• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.225-229
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with soybean or canola oil on milk production and the composition of long chain fatty acids as well as weight changes in the goats and their kids. Methods: Thirty nine mulitparous crossed Alpine${\times}$Nubian goats (initial body weight [BW] $43.5{\pm}1.7kg$) from the day of parturition were assigned to the treatments: grazing control (n = 15); grazing plus 20 mL/goat/d of supplemental soybean oil (n = 12); and grazing plus 20 mL/goat/d of supplemental canola oil (n = 12) from November 26, 2014 to March 7, 2015. The planned contrasts were: CI (control vs supplemented with oils); CII (soybean vs canola oil) to compare the treatment effects. Results: The vegetable oil supplementation reduced weight losses in lactating goats (CI: -0.060 vs 0.090 kg/d; p = 0.03) but did not improve milk production or affect kids' growth. The content of C4, C6, C8, C10, C11, C14, and C18:1n9t in the milk was increased (p<0.05) with respect to control. However, C12, C14, C16, C18, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, and C18:3n3 were reduced (p<0.05) in supplemented goats. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was increased (p<0.05) in goats supplemented with oils compared to the control group. Conclusion: Supplementation with 20 mL/d of soybean or canola oil did not affect milk production or kids' performance; however, it increased CLA concentration and reduced the reduced weight losses in lactating goats.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.687-693
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• 2006

Chromium(III) complexes, cis-[Cr([14]-decane)$(HOC _6H _4COO) _2$]$ClO _4$ I and cis-[Cr([14]-decane)(OH) $(OC _6H _4NO _2)$]$ClO _4{\cdot}H _2O$ II ([14]-decane = rac-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-teraazacyclotetradecane) are synthesized and structurally characterized by a combination of elemental analysis, conductivity, IR and VIS spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The complexes crystallizes in the monoclinic space groups, $C2 _1$/a in I and $P2 _1$/n in II. Analysis of the crystal structure of complex I reveals that central chromium(III) ion has a distorted octahedral coordination environment and two hydrogensalicylato ligands are unidentate to the chromium(III) ion via the carboxyl groups in the cis-position. For monomeric complex I the hydrogensalicylato coordination geometry is as follows: Cr-O(average) = 1.984(3) $\AA$;Cr-N range = 2.105(3)-2.141(4) $\AA$;C(24)-O(4) = 1.286(5) $\AA$;N(2)-Cr-N(4) (equatorial position) = 96.97(15)${^{\circ}}$; N(1)-Cr-N(3) (axial position) = 168.27(15)${^{\circ}}$; O(1)-Cr-O(4) = 85.70(13)${^{\circ}}$. The crystal structure of II has indicated that chromium(III) ion is six-coordinated by four secondary amines of the macrocycle, hydroxide anion and nitrophenolate anion.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2001

경상남도 통영시 죽도 연안에서 1997년 3월부터 1999년 6월까지 졸복의 산란습성을 관찰하였고, 채집된 친어로 부터 수정란을 받아 난발생과정 및 자치어의 형태발달을 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 졸복의 자연산란장은 남해 동부 연안인 경상남도 통영과 거제사이의 거제만 외만에 위치한 섬인 죽도 연안으로 해변은 주로 자갈과 돌로 이루어져 있다. 졸복의 산란장은 저질이 암반이나 큰돌이 많은 연안의 조간대였으며, 산란장의 수심은 0.5~1.0 m였다. 산란 시기는 3월말에서 5월 중순까지였으며, 산란 시기에 성숙한 어미들은 10~30개체씩 군집을 이루어 산란장으로 이동하였고, 산란 행동은 성숙한 암컷을 수컷 여러 마리가 뒤를 좇다가 암컷이 먼저 방란을 하면 수컷 여러 마리가 동시에 방정을 하는 형태로 수정하였다. 졸복의 수정란은 구형으로 불투명한 분리침성란이며, 난경은 1.14~1.24 mm (평균 1.19 mm, n = 50) 범위였고, 난황에는 작은 유구 ($1.8{\sim}61.0\;{\mu}m$, n = 50)가 다수 관찰되었다. 수정란은 사육 수온 $18.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$에서 수정 후 45분 경과시 배반이 형성되었고, 수정 후 13시간 50분 경과 후에 상실기에 도달하였으며, 수정 후 205시간에 최초의 부화가 일어났다. 부화 직후의 자어는 전장 2.92~3.10 mm (평균 3.01 mm, n = 20)로 입과 항문이 아직 열려있지 않았고, 전장에 대해 약 1/3 정도되는 크기의 큰 난황을 가지고 있으며, 난황에서는 많은 유구가 관찰되었다. 이 때의 근절은 11~13+14~15 = 25~28개였다. 부화 후 3일째의 자어는 전장 3.21~3.28 mm (평균 3.25 mm, n = 20)로 난황을 가지고 있었으며, 난황 위의 유구도 대부분 흡수되어 유구수가 현저하게 감소하였다. 부화 후 5일째의 후기자어는 전장 3.79~3.85 mm (평균 3.82 mm, n = 20)의 크기로 난황은 완전히 흡수되어 후기자어로 이행되었으며, 각 지느러미가 융기되기 시작하였다. 부화 후 15일째 자어의 전장은 7.78~7.90 mm (평균 7.84 mm, n = 50)로 두부가 거의 완성되어 체형이 복어류의 전형적인 체형인 구형으로 변화하기 시작하였다. 부화 후 21일째 개체의 전장은 10.15~10.27 mm (평균 10.21 mm, n = 20)로 D. 11~12; A. 9; P. 14~15; C. 11~12개로 각 지느러미가 정수에 달하였으며, 체색이나 반문이 성어와 닮은 치어기로 이행하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.265-269
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• 2004

