• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.322-326
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• 1994

Bacillus thuringiensis strain BT-14 was isolated from alfalfa dust in Korea. The strain BT-14 produced one bipyramidal crystal and one spore in the cell. The biochemical characteristics of the strain BT-14 were similar to those of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-l. Examination of its antibiotic resistance revealed that while the strain BT-14 was less resistant than BTK HD-l to ampicillin, gentamycin, neomycin and tobramycin, it was more resistant to amikacin than BTK HD-l. The $\delta$-endotoxin crystal of strain BT-14 consisted of a single protein with a high molecular weight of ca 135 KD on a 10% SDS-PACE. The strain BT-14 contained at least nine different plasmids with sizes of 2.9, 5.3, 5.8, 6.2, 9.4, 15.1, 18.1, 23.1 and 79 Kb. In insect bioassay, the isolated strain BT-14 showed lethality of 67% against Plutella xylostella larvae at dilution of 5$\times$$l0^{-4}$ (5$\times$l0 to 3$\times$$l0^2$ spores/ml), which is, almost equivalent to that of BTK HD-l.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.294-300
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the color of low viscosity bulk-fill resin with a capping layer and to compare it with the color of microhybrid composite resin. Materials and Methods: A low viscosity bulk-fill resin (SDR) and microhybrid composite resin of shade A2 (A2) or A3 (A3) were fabricated to 4 mm thickness and light cured for 20 seconds. CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ values of the resin specimens were measured with a colorimeter. Then shade A2 and A3 microhybrid composite resin was capped over low viscosity bulk-fill resins in 2 mm thickness (SA2, SA3). The resin specimens were light cured for 20 seconds and the color was measured and analyzed (n = 10). Color differences (${\Delta}E$) between SA2 and A2, SA3 and A3 were also calculated. Results: $L^*$ value was highest in SDR followed by SA2 and SA3. $L^*$ value of A2 and A3 was the lowest. $a^*$ value was lowest in SDR followed by SA2 and SA3, and A2 and A3 was the highest. $b^*$ value was lowest in SDR followed by A2 and SA2, and A3 and SA3 was the highest. ${\Delta}E$ between A2 and SA2 (${\Delta}E=3.4$), and that between A3 and SA3 (${\Delta}E=3.1$) was lower than the perceptible color difference threshold of ${\Delta}E=3.7$. Conclusion: ${\Delta}E$ between low viscosity bulk-fill resin with a capping layer and microhybrid resin was lower than the perceptible color difference threshold.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of repeated firings on the color of zirconia restoration with different shading method. Materials and methods: Three different types of zirconia frameworks (adding metallic pigments to the initial zirconia powder before sintering (Group NM), dipping the milled frameworks in dissolved coloring agents (Group KI), or application of liner material to the sintered white frameworks (Group KW) were used to support A3 shade dentin porcelain. Repeated firings (3, 5, or 7) were performed, color differences among ceramic specimens were measured using a colorimeter. Repeated measurements analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data for significant difference. The Tukey Honestly Significant Different (HSD) test was used to perform multiple comparisons (${\alpha}$ = .05). Results: 1. $L^*a^*b^*$ values of the ceramic systems were affected by the number of firings (1, 3, 5 or 7 firings) (P < .001) and shading methods (P < .001). 2. As the number of firings increased, the $L^*$ (for all groups) and $a^*$ value (for KW and NM groups) decreased and the $b^*$ value(for all groups) increased. 3. The mean color differences caused by repeated firings were perceptible (${\Delta}E$ > 1) for group KW and KI fired after 3 times, except for group NM fired after 7 times. 4. In order of decreasing ${\Delta}E$ value fired after 7 times, the values were group KI(${\Delta}E$ = 2.26) > group KW (${\Delta}E$ = 1.47) > group NM (${\Delta}E$ = 1.08) (P < .001). Conclusion: Repeated firings influenced the color of the zirconium-oxide all-ceramic specimens with different shading methods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.150-156
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• 1991

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of starter culture(Lactobacillus plantarum), glucono-delta-lactone(GdL), and NaCl on the production of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in the processing of fermented sausages. With the increasing amount of GdL(0, 0.23, 0.50 and 0.75%) added the production of enterotoxin was significantly decreased(p>0.01). Lactobacillus plantarum as starter culture were inoculated at the level of $10^6\;cells/g$. When GdL was not added, the amount of production of enterotoxin in the group with and without the starter culture were 40 and 80 ng/10g, respectively. With the addition of 0.5%, GdL, the maximum amount of enterotoxin produced in the group with and without starter culture were 30 and 50 ng/10g. These results showed the inhibiting effect of starter culture in the production of enterotoxin. When the amount of enterotoxin production was compared with the addition of 2.7 and 1.7% NaCl, the production of enterotoxin was higher at 2.7% NaCl level.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.173-184
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• 1976

A steel capillary viscometer was built for the study of rheological properties of greases. Bentone greases with thickener concentration of 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 weight percent and lime-soap greases with soap concentrations of 2.4, 7.0, 9.3, 12.1 and 15.2 weight percent were studied. Capillaries with various radii R and lengths L were used to study the resident-time effect on the flow properties of lime soap greases. Detailed studies on bentone greases were conducted using a capillary with a fixed size. The results were analyzed by using Ree-Eyring flow equation. The factors appearing in the latter, ($X_1{\beta}_1/{\alpha}_1$ for Newtonian units, $X_2/{\alpha}_2$ and ${\beta}_2$ both for non-Newtonian units), were studied in order to investigate how they change with thickener concentrations and temperatures. Through this analysis, we have found that TEX>${\Delta}H_1^{\neq}$ and ${\Delta}H_2^{\neq}$, the activation enthalpies for flow of type-1 unit and of type-2 unit, respectively, are approximately equal to that of the base oil, the solvent. From this fact, it is concluded that these type units flow into the holes which were produced by the movement of solvent molecules. For bentone greases, the ${\beta}_2$ is about constant independent of concentration at a given temperature as found in the literature. The resident-time effect has not been clearly demonstrated in this research; this is due partly to the nature of the greases used in our research and partly to the small values of L/R of our capillaries, the resident time being proportional to the value L/R.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2017

