conclusions: The present study suggested that total lesion glycolysis and metabolic tumor volume were important predictors of survival in lung cancer patients, in contrast to SUVmax. In addition, having a segmental lung atelectasis seems not to be a significant factor on survival.

• 핵의학기술
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.147-151
• /
• 2009

Purpose: 2-[$^{18}F$]Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([$^{18}F$]FDG) particularly plays as a important role in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging in nuclear medicine. Domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizers are installed in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH) at June 2008, these modules were known that it's synthetic yields were guaranteed in average $45{\pm}5%$ so far. To improve yields and convenience of domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizer, numerous trials in reaction time, base concentration, pressure and temperature were performed to increase [$^{18}F$]FDG yields. Materials and Methods: Several synthetic factors (temperature, time and pressure) and shortcoming were corrected based on many evaporation test. Syringe dispensing of tetra-butylammonium bicarbonate (TBAB) was replaced with micro pipette to prepare tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride salt ([$^{18}F$]TBAF). Troublesome refill of liquid nitrogen every 2 hours which was used to protect vacuum system was changed to charcoal cartridge, base guard filter. To monitor the volume of delivered $[^{18}O]OH_2$ from cyclotron by surveillance camera, we set up the volumetric vial on the cover of the module. In addition to, the recovery vial was added in [$^{18}F$]FDG production system to recover [$^{18}F$]FDG loss due to the leak of valve ($V_{13,14}$) in [$^{18}F$]FDG purification process. Results: When we used micro pipette for adding TBAB ($30\;{\mu}L$ in 12% $H_2O$ in acetonitrile), this quantitative dispensation has enabled to improve $5.5{\pm}1.7%$ residual fluorine-18 activity in fluorine separation cartridge compared to syringe adding. Besides, the synthetic yields of [$^{18}F$]FDG has increased $58{\pm}2.6%$ (n=19), $58{\pm}2.9%$ (n=14), $60%{\pm}2.5%$ (n=17) for 3 months. The life cycle of charcoal cartridge and base vacuum was 3 months prior to filling liquid nitrogen every 2 hours and additional side separator can prevent pump corrosion by organic solvent. After setting of volumetric indicator vial, the operator can easily monitor the total volume of irradiated $[^{18}O]OH_2$ from cyclotron. The recovery vial can be used for the stabilizer when an irregular [$^{18}F$]FDG loss was generated by the leak of valves ($V_{13,14}$). Conclusions: We has optimized appropriate synthetic conditions (temperature, time, pressure) in domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizer. In addition to, the remodeling with several accessories improve yields of domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizer with reliable reproducibility.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
• /
• 제43권1호
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 2009

목적: 폐암에서 양전자단층촬영(PET-CT)에서의 2[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG)의 최대 표준화섭취(SUVmax)와 전산화단층찰영(CT)에서의 조영증장정도에 서로 연관성이 있는지를 알아보고 SUVmax와 조영증강 정도에 있어 폐암의 조직학적 유형간에 유의한 차이가 있는지를 평가 하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: PET-CT와 조영증강 흥부 CT를 시행하고 조직학적으로 원발성 폐암으로 확진된 환자 53명을 대상으로 하였다. 초기 및 지연 PET-CT영상에서의 종양의 SUVmax (SUV1, SUV2), 지연영상에서의 SUVmax의 증가정도(SUVd), 잔류지수(RI) 및 종양의 CT 조영증강정도를 측정하고 상관관계를 알아보았으며, 이 변수들의 폐암의 조직학적 유형에 따른 차이와 종양내부에서 차이를 평가하였다. 결과: 평균값과 표준 편차는 SUV1이 $8.3{\pm}4.4$, SUV2가 $10.7{\pm}5.7$, SUVd가 $2.4{\pm}1.6$, RI가 $30{\pm}14$, 조영증강정도가 $47.1{\pm}14.8$ HU (Hounsfield Unit)이었다. 조직학적 유형 간 SUV1과 조영증강정도에는 차이가 없었다. SUV1과 SUVd 사이에는 r=0.74(p<0.01), SUV1과 종양의 크기 사이에는 r=0.58 (p<0.01)로 유의한 상관관계가 있었고 SUV1과 조영증강정도 사이에는 상관관계가 없었다(r=0.06, p=0.69). 같은 종양 내부에서 최대 FDG 섭취부위와 최대 조영증강부위가 일치하지 않는 경우가 10예 있었다. 결론: 폐암에서의 FDG 섭취정도와 CT 조영증강정도는 서로 유의한 양적인 선형 상관관계를 보이지 않았으며 조직학적 분류에 따른 FDG 섭취나 조영증강정도의 차이도 없었다.

• 대한핵의학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.332-343
• /
• 1998

목적 : 폐 FDG PET 동적영상을 분석하는 다양한 분석 방법을 개발하고 표준섭취계수, 패트랙 도표 분석법, 3구획 추적자 역학 모형(5매개변수 모형, 6매개변수 2관심영역 모형)으로 얻은 매개변수 값을 서로 비교, 분석하여 각 분석 방법들의 종양 진단 정확성과 유용성에 대해 고찰하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 22명의 폐종양 환자(9명: 양성 종양 환자(과오종: 1, 활동성 염증: 8), 13명: 악성 종양 환자(기관지 세포암: 5 포함))에게 약 370 MBq (10 mCi)의 FDG를 정맥 주사한 후, GE Advance 양전자방출단층촬영장치를 이용하여 56분 동안 PET 동적영상을 얻은 후, 감쇠보정하여 횡단면 영상을 얻었다. 환자의 몸무게와 혈장 포도당 농도로 규격화된 SUVglu를 계산하였으며, 패트랙 도표 분석법과 3구획 5매개변수 모형과 3구획 6매개변수 2관심영역 모형을 이용하여 FDG 섭취상수($K_{pat},\;K_{5p},\;K_{6p}$)와 당대사율($MR_{pat},\;MR_{5p},\;MR_{6p}$)을 구하였다. 다양한 분석 방법들로 얻은 매개변수들을 수신자판단특성곡선으로 분석하였으며 곡선 아래 면적을 구하였다. 결과: 다양한 분석방법으로 측정한 악성과 양성 병변의 섭취상수와 당대사율은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 각 방법으로 구한 수신자판단특성곡선 아래 면적은 다음과 같다: $SUVglu:\;0.73,\;K_{pat}:\;0.66,\;MR_{pat}:\;0.77,\;K_{5p}:\;0.71,\;MR_{5p},\;0.73,\;K_{6p}:\;0.70,\;MR_{6p}:\;0.78.\;K_{pat} $와 $MR_{pat}$의 곡선 아래 면적은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 결론: FDG PET 동적영상을 이용한 다양한 추적자 역학 분석 방법을 사용자가 편리하게 사용할 수 있도록 개발하였다. 표준섭취계수, 패트랙 도표 분석법, 3 구획 모형 분석법 둥에 의한 정략적 매개변수의 정확성은 유사헌 것으로 관찰되었다. 추적자 역학 분석 방법으로 얻어진 정량적 매개변수는 객관적 수치정보를 제공하므로써 FDG PET의 유용성을 증가시킬것으로 기대되며, 정량적 매개변수의 임상적 유용성을 밝히기 위해서는 활동성 염증, 과오종이나 기관지 세포암 확률이 낮은 환자군을 대상으로 한 추가 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.