Plasma nitrocarburising and post oxidation were performed on SCM435 steel by a pulsed plasma ion nitriding system. Plasma oxidation resulted in the formation of a very thin ferritic oxide layer 1-2 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick on top of a 15～25 $\mu\textrm{m}$ $\varepsilon$-F $e_{2-3}$(N,C) nitrocarburized compound layer. The growth rate of oxide layer increased with the treatment temperature and time. However, the oxide layer was easily spalled from the compound layer either for both oxidation temperatures above $450^{\circ}C$, or for oxidation time more than 2 hrs at oxidation temperature $400^{\circ}C$. It was confirmed that the relative amount of $Fe_2$$O_3$, compared with $e_3$$O_4$, increased rapidly with the oxidation temperature. The amounts of ${\gamma}$'-$Fe_4$(N,C) and $\theta$-$Fe_3$C, generated from dissociation from $\varepsilon$-$Fe_{2-3}$ /(N,C) phase during $O_2$ plasma sputtering, were also increased with the oxidation temperature.e.

• 약학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.300-305
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• 1996

The base-induced elimination of N-protected 2-(bromomethyl)pyrrolidines 12a-c with KHMDS in THF at -78$^{\circ}C$ for 1h gave exocyclic enamines 13a-c. The acidic catalyzed pr otonation on ${\beta}$-carbon atom of 2-(methylene)pyrrolidines 13a-c with $H_3PO_4$ formed endocyclic N-iminium intermediates 14(or 15). Nucleophilic attack of alpha-carbon atom and hydrolysis of N-iminium ion gave carbocationic adduct (aminoalcohol) 16 from which 5-amino-2-pentanones 17a-c were formed after deprotonation.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.131-135
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• 1993

2-Amino-3-cyano-6-chloromethylpyrazine으로부터 합성한 methotrexate(MTX) 중간 유도체의 모핵인 pteridine ring의 $C_2$-amino 대신 $HCH_3$기, 또는 $nH_2$기로 치환된 화합물 (7a),(7b)와 (7c)를 두 단계에 걸쳐 합성하였다. 출발물질인 dibenzyl 4,4'-dithiobisbenzoate(12)와 2-amino-3-cyano-6-chloromethylpyrazine으로부터 합성한 2-amino-3-cyano-6-[(S-p-carbenzyloxyphenyl)thiomethyl]-pyrazine(14)화합물을 formamidine HCl, acetamidine HCl과 guanidine HCl 등과 각각 반응시켜 cyclization시키고, 이 화합물을 ethanol 용매하에서 0.2N NaOH를 사용한 알칼리 가수분해로 pteroic acid유도체를 합성하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2009