$C/EBP{\beta}$ and $C/EBP{\delta}$ are required for the initiation of adipogenesis and induce the expression of key adipogenic regulators, such as $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$. In the present study, we have examined the effects of silibinin and its possible molecular mechanisms in regulating adipocyte differentiation and expression of $C/EBP{\beta}$ and $C/EBP{\delta}$ in the early stage of adipogenesis. Silibinin statistically significantly inhibits intracellular lipid accumulation and the mRNA expression of various genes involved at different stages during adipogenesis. Silibinin also suppresses expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid binding protein 4 (AP2), and adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Thus, the anti-adipogenic effect of silibinin seems to originate from the ability to inhibit the expression of $C/EBP{\beta}$ and $C/EBP{\delta}$. Furthermore, silibinin decreases cell viability for differentiation period and induces apoptotic cell death through capspase-3 activation.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.39-44
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• 2013

Objectives : Gambigyeongsinhwan 16 (GGEx16), gambigyeongsinhwan 18 (GGEx18) and gambitongseong capsule are shown to be involved in the regulation of obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the reporter activity of anti-obesity genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$ ($PPAR{\alpha}$) and $PPAR{\delta}$ by GGEx16, GGEx18 and gambitongseong capsule. Methods : After NMu2Li liver cells, C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with GGEx16 (1 ${\mu}g/ml$), GGEx18 (1 ${\mu}g/ml$) and different concentrations of gambitongseong capsule, the transactivation of $PPAR{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\delta}$ was measured by a luciferase reporter gene assay. Results : $PPAR{\alpha}$ reporter gene activity in NMu2Li liver cells and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was significantly increased by GGEx16, GGEx18 and gambitongseong capsule compared with control, whereas $PPAR{\alpha}$ reporter gene activity in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells was significantly increased by GGEx18 only compared with control. Similarly, $PPAR{\delta}$ reporter gene activity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was also significantly increased by GGEx18 compared with control. $PPAR{\delta}$ reporter gene activity in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells was significantly increased by GGEx16 and GGEx18 compared with control although $PPAR{\delta}$ reporter gene activity in NMu2Li liver cells was not changed by these three formulas. Conclusions : These results suggest that all three formulas have the ability to stimulate $PPAR{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\delta}$ transactivation in animal cell lines with high metabolic rates. In particular, this effects were most prominent in GGEx18-treated cells. In addition, it is likely that GGEx18 may be used as an effective anti-obesity composition.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.721-732
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• 2012

The principal aim of the paper is to investigate new integral expression $${\int}_0^{\infty}x^{s+1}e^{-{\sigma}x^2}L_m^{(\gamma,\delta)}\;({\zeta};{\sigma}x^2)\;L_n^{(\alpha,\beta)}\;({\xi};{\sigma}x^2)\;J_s\;(xy)\;dx$$, where $y$ is a positive real number; $\sigma$, $\zeta$ and $\xi$ are complex numbers with positive real parts; $s$, $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$ and $\delta$ are complex numbers whose real parts are greater than -1; $J_n(x)$ is Bessel function and $L_n^{(\alpha,\beta)}$ (${\gamma};x$) is generalized Laguerre polynomials. Some integral formulas have been obtained. The Maple implementation has also been examined.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.129-138
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• 1993

The marked spread of the cockraches of recent years has raised a great social problem in urban areas. The cockroach have to remove1 because transmit a disease to human as pest insect, but particulars are not yet reported on biological control agent for the cockroach removal. This study was tried for the first time on biological control for the cockroach removal. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The isolated were spore-forming bacillus 1098 strain in soil. The No. 109(TH 109) strain of the among spore-forming bacillus was showed the poisonous against Cockroach. 2. The biological characteristics and flagella antigenicity of the strain is similar to Bacillus thur-ingiensis subsp. indiana. 3. TH 109 strain have the delta-endotoxin of cuboid shap. 4. This delta-endotoxin of product by TH 109 strain was toxic to the cockroach(Blattella gemzanica. L).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 1994

A new method is used to record the actual shortening produced during the auxotonic activity of the sartorius (SAR), gastrocnemius (CAS) and rectus abdominis (RAB) muscles of a lizard Uromastix. The auxotonic twitch and tetanus records thus obtained were used for the first time to calculate the coefficient of linear shortening (COLS). This coefficient represent the relative Index between change in length $(\Delta\;L=L_0-L_1)$ and tension $({\Delta}P\;P_0-P_1)$ due to shortening at the steepest rising phase of the twitch and tetanus, recorded at resting length. In addition to this, maximum shortening $(S_{max})$ and auxotonic tensions were also determined at resting lengths of these muscles. The COLS was found to express the speed of shortening and auxotonic tensions are suggested to be of value to express the internal architecture of SAR, GAS & RAB muscles. The results are discussed in terms of contractile and elastic elements of the muscles alongwith the importance of shortening at resting lengths in skeletal muscles.