The objective was to determine the effects of supplementation of protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), CLA-20 comprising 10% each of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, on milk production and fatty acid profiles in plasma and milk in lactating dairy cows. Five mid-lactation, multiparous crossbred Holstein Friesian cows with average 402${\pm}$20 kg BW were used in a 5${\times}$5 Latin square design for 21-d periods. Cows were given a total mixed ration (TMR) and supplemented with CLA-20 at 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 g/d. The results showed that dry matter intake depression occurred in cows supplemented with CLA-20 at 160 g/d. Milk production slightly increased when CLA-20 supplementation was at 20, 40 and 80 g/d. However, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) was not affected by CLA-20 supplementation. Increased levels of CLA-20 supplementation resulted in a significantly decreased percentage of milk fat. Plasma concentrations of fatty acid were not altered by the amounts of CLA-20 supplementation except for the concentration of trans-10, cis-12 CLA. For all dietary treatments, percentages of fatty acids (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C13:0, C14:0 C14:1 C15:0 C15:1 C16:0, C16:1, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6t, C18:2n6c, C20:0, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:1 and C20:3n6) in milk fat were similar. Concentrations of C10:0, C11:0, C12:0 and C18:1n9c were decreased cubically and C18:0 was elevated linearly (p<0.01) according to the increased amounts of CLA-20 supplemented. The linear increase was observed for cis-9, trans-11 CLA (0.62, 1.17, 1.94, 1.87 and 1.82% of total fatty acid), trans-10, cis-12 CLA (0.01, 0.63, 0.67, 0.93 and 0.95% of total fatty acid) and total CLA (0.80, 2.25, 3.16, 3.97 and 3.94% of total fatty acid) in milk fat from 0 to 160 g/d of CLA-20 supplement. In conclusion, concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat was concomitantly elevated at an increasing rate with the increased amounts of CLA-20. Based on the results in this study, supplementation of CLA-20 at 80 g/d optimally enhanced total CLA in milk fat.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2010

Hsp33 is a molecular chaperone achieving a holdase activity upon response to a dual stress by heat and oxidation. Despite several crystal structures available, the activation process is not clearly understood, because the structure inactive Hsp33 as its reduced, zinc-bound, monomeric form has not been solved yet. Thus, we initiated structural investigation of the reduced Hsp33 monomer by NMR. In this study, to overcome the high molecular weight (33 kDa), the protein was triply isotope-[$^{13}C$, $^{15}N$, $^2H$]-labeled and its inactive, monomeric state was ensured. 2D-[$^1H$, $^{15}N$]-TROSY and a series of triple resonance spectra could be successfully obtained on a high-field (900 MHz) NMR machine with a cryoprobe. However, under all of the different conditions tested, the number of resonances observed was significantly less than that expected from the amino acid sequence. Thus, a possible contribution of dynamic conformational exchange leading to a line broadening is suggested that might be important for activation process of Hsp33.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.265-276
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 한우사료 내 아마씨앗의 급여가 등심 내 오메가 6와 3 지방산 비율(n-6/n-3) 감소효과 및 n-6/n-3 균형 한우고기를 섭취한 사람의 혈액 중 LDL-C 감소효과를 조사하는 것이었다. 단계별로 거세한우 20마리를 이용하여 대조군과 아마씨앗을 함유하는 n-3 처리구로 각각 10마리씩 나누어 완전임의 배치하였다. n-3 사료군은 대조군과 비교할 때 혈액 및 등심 내 n-6/n-3가 4:1이하로 감소하였으며 단일불포화지방산으로써 올레인산은 52.79%까지 증가하였다. 임상실험자의 70% 이상에서 나타난 균형 한우고기를 섭취한 그룹의 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤 및 LDL-C은 각각 25.35, 5.22, 17.59% 감소하였고 수입 쇠고기는 9.05, 8.21, 21.70% 증가하였으나 일반한우는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 균형 한우고기를 섭취한 그룹의 HDL-C는 6.07% 증가하였으나 수입 쇠고기와 일반한우는 각각 14.46, 11.46% 감소하였다. 혈당은 균형 한우고기와 일반 한우고기가 각각 6.42, 11.82% 감소하였으나 수입 쇠고기는 15.19% 증가하였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.156-161
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• 1999

배추의 절임공정중 n-capric acid(CA) 또는 n-capric acid methyl ester(CE)의 첨가와 저장온도$(20,\;12,\;4^{\circ}C)$에 따른 김치의 발효특성을 조사하였다. $20^{\circ}C$에서 저장 6일 후 대조구, CA 및 CE의 pH는 각각 3.78, 4.28 및 4.35로써 대조구와 처리구간에 차이가 있었으며 저온저장인 $4^{\circ}C$에서 저장 42일 후에는 각각 3.85, 5.14 및 5.10으로 CA와 CE의 첨가효과가 더욱 컸다. 최대 가식산도인 0.75%를 기준으로 대조구 김치의 $20^{\circ}C$저장에서는 가식기간이 3일, $12^{\circ}C$에서는 15일이었으며 $4^{\circ}C$에서는 42일 이후에도 산도는 0.62%수준이었다. 저장 중 총균수, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus 및 yeast수는 전 저장과정에서 대조구가 처리구 보다 높았으며 특히 CE가 $4^{\circ}C$저온저장에서 yeast 증식억제에 효과가 컸다. 또한, 저장온도가 높을수록 균수는 많이 나타났으며 최고치 이후 감소 속도도 증가하였다.